You are on page 1of 15

ALGEBRA II Review SHEET!!!

:)))
Simplifying Radicals
√a√b = √ab √a a a√b
=

a
√b
= b √b b
√a2 b = a√b

Pythagorean Triples
Forms a right triangle with the longest length as the hypotenuse.
Some examples​:
3, 4, 5 7, 24, 25
5, 12, 13 8, 15, 17

Important ratios to know:

Unit Hypotenuse Triangle


Forms a right triangle with the longest length (1) as the hypotenuse.

 
Angles on Coordinate Planes
Reference angle: measure of the given angle, dropped down to the x-axis
Examples​:
RA of 183=3 RA of 96=84 RA of 277=83

SOHCAHTOA​:
opposite adjacent opposite
sin(θ) = hypotenuse cos(θ) = hypotenuse
tan(θ) = adjacent
hypotenuse hypotenuse adjacent
csc(θ) = opposite
sec(θ) = adjacent
cot(θ) = opposite
These are just reciprocals of their respective trig functions.
sinθ
tan(θ) is also equal to cosθ .

Important identity​:
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1

A​LL ​S​TUDENTS ​T​AKE ​C​ALCULUS


Corresponding trig functions are positive in quadrants I, II, III, and IV, respectively.
A: All T: Tan
S: Sin C: Cos
Their reciprocal functions are also positive in their quadrants.

Radian measure​: one radian is the angle created by bending the radius length around the arc of a
circle.
π
2 = 180

 
Sinusoidal Functions (graphing)
a: amplitude c: phase shift
2π d: midline
b: frequency ( period )
y = asinbx + d y = acosbx + d

y = asin(bx + c) + d y = acos(bx + c) + d

When graphing these, “b” must be distributed out first (if possible).

 
Difference of Two Squares
a2 − b2 = (a + b)(a − b)
Sum and Difference of Two Cubes
**Note: exponent does not have to be 3. Just has to be divisible by 3.
a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 − ab + b2 )
a3 − b3 = (a − b)(a2 + ab + b2 )
1. Sign in first parenthesis is always the same as the original. Terms are the cube roots.
2. In second parenthesis, first term is square of the first term in first parentheses.
3. Second term is the first terms in parentheses 1 multiplied, but sign will be the opposite.
4. Third term is the square of the second term in the first parentheses.
**If 1-4 is too confusing, disregard and just memorize the format.

Quadratic Functions
General: y = ax2 + bx + c
Vertex Form:
y = (x − h)2 + k vertex: (h, k )
Root Form:
y = (x − r1 )(x − r2 ) roots: r1 , r2
-
Qualities​:
Sum of roots: −b
a
Product of roots: ac

What root?
b2 − 4ac real rational equal unequal

Perfect square & >0 ✔ ✔ ✔

Not a perfect square & >0 ✔ ✔

=0 ✔ ✔ ✔

<0 IMAGINARY
Imaginary Numbers
i = √− 1 i2 =− 1

 
i3 =− i i4 = 1

Circle & Distance Formula


Distance Formula:
d= √(x 1 + x2 )2 − (y 1 + y 2 )2
Circle​:
(x − h)2 + (y − k )2 = r2
Can also be given in x2 + y 2 + n1 + n2 = n3 form.
The 3 n’s have no special relationship, to graph it you have to get it into the
normal circle form by using “completing the square.” (The thing you use to get a
quadratic into vertex form).

Properties:
Center: (h, k )
(Opposite sign of whatever is written in the equation)
Radius: r
(**Careful, in the equation ​r​ is squared, you have to square root whatever value the
equation is = to in order to get the radius!)

 
Sideways and Vertical Parabolas
Parabola: a set of points equidistant from a fixed point and a fixed line (directrix)

2p =distance from focus to directrix

p​ is half of the distance between the focus


(usually, point given) and the directrix (usually,
line equation given (either ​y= ​ or ​x=
​ ))

Vertical Sideways

p​ is +
here.

p​ is -
here.

F-D form​:
(x − h)2 = 4p(y − k ) (y − k )2 = 4p(x − h)

Sign of 4​p​ changes depending on what direction parabola is facing.


If ​k​-value is greater than the ​y-​value given in If ​h-​ value is greater than the ​x-​ value given in
the equation, ​p​ is positive. the equation, ​p​ is positive.

If otherwise, ​p​ is negative. If otherwise, ​p​ is negative.

 
Dividing Polynomials
Long Division​: basically normal division

Put remainder over the original.


5 −123
In first case, x−3
. Second case,x−3
. If negative, KEEP in numerator. NEVER throw it outside.
I REPEAT, ​NEVER​!!!
Add it to the quotient.

Synthetic Division​: When dividing by (x − a)

Yeah, you still follow that remainder thing with the setting over and stuff.

 
Some Polynomial Theorems
Remainder Theorem​: When a polynomial is divided by (x − a) , the remainder is f (a) .
(Extra ass definition, it means the remainder is the same as substituting all ​x’​ s in the
polynomial with ​a​ and solving for what that comes out to.)

Factor Theorem​: If x = a is substituted into a polynomial for ​x​, remainder is 0.


(They mean x − a is a factor of the polynomial if you get 0.)

Irrational Root Theorem​: If a + √b is a root, then so is a − √b

Complex Root Theorem​: If a + bi is a root, then so is a − bi

Graphing (where a>1)


Generally, how the graph should look: (​n​ is the highest degree in the polynomial)

How to graph the roots (after the polynomial is properly factored):

(x − h)2 (or even multiplicity) (x − h) (x − h)3 (or odd multiplicity)

Connect all of the “lines” in this fashion! :D

 
Simplifying Rational Expressions
1. Factor.
2. Cancel out equivalent expressions.
3. Put in simplest form.

Function Inverses ( f −1 (x) )


1. Substitute ​x​ for ​y,​ then solve for ​y​.
2. Graphically, reflect over the line x = y .
a. OR, switch ​x​ and ​y​ coordinates.

Function Transformations
f (x) + c : ​c​ units up f (x + c) : ​c​ units left k f (x) : vertical stretch by ​k
f (x) − c : ​c​ units down − f (x) : reflect over ​x​-axis
f (x − c) : ​c ​units right f (− x) : reflect over ​y​-axis

 
ROC (Rate of Change)
y −y
Formula: xend −xstart
end start
Increasing/Decreasing intervals; Positive/Negative

Increasing #1: Negative to Positive


Decreasing: Positive to Negative
Increasing #2: Negative to Positive

At the point where the arrow is:


I#1: Positive & Increasing
D: Positive & Decreasing
I#2: Negative & Increasing

Domain, Ranges, Onto Functions


Domain: set of all possible input ​x​-values of a relation
Range: set of all possible output ​y-​ values of a relation
*A relation is only a function when no ​x-​ values are repeating
Onto function: one ​x-​ value for each ​y​-value and vice versa.

Mapping Diagrams

Function, and an onto function.

Function, but not an onto function.

 
Simplifying Radical Expressions/Equations
1. Separate components and simplify.
2. Put together.

When adding/subtracting, make sure denominator is the same though.


Doesn’t matter if you’re multiplying/dividing, though.

Rational Exponents
xa
x−a = 1
xa
xa · xb = x(a+b)
xb = x(a−b)
2 3
x 3 = √x2 Numerator inside, denominator outside.
1
x n = √n x
Good to know stuff:
x0 = 1 x1 = x

Graphing Exponential Functions

Yup.

 
Calculating Half-Lifes
y = a( 12 )x
a = initial amount x = # of half-lifes: y = remaining
time
half −lif e length

Logarithms
General Rule:
baseexponent = number ⇒ log base number = exponent
If log b x = y , then by = x

Common Logarithm:
log 10 x = logx

Rules to remember: (Regardless of what ​b​ is)


log b 1 = 0 log b 0 = N O SOLU T ION log b b = 1
log x ab = log x a + log x b log x ab = log x a − log x b

log x ap = plog x a log a ax = x aloga x = x


log a x
log b x = log a b

Solving Log Equations


TYPE 1:
1. Consolidate using the laws of logs to get one log expression.
2. Convert to exponential form.
3. Solve & check to make sure you aren’t logging a negative number!

TYPE 2: Exponential equations when you can’t find a common base.


1. Isolate the exponential equation.
2. Take the common/natural log of both sides.
3. Use law of logs to get variable out of exponent.
4. Solve & round!

TYPE 3: Logs on Both Sides


1. Consolidate using laws of logs to get one log expression on each side.
2. If log a x = log a y , cancel logs.
3. Solve & check to make sure you aren’t logging a negative number!

 
Compounding Interest Rates
A(t) = amount af ter t years n = # of times interest is compounded per year
P = principal(initial) t = # of years
r = interest rate (in decimal f orm, only)
percent increase
100 ;; when rate is
decreasing/decaying, make ​r​ negative.

General Formula (All ​EXCEPT FOR​ continuous compounds):


A(t) = P (1 + nr )nt
Type of Compound n​-value

Daily 365

Quarterly 4

Annually 1

Monthly 12

Semi-Annually 2
Formula for continuous compound:
A(t) = P ert
e is Euler’s constant, it is on your calculator.

Exponential Law of Heating/Cooling


T = f inal temperature T o = initial temperature k = decay constant
T a = surrounding temperature t = time (in minutes)

Formula:
T = T a + (T o − T a )e−kt

 
Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences
an = nt​ h term of sequence
n = term of sequence
ai = first term of sequence

d = common difference (for Arithmetic ​only​)


r = common ratio (for Geometric ​only)​
Arithmetic:
an = a + d(n − 1)
n
n(an +ai )
Sum of Arithmetic Sequence: ∑ x + d = 2
x=i
Geometric:
an = ar(n−1)
n
ai (1−rn )
Sum of Geometric Sequence: ∑ r x = 1−r
x=i
or
n
ai −ai rn
∑ rx = 1−r
x=i

Probability & Statistics


Theoretical Probability: no experiment is performed
based on event outcomes
total outcomes
Experimental: based on observation/collected data
Sample space: a collection(set) of possible outcomes

1. Conditional Probability: chance of a particular outcome of a given/reduced sample space


Probability of event A given event B has already occurred:
P(A|B)= PP(A⋂B)
(B)
2. If events A and B are ​independent​: (no effect on each other)
P (A ⋂ B ) = P (A) * P (B)
P (A|B) = P (A)
P (B|A) = P (B)
3. General Rules:
● P (A ⋂ B ) is the intersection of A and B where they occur at the same time
● P (A ⋃ B ) is the union of A and B where at least one occurs
● P (A ⋃ B ) = P (A) + P (B) − P (A ⋂ B )
● P (A ⋂ B ) = P (B) + P (A) − P (A ⋃ B )

 
Empirical Rule​: estimate of percentage of population that hold a certain quality
68-95-99.7
Each percentage is within 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations of the mean, respectively.
*Note: ONLY for normal distributions! (Bell curve)

Calculator Function Function Example


Mean used: 5
SD used: 3

normCDF(lower,upper,mean,SD) Determine the proportion % of population with less


of the population that than 10 apples:
Outputs the proportion (NOT %!) holds a certain quality normCDF(-99999,10,5,3)

Confidence Intervals
Margin of Error calculations:
Means: 2 * √sn
s: standard deviation
n: sample size
Proportions: 2 * p(1−p)
n
p: proportion of favorable outcomes to total outcomes
n: sample size
Z-scores
z = x−μ
σ
u: mean
o: standard deviation
x: given score
For the questions that ask how you do “equally well” on an exam, solve for an ​x​ value that would
make the z-scores in both scenarios equal.

You might also like