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Simplifying Radicals
√a√b = √ab √a a a√b
=
√
a
√b
= b √b b
√a2 b = a√b
Pythagorean Triples
Forms a right triangle with the longest length as the hypotenuse.
Some examples:
3, 4, 5 7, 24, 25
5, 12, 13 8, 15, 17
Angles on Coordinate Planes
Reference angle: measure of the given angle, dropped down to the x-axis
Examples:
RA of 183=3 RA of 96=84 RA of 277=83
SOHCAHTOA:
opposite adjacent opposite
sin(θ) = hypotenuse cos(θ) = hypotenuse
tan(θ) = adjacent
hypotenuse hypotenuse adjacent
csc(θ) = opposite
sec(θ) = adjacent
cot(θ) = opposite
These are just reciprocals of their respective trig functions.
sinθ
tan(θ) is also equal to cosθ .
Important identity:
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
Radian measure: one radian is the angle created by bending the radius length around the arc of a
circle.
π
2 = 180
Sinusoidal Functions (graphing)
a: amplitude c: phase shift
2π d: midline
b: frequency ( period )
y = asinbx + d y = acosbx + d
y = asin(bx + c) + d y = acos(bx + c) + d
When graphing these, “b” must be distributed out first (if possible).
Difference of Two Squares
a2 − b2 = (a + b)(a − b)
Sum and Difference of Two Cubes
**Note: exponent does not have to be 3. Just has to be divisible by 3.
a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 − ab + b2 )
a3 − b3 = (a − b)(a2 + ab + b2 )
1. Sign in first parenthesis is always the same as the original. Terms are the cube roots.
2. In second parenthesis, first term is square of the first term in first parentheses.
3. Second term is the first terms in parentheses 1 multiplied, but sign will be the opposite.
4. Third term is the square of the second term in the first parentheses.
**If 1-4 is too confusing, disregard and just memorize the format.
Quadratic Functions
General: y = ax2 + bx + c
Vertex Form:
y = (x − h)2 + k vertex: (h, k )
Root Form:
y = (x − r1 )(x − r2 ) roots: r1 , r2
-
Qualities:
Sum of roots: −b
a
Product of roots: ac
What root?
b2 − 4ac real rational equal unequal
=0 ✔ ✔ ✔
<0 IMAGINARY
Imaginary Numbers
i = √− 1 i2 =− 1
i3 =− i i4 = 1
Properties:
Center: (h, k )
(Opposite sign of whatever is written in the equation)
Radius: r
(**Careful, in the equation r is squared, you have to square root whatever value the
equation is = to in order to get the radius!)
Sideways and Vertical Parabolas
Parabola: a set of points equidistant from a fixed point and a fixed line (directrix)
Vertical Sideways
p is +
here.
p is -
here.
F-D form:
(x − h)2 = 4p(y − k ) (y − k )2 = 4p(x − h)
Dividing Polynomials
Long Division: basically normal division
Yeah, you still follow that remainder thing with the setting over and stuff.
Some Polynomial Theorems
Remainder Theorem: When a polynomial is divided by (x − a) , the remainder is f (a) .
(Extra ass definition, it means the remainder is the same as substituting all x’ s in the
polynomial with a and solving for what that comes out to.)
Simplifying Rational Expressions
1. Factor.
2. Cancel out equivalent expressions.
3. Put in simplest form.
Function Transformations
f (x) + c : c units up f (x + c) : c units left k f (x) : vertical stretch by k
f (x) − c : c units down − f (x) : reflect over x-axis
f (x − c) : c units right f (− x) : reflect over y-axis
ROC (Rate of Change)
y −y
Formula: xend −xstart
end start
Increasing/Decreasing intervals; Positive/Negative
Mapping Diagrams
Simplifying Radical Expressions/Equations
1. Separate components and simplify.
2. Put together.
Rational Exponents
xa
x−a = 1
xa
xa · xb = x(a+b)
xb = x(a−b)
2 3
x 3 = √x2 Numerator inside, denominator outside.
1
x n = √n x
Good to know stuff:
x0 = 1 x1 = x
Yup.
Calculating Half-Lifes
y = a( 12 )x
a = initial amount x = # of half-lifes: y = remaining
time
half −lif e length
Logarithms
General Rule:
baseexponent = number ⇒ log base number = exponent
If log b x = y , then by = x
Common Logarithm:
log 10 x = logx
Compounding Interest Rates
A(t) = amount af ter t years n = # of times interest is compounded per year
P = principal(initial) t = # of years
r = interest rate (in decimal f orm, only)
percent increase
100 ;; when rate is
decreasing/decaying, make r negative.
Daily 365
Quarterly 4
Annually 1
Monthly 12
Semi-Annually 2
Formula for continuous compound:
A(t) = P ert
e is Euler’s constant, it is on your calculator.
Formula:
T = T a + (T o − T a )e−kt
Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences
an = nt h term of sequence
n = term of sequence
ai = first term of sequence
Empirical Rule: estimate of percentage of population that hold a certain quality
68-95-99.7
Each percentage is within 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations of the mean, respectively.
*Note: ONLY for normal distributions! (Bell curve)
Confidence Intervals
Margin of Error calculations:
Means: 2 * √sn
s: standard deviation
n: sample size
Proportions: 2 * p(1−p)
n
p: proportion of favorable outcomes to total outcomes
n: sample size
Z-scores
z = x−μ
σ
u: mean
o: standard deviation
x: given score
For the questions that ask how you do “equally well” on an exam, solve for an x value that would
make the z-scores in both scenarios equal.