Harvard Referencing

Citation
Description Example
One or more author A recent study investigated…. (Brian 2020)
Or
Brian (2020) has investigated….
Two or three authors Evidence shows that… (Brian & Brian 2020)
Or
Evidence shows that … (Brian, Brian & Brian, 2020)
Or
Evidence shows that … (Brian et al. 2020)
Four or more authors Evidence shows that … (Brian et al. 2020)
Citing same author written Evidence shows that … (Brian 2020a, Brian 2020b)
in the same year Note – some book may have chapters written by
different authors. In this case, the author who wrote the
chapter should be cited and not the editor of the book
Secondary referencing According to Brian and Brian (2020) as cited by Eric et al.
(2020)
Note – the author of the primary source and the author
of the work it was cited in should be used
Direct quotation Direct quotation involving only one line
Brian et al. (2020) states that the … is ‘bla bla bla’ (p.4).
Note – use single quotation mark and state the page
number
direct quotation involving quotations longer than two lines
Brian et al. (2020) states that:
‘mathematics provides a powerful universal
language …… (continue until the end)’
Note – should be inserted as a separate, indented
paragraph.
OR
‘mathematics provides a powerful universal
language … It enables us to probe the natural
universe …… (continue until the end)’
Note – ‘…’ can be used if you want to use long
 quotation but do not want to include all of them
Citing an image / table / Table illustrating … (Brian & Brian, 2016, p.21).
diagram / photograph / OR
figure ‘geological map of the easternmost region … (Brian et al.
2020, p.444).
Note – include author(s) and page number
Citing with no obvious A national strategy … (Department of Health 2020)
author Note – if there is no obvious author, include the
corporate author (organization or company).
If neither the author’s name nor the corporate’s name
is written, use ‘Anon’ as the author.

Reference
1. all references should have key information such as
a. author / editor
b. date of publication / broadcast / recording
c. title of item
2. depending on the material, the information below may need to be included
a. name of publisher
b. place of publication
c. page number
d. volume number
e. issue number
f. report number
g. URL
h. Date of access online
i. Book of conference editor
j. Book of conference title
k. title of conference proceedings

Reference list
Description Example
Journal article Required information –
Author’s family name, initial(s) of publication. ‘title in
single quotes’. Journal Title in Italics, vol. ## (volume
 number), no. # (issue number), pp. ## (page number)
Journal article (online / Same as above, but include date viewed and URL. If
electronic) volume, issue or page number is missing, it can be
omitted or relevant information can be used (month of
publication, article number)
Example –
Ticker, CS 2017. ‘Music and the mind: music’s healing
powers’, Musical Offerings, vol.8, no.1, article 1, viewed 21
May 2017, <http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/cgi/view
content.cgi?...>.

If DOI is given, omit URL

Ticker, CS 2017. ‘Music and the mind: music’s healing
powers’, Musical Offerings, vol.8, no.1, article 1, viewed 21
May 2017, DOI:10.1186/s12937-017-0232-y
Book Required information –
Author’s family name, initial(s) year of publication, Title in
Italics, publisher, place of publication
Example –
Book (print)
Connell, R 2009, Gender, Polity Press, Cambridge
In text citation – (Connell 2009)

Book with 2/3 authors

list the author in the order they appear on the title page
of the book. Use & to separate the last two authors
Campbell, E, Fox, R & de Zwart, M 2010. Students’ guide
to legal writing, law exams and self assessment, 3rd edition.
Federation Press, Sydney.

Books with 4/ more authors

Unlike lisiting only the first author and et al. after that,
all authors should be written in the order they appeared
in the title page of the book
 Example – Henkin, RE, Bova, D, Dillehay, GL, Halama,
JR, Karesh, SM, Wagner, RH & Zimmer, MZ, 2006,
Nuclear medicine, 2nd edition, Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia.

Chapter in an edited book

Books in which each of the chapters are written by
different authors. In reference list, give author/chapter
information, then editors (initials, then surname), title,
publication, chapter page numbers

Example –
In text citation – (Warner 2010)
Warner, R 2010, ‘Giving feedback on assignment writing to
international students – the integration of voice and writing
tools’, in WM Chan, KN Chin, M Nagami & T Suthiwan
(eds), media in foreign language teaching and learning, De
Gruyler, Boston, pp. 355-382.
e-Book e-Book on Web
same as printed books, but include date viewed and
URL. If the e-Book is ‘born digital’- meaning that it is
only available online and none elsewhere and no place of
publication can be found, list the publisher instead. DOI
can be included if available

example –
de Grosbois, T 2015, Mass Influence: the habits of the
highly influential, Wildfire Workshops, viewed 21 May
2017, <http://massinfluencethebook.com>
Webpage / website Required information –
Author’s family name, initial(s) OR author body year, title
of webpage in Italics, title of websites, viewed date, URL

Example –
 In text citation – (World Health Organization 2014)
Reference list –
World Health Organization 2014. WHO recommendations
for routine immunization – summary tables, World Health
Organization, viewed 1 May 2014, <http://.....>
Newspaper / magazine Required information –
Author’s family name, initial(s) OR publication name year.
‘title of article’, title of news or magazine site, date of
publication OR volume and issue, page number (if
applicable), viewed date (if online publication), <URL>.

Example (newspaper / magazine article) –

In text citation – (Robertson & Kyriaccu 2010)
Reference list –
Robertson, D & Kyriaccu, K 2010, ‘Skating on thin ice’,
Advertiser, 20 November, p.9.

Example (newspaper / magazine article viewed online) –

In text citation – (Banks 2010)
Reference list –
Banks, D 2010, ‘Tweeting in court: why reporters must be
given guidelines’, The Guardian, 15 December, viewed 25
November 2015, <http://..>

Example (newspaper / magazine article with no author) –

Give the publication name in place of the author’s name.
if articles with no authors are viewed online, include
date viewed and URL
In text citation – (Evening Express 2014)
Reference list –
Evening Express 2014, ‘Firearms officer drove at 60mph on
wrong side of the road in Aberdeen’, Evening Express, 22
May, p.12, viewed 18 April 2017, <http://...>
Social media Required information –
Author’s family name, initial(s) year, Title, source type, day
and month of publication (if applicable), viewed date,
<URL>

Example (Blog) –
In text citation – (Smalls & Brook 2010)
Reference list – Smalls, S & Brook, S2006, My great blog,
blog, viewed 10 January 2008, <http://...>

Example (blog post) –

Referencing an individual post within the whole blog,
include the name of the whole blog and the date of the
specific post.
In text citation – (Bergmann 2011)
Reference list –
Bergmann, L 2011, ‘the active voice versus passive voive’,
blog post, Grammar Gang, 5 July, viewed 27 July 2011,
<http://...>

Example (Facebook post) –

In text citation – (Smith 2015)
Reference list –
Smith, P 2015, Rethinking higher education…, Facebook,
25 April, viewed 16 June 2015, <http://facebook.com/......>

Example (YouTube) –
In text citation – (BainBridge State College 2010)
Reference list –
BainBridge State College 2010, Plagarism:how to avoid
it,YouTube, 5 January, viewed 15 June 2015,
<http://youtube.com/......>

Example (twitter) –
In text citation – (Obama 2016)
 Reference list –
Obama, B 2016, It’s time for Senate leaders to put politics
aside…,Twitter, 17 May, viewed 19 May 2016,
<http://twitter.com/......>
Lecture / presentation Example (lecture notes given out during a lecture) –
In text citation – (Cole 2010)
Reference list –
Cole, P 2010, ‘Part 5: Integration’, lecture notes distributed
in the topic 7052 Integration, University of Adelaide, on 12
July 2010.

Example (PowerPoint presentation) –

In text citation – (Aguilar 2001)
Reference list –
Aguilar, F 2001, ‘Integration’, PowerPoint presentation,
viewed 14 December 2010, <http://adelaide.edu......>
Report / thesis Example (print and online) –
Include date viewed and URL
In text citation – (Bradley, Noonan & Scales 2008) OR (The
Bradley Report 2008)

Reference list –
Bradley, D, Noonan, P, Nugent, H & Scales, B 2008,
Review of ……, Australian Government, Canberra.

Example (Reports by organization without specific author)

–
In text citation – (the least developed countries report 2010)
Reference list –
The least developed countries report 2010, United Nations
Conference on Trade and Development, viewed 14
December 2010, <http://...>

Example (thesis) –
 In text citation – (Miller 2002)
Reference list –
Miller, J 2002, ‘An investigation into the use of anglicisms
in modern European Portuguese’, MA thesis, Flinders
University Adelaide.

Some things to note –

1. And / &
a. For in text reference, use and between the names
b. & is used in brackets
2. Authors / Editors
a. Author – someone who has written a particular text (books / journal)
b. Editor – someone who complies the text (books which several authors have
contributed
c. If 2 authors are having the same name and writing in the same year, include
their initials in the in-text reference
3. Place of publication
a. Having many places of publication – choose the first
b. No place of publication – write n.p
4. Page number
a. Use p. when referring to one page and pp. when referring to multiple pages