01E Intro 2019 09 27 PDF

Reinforced Concrete I. / Beton Armat I.
Dr. NAGY-GYÖRGY Tamás

Professor
E-mail:
tamas.nagy-gyorgy@upt.ro
Tel:
+40 256 403 935
Web:
http://www.ct.upt.ro/users/TamasNagyGyorgy/index.htm
Office:
A219
Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering

1. Tudor A., Clipii T., Beton Armat, Note de curs, 2011-2012-2013 (PDF)
2. Cadar I., Clipii T., Tudor A., Beton Armat (ed. II), Ed. Orizonturi Universitare, 2004, ISBN 973-638-176-5
3. Kiss Z., Oneț T., Proiectarea structurilor de beton armat după SR EN 1992-1, Ed. Abel, 2008, ISBN
973114070-0
4. Pascu R., Georgescu D., Beton armat. Curs. Partea I – II., Conspress, 2013, ISBN: 978-973-100-294-1
5. Postelnicu T., Damian I., Zamfirescu D., Morariu E., Buzăianu B., Proiectarea structurilor de beton armat
în zone seismice, Vol. I, II, III, 2012, ISBN 978-973-8411-82-1
6. Lozincă E., Curs Beton Armat I şi Beton Armat II, Facultatea de Construcţii Civile, Industriale şi Agricole,
Specializarea: Construcţii Civile, Industriale şi Agricole
7. Nilson A., Darwin D., Dolan Ch., Design of Concrete Structures (13th Ed.), McGraw-Hill Co, 2004, ISBN 0-
07-248305-9
8. Newman J., Choo B. S., Advanced Concrete Technology SET, Ed. Elsevier Science, 2003, ISBN-13:
9780750656863
9. Eurocode 2: Background & Applications, Design Of Concrete Buildings - Worked examples, 2014, ISBN
978-92-79-36548-5
10. SR EN 1992-1-1:2004, Eurocod 2: Proiectarea structurilor de beton. Partea 1-1: Reguli generale şi
reguli pentru clădiri
11. EN 1992-1-1: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
12. fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010, (434 pg), 2013, ISBN: 978-3-433-03061-5
Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering 2

merriam-webster.com
The word “concrete” originates from the Latin verb “concretus”, past
participle of “concrescere” which means to grow together (14th century).
→ ENG: REINFORCED CONCRETE

GER: STAHLBETON
FRA: BÉTON ARMÉ
SPA: HORMIGÓN ARMADO
ITA: CALCESTRUZZO ARMATO
HUN: VASBETON
Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering 3

The History of Concrete / Istoria betonului
3000 B.C.
In the ancient Egypt: - mortars as a mix of lime, gypsum and sand at the construction of the
pyramids
Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .4

3000 B.C.
In the ancient Egypt: - sun dried mud bricks (from Nile)
Strength ≈ 2…3 N/mm2
- sun dried mud bricks with straw

Strength ≈ 7…9 N/mm2

The History of Concrete / Istoria betonului Source: www. wikipedia.org
 800 B.C.
Greeks used lime mortars, which were much harder than later Roman mortars
Parthenon, Athens (447 BC ) Temple of Athena, Paestum

(500 BC)
Temple of Hephaestus/Theseion
Athens (500 BC)
Erechtheion, Athens
(421 BC)
300 BC - 476 AD
Romans used pozzolana cement from Pozzuoli, Italy near Mt. Vesuvius → volcanic
- Via Appia (Appian Way - ITA): was one of the earliest and strategically most
important Roman roads of the ancient republic
Minturno
Roma
Receipt of Vitruvius: 2 parts pozzolana
1 part lime
admixtures: animal fat, milk and blood
300 BC - 476 AD
- Roman Bath: baths were the ancient Roman equivalent of community centers.
There were libraries, rooms for poetry readings, and places to buy and eat food.
The modern equivalent would be a combination of a library, art gallery, mall,
restaurant, gym and spa.
Băile Herculane
Roman Baths complex, Bath (ENG)
40 – 60 AD
- Roman aqueduct: Pont du Gard (southern France),

70 – 80 AD
- Colosseum → 70-80 AD
55 m
It is the largest amphitheater ever built, by the emperor Vespasianus
in the center of Rome (finished by Titus). It is elliptical in plan. It is
189 m long and 156 m wide, the perimeter 520 m and the height 55
m, could hold, it is estimated, between 50.000 - 80.000 spectators.
Foundations: approx. 12 m thickness.
Function: gladiatorial contests, public spectacles (animal hunts).
Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .
10
118 – 128 AD
- Pantheon in Roma: temple „common to all the gods” commissioned by Marcus
Agrippa and completed by the emperor Hadrian, in aprox. 126 AD.
Is still the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome!
It is one of the best-preserved of all Ancient Roman buildings!
4,0 m

11
The History of Concrete / Istoria betonului Source: matse1.matse.illinois.edu/concrete
The quality of cementing materials deteriorated. The use of burning

lime and pozzolana was lost after the fall of the Roman Empire.
…
1779: Bry Higgins (IRL) was issued a patent for hydraulic cement (stucco) for exterior
plastering use.
1759: John Smeaton (ENG) used hydraulic lime to rebuild Eddystone Lighthouse in Cornwall
(ENG)
Cross section – method of dovetailing

12
1796: James Parker (ENG) patented a natural hydraulic cement, called Parker's Cement or
Roman Cement
1802: In France, a similar Roman Cement process was used.
1813: Louis Vicat (FRA) prepared artificial hydraulic lime by calcining synthetic mixtures of
limestone and clay

13
1818: Ralph Dodd (ENG) obtained a patent for the placement of forged iron bars into
concrete.
1822: James Frost (ENG) prepared artificial hydraulic lime like Vicat's and called it British
Cement.
1824: Joseph Aspdin (ENG) invented “Portland” cement, named after the high quality
building stones quarried at Portland, England
”Aspdin called the product Portland cement because set mortar made from it resembled “the
best Portland stone". Portland stone was the most prestigious building stone in use in England
at the time.” (wikipedia)
1836: The first systematic tests of tensile and compressive strength took place in Germany.

14
The History of Concrete / Istoria betonului Source : matse1.matse.illinois.edu/concrete
1848: Joseph Louis Lambot (FRA) was the first to use reinforcing in concrete. He constructed
several small rowboats of concrete, which he reinforced with iron bars and wire mesh.
1850: The first concrete roads appeared in Austria.

…

15
The History of Concrete / Istoria betonului Source: www.beton.org
1867: Joseph Monier (FRA), a French gardener, patented a design for reinforced garden tubs.
He later patented a design for reinforced concrete posts and beams for railway and road
guardrails.
→ discovered the real perspectives of the technology
large concrete flowerpots reinforced with iron wire

16
The History of Concrete / Istoria betonului Source: matse1.matse.illinois.edu/concrete + wikipedia
1867: Joseph Monier (FRA), a French gardener, patented a design for reinforced garden tubs.
He later patented a design for reinforced concrete posts and beams for railway and road
guardrails.
→ discovered the real perspectives of the technology
Patent on bridges made of iron-reinforced cement - 1873

17
1870: Francois Hennebique (FRA) patented a complex reinforcing system

18
1885: Emil Mörsch (GER) performed tests and studied reinforced concrete
elements. Developed a method for design bearing capacity of a reinforced
concrete cross section, than studied problems related to shear forces and to
prestressed concrete.

19
The History of Concrete / Istoria betonului Source : matse1.matse.illinois.edu/concrete + wikipedia
…
1903: The first concrete high rise was built in Cincinnati, OH (16 levels)
1903: Champs Elysee theatre in Paris.

20
Precast concrete cereal silos

Brăila & Galați (1884 -1889)
Constanța (1906)
precast units for silos in Constanța

Anghel Saligny
(1854 -1925)
the lay-out of precast elements

21
The History of Concrete / Istoria betonului Source : matse1.matse.illinois.edu/concrete + wikipedia
1909: Construction of the Decebal Bridge (Parkgassenbrücke / Liget úti híd)
The larges span bridge

with RC beams in the world.
- 195 m x 9 m
- prize at the World Expo

from Paris (1910)

22
1909: Construction of the Mihai Viteazul Bridge (Mühlenplatzbrücke / Malom téri híd)

23
…
1919: first patent for a concrete pump was filed. This made concrete transportation easy and
allowed on site mixing.
…
1927: Eugѐne Freyssinet (FRA) developed prestressed concrete, using high quality steel

24
Airship Hangers - Orly (FRA)

(1923)

25
Pont Albert-Louppe
(1930)

26
Pont Saint-Michel (Toulouse)

(1957)

27
The History of Concrete / Istoria betonului Source: http://en.structurae.de + wikipedia
1932: Pier Luigi Nervi: Stadio Artemio Franchi Florence, Italy

28
1948: Pier Luigi Nervi - Palazzo delle Esposizioni, Torino

29
1958: Pier Luigi Nervi - Viadotto Corso Francia

30
1959: Pier Luigi Nervi - Palazzo del Lavoro, Torino

31
1960: Pier Luigi Nervi - Palazzetto dello Sport, Roma

32
1969: Pier Luigi Nervi: Italy Embassy of Italy in Brasil

33
1971: Pier Luigi Nervi: Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption, San Francisco

34
1971: Pier Luigi Nervi: Città del Vaticano

35
1931: Hoover Dam, USA 1933: Grand Coulee Dam, USA
a gravity dam, built in 9 years

a concrete arch-gravity dam, built in 5 years
length: 379 m , height: 221 m length: 1592 m , height: 168 m

36
1931: Hoover Dam, USA Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge (2010)
a concrete arch-gravity dam, built in 5 years 579 m
length: 379 m , height: 221 m

37
The History of Concrete / Istoria betonului Sursa: http://en.structurae.de + wikipedia
1936: Frank Lloyd Wright - believed in designing structures that were in harmony with
humanity and its environment = organic architecture
Fallingwater house
Guggenheim Museum, NY Johnson Wax Headquarters – office area

38
The History of Concrete / Istoria betonului CTBUH Journal, 2013
Nowadays in Europe

39
The History of Concrete / Istoria betonului CTBUH Journal, 2013
Nowadays in the world

40
2010, Burj Khalifa – Dubai (829.8 m)

Nowadays
"light-transmitting concrete“: 96% concrete and

4% by weight of optical fibers
Built in 5 years with 1.5 milliard $

41
Elements of a RC building / Elemenetele unei structuri de beton armat
Architecture - concept → aesthetics + functionality
- based on imagination + functional requirements
+17.00 +17.00
-hidroizolatie
+15.30 -strat suport PVC +15.30
-termoizolatie 10cm
-placa beton armat
-bariera de vapori
-strat bitum
-gol pentru instalatii
-tavan fals gips
carton
+13.20 +13.20
+11.20 -finisaj (parchet sau +11.20

mocheta)
-strat suport
-sapa slab armata
-polistiren expandat
-placa beton armat
-tavan fals gips carton
+9.10 +9.10
-finisaj (parchet sau

+7.10 mocheta) +7.10
-strat suport
-sapa slab armata
-placa beton armat
+5.00
+4.80
+3.40
-finisaj (parchet sau +3.00

mocheta)
-strat suport
NETENCUIT
-sapa slab armata
DECOFRAT
-sapa cu instalatii electrice
ST?LP
-placa beton armat
+0.90
±0.00 ±0.00
-finisaj (parchet sau

mocheta)
-strat suport
-sapa slab armata
-sapa cu instalatii electrice
-placa beton armat
-pietri?
-p?m?nt compactat
-teren natural

42
Engineering - dimensioning → safety + economy
- based on calculus and design codes

43
Structural engineer → detailing based on the design and codes
ARMARE GRINZI G A-1 (30x50cm)
COTA +3.03
Sc 1:50
1.35 6 Etr. 14Ø8/10 1.55 6 Etr. 8Ø8/20 1.20 6 Etr. 13Ø8/10 1.40 6 Etr. 15Ø8/10 1.25 6 Etr. 7Ø8/20 1.40 6 Etr. 15Ø8/10 5.28 6 Etr. 54Ø8/10
1 2 3 3
10 10 20 20 10 10 10 10 20 20 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5
27 1 2 3 3
40 355 40 365 40 365 40 103

20 3.95 405 228 177 123
2 4 5 6' 6
315 3 2Ø16 L=3.15

542 2 4Ø16 L=5.95 665 5 3Ø22 L=7.05
95
40
40
10 10
10
40
40
1 4Ø16 L=9.15 45
814
40
30
532 4 3Ø20 L=6.50
1-1 2-2 3-3

Sc. 1:20 4Ø16 Sc. 1:20 2Ø16 Sc. 1:20 3Ø22
2 3 5
+3.03 +3.03 +3.03

25
6
13
13
13
6
50
50
50
Etr. Ø8/10/20
45 45 L=1.55
6 6 6
25
4Ø16 4Ø16 3Ø20
5 30 1 5 30 1 5 30 4
A A A
3-3
Sc. 1:20 3Ø22
5
+3.03
13
50
3Ø20
5 30 4
A
44
Component materials / Materiale componente
Concrete is a composite material, a mixture of: Air

- aggregate Cement
- cement
- water Water
- additives
- addmixtures Sand
Obs: - Aggregates provides higher density and resistance Gravel

- The fine part (sand) fill the gaps between large aggregates and
increases the resistance of cement binder
Concrete: - heterogeneous (composite) material

- isotropic
- elasto-plastic material

45

- aggregate Cement
- cement
- water Water
- additives
- addmixtures Sand

Concrete: - heterogeneous (composite) material

- isotropic
F1  F2 F1 > F2

46

- aggregate Cement
- cement
- water Water
- additives
- addmixtures Sand

Betonul este : - heterogeneous (composite) material

- isotropic
Stress
COMPRESSION
TENSION
Strain
47

- aggregate Cement
- cement
- water Water
- additives
- addmixtures Sand

Betonul este : - heterogeneous (composite) material elastic limit
- isotropic
Stress
COMPRESSION
- Elasticity: due to aggregates and cured cement paste

TENSION
- Plasticity: due to microcracking
- Viscosity: due to uncured cement paste. Strain
48
Behaviour of plain concrete, RC and PC/ Comportarea betonului simplu, BA și BP
Good behavior in compression:

- Relatively high compressive strength fc = 20…120 N/mm2
- Ultimate strain (at failure) in compression εcu = 3.5 - 7 ‰.
Poor behavior in tension:

- Low tensile strength fc / fct = 10…20
- Strain in tension εctu = 0.1…0.15 ‰.
Plain concrete could be used rationally in structures in which are subjected to

compression
- solid/massive foundations
- roads basement
- some hydro-technical constructions
49
Behaviour of plain concrete, RC and PC / Comportarea betonului simplu, BA și BP
Ac cs < fc
q
+
M
n. a.
-
ci = fct
Ac cs = fc
q
M
n. a.
+
As cracked s = f y
As
Pm q P
m+ q
q - +
M
Pm + +
Ap
Pm +
Ap -
ci > 0
50
Reinforced Concrete / Betonul armat
Advantages
- Relatively low investment to realize the structure
- High durability
- High fire resistance
- Various structural forms
(fresh concrete easily takes formwork form)
- Good behavior under external actions, due to high stiffness

- Possibility of prestressing, allows large span elements
- Parts of concrete are local materials (sustainability!)
- The properties of concrete can be made as needed (strength, durability)

51
Reinforced Concrete / Betonul armat
Disadvantages
- Lower tensile strength, cause cracking → reinforcement corrosion occurs under
certain conditions
- High weight-to-strength ratio → not allows slender structures with large spans
- Corrosion in aggressive environments can occur, but also in ordinary environments,
in certain situations
- Permeability, due to porous structure of concrete → water can carry aggressive
agents, or cause freeze-thaw cycles in concrete mass
- Formwork and scaffolding requires
- Subsequent changes or strengthening are difficult to make, sometimes leading to
uncertain results
- The demolition is costly and the resulting materials is hard to be reuse
- Cement is polluting

52
The Broad Museum, Los Angeles

53
Millau Viaduct, France

54
Dr. NAGY-GYÖRGY Tamás

Professor
E-mail:
tamas.nagy-gyorgy@upt.ro
Tel:
+40 256 403 935
Web:
http://www.ct.upt.ro/users/TamasNagyGyorgy/index.htm
Office:
A219
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

55

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Reinforced Concrete I. / Beton Armat I.

Dr. NAGY-GYÖRGY Tamás

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering 2

→ ENG: REINFORCED CONCRETE

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering 3

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .4

- sun dried mud bricks with straw

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .5

Parthenon, Athens (447 BC ) Temple of Athena, Paestum

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .9

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .

The quality of cementing materials deteriorated. The use of burning

Cross section – method of dovetailing

1802: In France, a similar Roman Cement process was used.

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .

1850: The first concrete roads appeared in Austria.

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .

large concrete flowerpots reinforced with iron wire

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .

Patent on bridges made of iron-reinforced cement - 1873

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .

1870: Francois Hennebique (FRA) patented a complex reinforcing system

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .

Precast concrete cereal silos

precast units for silos in Constanța

the lay-out of precast elements

1909: Construction of the Decebal Bridge (Parkgassenbrücke / Liget úti híd)

The larges span bridge

- prize at the World Expo

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .

Airship Hangers - Orly (FRA)

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .

Pont Saint-Michel (Toulouse)

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .

1932: Pier Luigi Nervi: Stadio Artemio Franchi Florence, Italy

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .

1948: Pier Luigi Nervi - Palazzo delle Esposizioni, Torino

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .

1958: Pier Luigi Nervi - Viadotto Corso Francia

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .

1959: Pier Luigi Nervi - Palazzo del Lavoro, Torino

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .

1960: Pier Luigi Nervi - Palazzetto dello Sport, Roma

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .

1969: Pier Luigi Nervi: Italy Embassy of Italy in Brasil

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .

1971: Pier Luigi Nervi: Città del Vaticano

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .

1931: Hoover Dam, USA 1933: Grand Coulee Dam, USA

a gravity dam, built in 9 years

length: 379 m , height: 221 m length: 1592 m , height: 168 m

a concrete arch-gravity dam, built in 5 years 579 m

length: 379 m , height: 221 m

Guggenheim Museum, NY Johnson Wax Headquarters – office area

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T. © Faculty of Civil Engineering .