You are on page 1of 64

Estimation of the statistical distributions

of lightning current parameters


at ground level from the data recorded
by instrumented towers
Paper TPWRD 00442-2002.R1

Alberto Borghetti Carlo Alberto Nucci Mario Paolone


University of Bologna
Italy
Outline of presentation
1. Introduction
The problem
What has been done by other Authors

2. Numerical procedure for evaluating lightning


current distributions at ground.
Application to the Berger’s distributions and comparison
with results obtained by other Authors

3. Application of the results to the evaluation of


indirect lightning performance of overhead
lines (not included in Transaction paper)
4. Conclusions
1.Introduction
The problem
The probabilistic approach to power insulation
coordination requires the knowledge of the statistical
distributions of lightning current parameters.
The lightning current distributions currently used are
those derived from experimental data gathered by
means of elevated instrumented towers.
The ‘attractive radius’ r of the tower tends to increase
for flashes with larger currents

lightning current amplitudes are ‘biased’ towards


higher values.
General relations between pdf of lightning
peak current to a tower and at ground

(
) ( )
direct stroke
2
r I p,h fg I p
f ( I ,h) =
t p ∞

∫ r ( I , h ) f ( I ) dI
r
2
p g p p nearby stroke
h
0

(Whitehead and Brown, 1969)

The problem is to determine fg being ft and h known


General relations between pdf of lightning
peak current to a tower and at ground

f ( I ,h) =
( ) (
r2 I p ,h fg I p)
t p ∞

∫ r ( I , h ) f ( I ) dI
2
p g p p
0

(Whitehead and Brown, 1969)

We
Weshall
shalldisregard
disregardcurrent
currentreflections
reflectionsat attower
towertop
topand
andbase,
base,although
although
they
theycan
cancertainly
certainlyalter
alterthe
themeasured
measuredcurrent
current(e.g.
(e.g.Guerrieri
Guerrieriet
etal,
al,IEEE
IEEE
Trans.
Trans.PWDR,
PWDR,1998;
1998;Rachidi
Rachidiet
etal.,
al.,JGR,
JGR,2003)
2003)and
andwe
weshall
shallfocus
focuson on
downward
downwarddischarges,
discharges,assuming
assumingthemthemperpendicular
perpendicularto toflat
flatground.
ground.
Studies performed by other Authors
The problem has been studied by several Authors, e.g:
Sargent [IEEE Trans PAS, Sept/Oct 1972],
by using an attractive-radius three-dimensional electrogeometric
model and on the basis of the lightning current amplitude experimental
data available at that time, derived a so-called synthetic current
amplitude distribution to ground level, which, as shown by Brown
[IEEE Trans PAS, Sept/Oct 1972], can be approximated by a
lognormal distribution with µg =13 kA and σg =0.32.
Mousa and Srivastava [IEEE Trans. PWDR,1989],
have proposed a lognormal distribution of current amplitudes at
ground level with µg =24 kA and σg =0.31.
Other forms of distribution have been investigated for the problem of
interest by Chisholm et al. [Proc. 1st PMAPS, Toronto, Canada, 11-
13 July 1986.
Here we shall focus on the analytical formula derived by Pettersson
(see later).
Exposure of a tower to direct lightning
Lightning leader approaching ground: downward motion unperturbed
unless critical field conditions develop Æ juncture with the nearby
tower, called final jump.
Assuming leader channel perpendicular to the ground plane Æ the
flash will stroke the tower if its prospective ground termination point,
lies within the attractive radius r.
r depends on several factors, such as
‰ charge of the leader,
‰ its distance from the structure,
‰ type of structure (vertical mast or horizontal conductor),
‰ structure height,
‰ nature of the terrain (flat or hilly)
‰ ambient ground field due to cloud charges.

Several expressions have been proposed to evaluate such a radius.


Some of them are based on the electrogeometric model.
Electrogeometrical expressions describing the
exposure of a tower to direct lightning
nearby stroke direct stroke
nearby stroke
direct stroke

rs
rs = r
rg h rg
h r

r = r − ( rg − h )
2
s
2
for h < rg r = rs for h ≥ rg

Where rs and rg are the so called ‘striking distances’ to the structure


and to ground respectively.
rs = α ⋅ Ipβ rg = k ⋅ rs
Electrogeometrical expressions describing the
exposure of a tower to direct lightning

Electrogeometrical
Attractive radius α β k
expression

Armstrong and
6.7 0.80 0.9
Whitehead

IEEE 10 0.65 0.55

rs = α ⋅ Ipβ rg = k ⋅ rs
Other expressions describing the exposure of
a tower to direct lightning
They have been inferred, by regression
direct stroke
analysis, from the results of more
complex and physically-oriented models
r than the Electrogeometric one.
nearby stroke
h A formula of the following type can be
used
r = c + a ⋅ I bp

Model c a b

Eriksson 0 0.84 h0.6 0.76

from Rizk 0 2.83 h0.4 0.63

from Dellera-Garbagnati * 3h0.6 0.80 0.9


* The values reported have been derived by M. Bernardi, by interpolation of plots of the lateral distance of a slim structure
vs. its height (in the range 5 to 100 m), calculated using the leader progression model of Dellera-Garbagnati
Studies performed by other Authors Cont.
Analytical relation between pdf of lightning peak current to a tower and at ground
We now focus on the analytical formula derived by Petterson [IEEE Trans. PWDR,1991]

1st hypothesis:
( )
r I p , h = a ⋅ I pb

2nd hypothesis:
⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎤
2
⎡ 1 ⎤
( )
fg I p =
1
I pσ g
1 ⎢ 1
exp − ⎜
⎢ ⎜
2 ⎝σg
ln I p µ g ⎟ =

⎥ (
1
)
φ ⎢ ln I p µ g ⎥ ( )

⎣ ⎠ ⎦ I pσ g ⎣⎢ σ g
⎥ ⎦⎥

f ( I ,h) =
(
) ( )
r2 I p ,h fg I p ⎡ 1 ⎤
t p ∞
= ∞
a2
I 2b
p
1
I pσ g ⎢⎣ σ g
( )
φ ⎢ ln I p µ g ⎥
∫ r ( I , h ) f ( I ) dI ∫ r ( I , h ) f ( I ) dI
2 2 ⎥⎦
p g p p p g p p
0 0

exp(2b ln I p )
Studies performed by other Authors Cont.
Analytical relation between pdf of lightning peak current to a tower and at ground
We now focus on the analytical formula derived by Petterson [IEEE Trans. PWDR,1991]

1st hypothesis:
( )
r I p , h = a ⋅ I pb

2nd hypothesis:
⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎤
2
⎡ 1 ⎤
( )
fg I p =
1
I pσ g
1 ⎢ 1
exp − ⎜
⎢ ⎜
2 ⎝σg
ln I p µ g ⎟ =

⎥ (
1
)
φ ⎢ ln I p µ g ⎥ ( )

⎣ ⎠ ⎦ I pσ g ⎣⎢ σ g
⎥ ⎦⎥

(
ft I p , h ) is lognormal

(
µt = µ g exp b ⋅ σ g ⎤

)
2
2
σg =σt
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

Pettersson’s formula
2. Numerical procedure
for evaluating lightning
current distributions
at ground.
Proposed numerical procedure for
evaluating lightning current distributions at
ground
Ip* minimum peak current observed
r* its attractive radius

All the strokes with perspective stroke location within 2πr*2


are collected by the tower
I. Generation of a population of events Ip, tf, … and xg∈[0,r(Ip)]
- IP, tf … are generated from the p.d.f. of strokes to the tower
- xg are generated assuming the stroke locations be uniformly
distributed (correlations are taken into account)

II. Selection of the events with xg<r*

III. Determination of the statistical distributions of the current


parameters related to such events
Application to the Berger’s distribution
Application to the Berger’s distribution

27,7
Application to the Berger’s distribution
Application to the Berger’s distribution

2,3
Application to the Berger’s distribution Cont

From Andersson and Eriksson, Electra , 1980


Application to the Berger’s distribution Cont
Application to the Berger’s distribution Cont
Application to the Berger’s distribution Cont

Ip

t f = T30/90 / 0.6 = 3,8


Application to the Berger’s distribution Cont
σt
ρ t = 0.47

Attractive radius
expression a b
( )
r I p , h = a ⋅ I pb

Eriksson 0.84 h0.6 0.76

Rizk 2.83 h0.4 0.63

Parameter Expression

Eriksson Rizk

µg 20.1 21.3
Ip (kA)
σg 0.20 0.20

µg 3.2 3.3

tf (µs) σg 0.24 0.24

ρg 0.48 0.47
Application to the Berger’s distribution Cont
σt
ρ t = 0.47

Attractive radius
expression a b
( )
r I p , h = a ⋅ I pb

Eriksson 0.84 h0.6 0.76

Rizk 2.83 h0.4 0.63

Parameter Expression
Pettersson’s formula Eriksson Rizk

µg 20.1 20.0 21.3 21.2


µt = µ g ⎡exp ( b ⋅ σ g2 ) ⎤
2
Ip (kA)
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ σg 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20

σg =σt µg 3.2 3.3

tf (µs) σg 0.24 0.24

ρg 0.48 0.47
Comparison with the Pettersson’s formula for
the case of electrogeometric expressions
direct stroke
nearby stroke nearby stroke
direct stroke

rs = α ⋅ Ipβ
rs rs = rl

h rl
rg rg = k ⋅ rs h rg

r = r − ( rg − h ) r = rs for h ≥ rg
2
s
2
for h < rg

( )
r I p , h = a ⋅ I pb

If h ≥ rg b=β
β
or h << rg and rg = rs r = 2α h ⋅ I pβ / 2 b=
2
Application to the Berger’s distribution Cont
σt
ρ t = 0.47

Electrogeometrical
Attractive radius α β k
expression
Armstrong and
6.7 0.80 0.9
Whitehead
IEEE (1243) 10 0.65 0.55

Parameter Expression

A&W IEEE

µg 20.2 21.1
Ip (kA)
σg 0.21 0.20

µg 3.2 3.3

tf (µs) σg 0.24 0.24

ρg 0.49 0.47
Application to the Berger’s distribution Cont
σt
ρ t = 0.47

Electrogeometrical
Attractive radius α β k
expression
Armstrong and
6.7 0.80 0.9
Whitehead
IEEE 10 0.65 0.55

Parameter Expression

A&W IEEE
b= β /2 b=β b= β /2 b=β
µg 20.2 21.1
Ip (kA) 23.4 19.7 24.1 21.0
σg 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
Probability
4.2% 28.8% 0.02% 80%
that conditions are verified
Application to the Berger’s distribution Cont
σt
ρ t = 0.47

Attractive radius
expression c a b
( )
r I p,h = c + a ⋅ I b
p

From Dellera &


3h0.6 0.80 0.9
Garbagnati

Dellera & Garbagnati


Parameter
Expression
µg 22.1
Ip (kA)
σg 0.19

µg 3.4

tf (µs) σg 0.24

ρg 0.45
Application to the Berger’s distribution Cont
σt
ρ t = 0.47

Attractive radius
expression c a b
( )
r I p,h = c + a ⋅ I b
p

From Dellera &


3h0.6 0.80 0.9
Garbagnati

Dellera & Garbagnati


Parameter
Expression
Pettersson’s formula
µg 22.1 18.1
Ip (kA)
µt = µ g ⎡exp ( b ⋅ σ g2 ) ⎤
2 σg 0.19 0.20
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
µg 3.4
σg =σt tf (µs) σg 0.24

ρg 0.45
Application to the CIGRE distribution

1: AW; 2: IEEE 4: Eriksson; 5: from Rizk; 6: from Dellera-Garbagnati


Influence of the Tower Height

1: AW; 2: IEEE 4: Eriksson; 5: from Rizk; 6: from Dellera-Garbagnati


First Conculsions

The proposed method is more general than the


other proposed so far in the literature.

What are the applications?


3. Application of the
results to the evaluation
of indirect lightning
performance of
overhead lines
Application of the results to the evaluation of
indirect lightning performance of overhead lines
The ___ is represented by the following curve:

Annual number of induced voltages


exceeding the value in abscissa
(or Annual number of flashovers)
Lightning
LightningPerformance
Performanceofofaa
Distribution
DistributionLine
Line
relevant
relevanttotoinduced
inducedvoltages
voltages

VOLTAGE [kV] (or CFO)


Application of the results to the evaluation of
indirect lightning performance of overhead lines Cont.

How to calculate the ____?


Application of the results to the evaluation of
indirect lightning performance of overhead lines Cont.

Clearly, the ___ depends on:

• models used to calculate the induced voltages

• lateral distance expression

• statistical distribution of lightning parameters


Models used to calculate the induced voltages

Return-Stroke Current
i (0,t) RSC i (z,t)

Lightning ElectroMagnetic Pulse


i (z,t) LEMP E, B

ElectroMagnetic Coupling
E, B EMC U(t)
Models used to calculate the induced voltages

Return-Stroke Current
i (0,t) RSC i (z,t)

Lightning ElectroMagnetic Pulse


i (z,t) LIOV
LIOVLEMP E, B

ElectroMagnetic Coupling
E, B EMC U(t)
The LIOV code

www.ing.unibo.it/die/liov
The LIOV code

LIOV code
Models
• Return-stroke model: MTLE (and TL)
• LEMP: Uman and McLain and Cooray-Rubinstein
• Coupling model: Agrawal extended to the case of
lossy ground

This allows to take into account more realistic line


configurations than the simplified Rusck expression
The LIOV code
The Agrawal coupling model

∂ s ∂ ∂i ( x,τ )
t
v i ( x,t ) + L'ij ii ( x,t ) + ∫ ξ g (t − τ )
'
= E xi ( x,t , h)
∂x ∂t 0
∂τ
∂ ∂ s
ii ( x,t ) + C 'ij v i ( x,t ) = 0
∂x ∂t

Transmission line coupling equations


(Agrawal et al.)

Overhead line above lossy ground


The LIOV code
The Agrawal coupling model

∂ s ∂ ∂i ( x,τ ) E i ( x,t , h)
t
v i ( x,t ) + L'ij i i ( x,t ) + ∫ ξ g (t − τ )
'
= x
∂x ∂t 0
∂τ
∂ ∂ s
ii ( x,t ) + C 'ij v i ( x,t ) = 0
∂x ∂t
The ground resistivity plays a role in

1) the calculation of the line parameters

2) the calculation of the electromagnetic field


The LIOV code
The LIOV code allows for the calculation of lightning-induced
voltages along a multiconductor overhead line as a function of
- lightning current waveshape (amplitude, front steepness, and duration),
- return stroke velocity,
- line geometry (height, length, number and position of conductors), values of
resistive terminations,
- ground resistivity and relative permittivity.

It allows also taking into account induction phenomena due to


- the leader field,
- non-linear phenomena such as corona
- and the presence of surge arresters.

In order to take into account the presence of more complex


types of terminations, as well as of line discontinuities and
complex system topologies, the LIOV code has been interfaced
with EMTP96.
Link of the LIOV code with EMTP96
Concept
Conceptat
atthe
thebasis
basisof
ofthe
theinterface
interface
LIOV-line The LIOV code calculates:
• LEMP
• Coupling
Γ0
The EMTP :
• calculates the boundary conditions
n-port • makes available a large library of
power components
Eix (x,h,t)dx
i0 u0 i(x,t) L'dx - + i(x+dx,t) iL u
L

Γ0 ΓL
us (x,t) us(x+dx,t) Link
i +
C'dx
+ i Linkbetween
betweenLIOV
LIOVand
andEMTP
EMTP
-u(0,t) -u(L,t)
- -
0 x x+dx L
ui (x,t)

u0’(t) u0(t), i0(t) u1(t), i1(t) u2(t), i2(t)

Node ‘0’ Node ‘1’ Node ‘2’


Γ0(t) Zc Zc
∆x
Treatment
Treatmentofofthe
theboundary
boundary
+ + LIOV line conditions,
conditions,data
dataexchange
exchangebetween
between
Bergeron Line
i0’(t)
-
G2 G1
-
EMTP termination the
theLIOV
LIOVcode
codeandandthe
theEMTP96:
EMTP96:
+ +
ve(t) -ve(t)
- -
Link of the LIOV code with EMTP96

(2) Line terminals node


(1) Line terminals node
voltages at time step N
voltages at time step N LIOV
EMTP TACS
LINE
(3) Line terminals branch
current at time step N+1

(4) Line terminals


branch current at
time step N+1
(6) Line terminals branch
current at time step N+1
injected in the EMTP by
current controlled
(5) EMTP time step
generators N=N+1 increment for node voltages
and branch currents

EMTP (4) (5)

V (1) V (1)
TACS – LIOV LINE
(2) (3)

I I
(6) (6)

V - voltage signal generator


I – current controlled generator
LIOV-EMTP96: simulations and comparison with
experimental data Cont.
Comparison with data measured on real scale complex line model at the ICLRT of the
University of Florida (July-August 2002/2003)

Surge arrester characteristic


90

80

70

60
Voltage [kV]

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
C urrent [kA]
LIOV-EMTP96: simulations and comparison with
experimental data Cont.

Experimental overhead distribution line installed at the ICLRT.


The indicated quantities are the measured lightning-induced currents.
LIOV-EMTP96: simulations and comparison with
experimental data Cont.

140

120

100
Induced Current IG10

80

60

40

20

0
Measured current
-20
Simulated current
-40
0.E+00 1.E-06 2.E-06 3.E-06 4.E-06 5.E-06
Time [s]
LIOV-EMTP96: simulations and comparison with
experimental data Cont.
1.50E+02
IB6 Simulated
1.00E+02 IB6 Measured

5.00E+01
First event of 02-08-03 6th return stroke
Induced Current [A]

0.00E+00 Current flowing through the phase B


-5.00E+01 conductor of pole 6
-1.00E+02

-1.50E+02

-2.00E+02

-2.50E+02
0.E+00 2.E-06 4.E-06 6.E-06 8.E-06 1.E-05
250
Time [s]
IBN6 Simulated
IBN6 Measured
200

First event of 02-08-03 6th return stroke Induced Current [A] 150
Current flowing through the arrester
located at pole 6 phase B 100

50

-50
0.E+00 2.E-06 4.E-06 6.E-06 8.E-06 1.E-05

Experimental data are courtesy of ICLRT of University of Florida (US) Time [s]
LIOV-EMTP96: simulations and comparison with
experimental data Cont.
1400
IG6 Simulated
1200 IG6 Measured
1000

800
Induced Current [A]

600 First event of 02-08-03 6th return stroke


400
Current flowing through the grounding of
200
pole 6
0

-200

-400

-600
0.E+00 2.E-06 4.E-06 6.E-06 8.E-06 1.E-05
Time [s] 2000
IG2 Simulated
IG2 Measured
1500

Induced Current [A]


1000
First event of 02-08-03 6th return stroke
Current flowing through the grounding of 500
pole 2
0

-500
0.E+00 2.E-06 4.E-06 6.E-06 8.E-06 1.E-0
Experimental data are courtesy of ICLRT of University of Florida (US) Time [s]
Application of the results to the evaluation of
indirect lightning performance of overhead lines Cont.

Clearly, the ___ depends on:

• models used to calculate the induced voltages

• lateral distance expression

• statistical distribution of lightning parameters


Comparison with IEEE Std 1410-1997
Single conductor line
1E+2
IEEE
IEEEStdStd1410
1410
(solid
(solidcurve)
curve)
Flashover / 100km / year

10
- -proposed
proposedmethod
method
(ideal
(idealground)
ground)
1
- -proposed
proposedmethod
method
(lossy
(lossyground
ground
σσg==0.001
0.001S/m)
S/m)
0.1 g
IEEE Guide
proposed method (ideal ground) tf is lognormally distributed
with median value 3.83 µs.
proposed method (lossy ground) Correlation factor between t
0.01 f

0 100 200 300 and IP : 0.49 i


CFO [kV]
Comparison with IEEE Std 1410-1997

1E+2

Ideal
Idealground
ground
Flashovers / 100 km / year

10

1 Note that with


small values of tf
IEEE Guide
the two methods
0.1 LIOV - tf = 0.5 us
predict basically
the same results
LIOV - tf = 1 us
LIOV - tf = 3 us
0.01
0 100 200 300
CFO [kV]
Application of the results to the evaluation of
indirect lightning performance of overhead lines Cont.
For the calculation of the indirect lighting performance of the
overhead use is made of the procedure proposed by Borghetti
and Nucci [ICLP, 1998; Sipda, 1999] , based on the Monte Carlo
method.
Each event is characterized
By 4 random variables
• • peak
peakvalue
valueofofthe
the
lightning currentIpI
lightningcurrent p

• • front timetftf (correlated


fronttime (correlated
with
withIpI) )
p

• • two
twoco-ordinates
co-ordinatesofofthe
the
stroke location(x
strokelocation andyy) )
(xand
3. Application of the results to the evaluation of
indirect lightning performance of overhead lines Cont.
For the calculation of the indirect lighting performance of the
overhead use is made of the procedure proposed by Borghetti
and Nucci [ICLP, 1998; Sipda, 1999] , based on the Monte Carlo
method.
Each event is characterized
By 4 random variables
• • peak
peakvalue
valueofofthe
the
lightning currentIpI
lightningcurrent p

• • front timetftf (correlated


fronttime (correlated
with
withIpI) )
p

• • two
twoco-ordinates
co-ordinatesofofthe
the
stroke location(x
strokelocation andyy) )
(xand
Application of the results to the evaluation of
indirect lightning performance of overhead lines Cont.

1 Inputs:
- lightning current parameters (Ip and tf)
- return stroke velocity
- line and ground data
2 Random generation of events ( Ip ; tf : x ; y) > 20 000
3 Induced overvoltage calculation using LIOV or LIOV-
EMTP96
4 Counting of the events generating overvoltages greater
than 1.5 x CFO
5 Plot the graph:
No. of flashovers/100 km/year vs CFO
where No. of flashovers/100 km/year =
(n/ntot) • ng • S • 100/L (with ng=ground flash density)
Application of the results to the evaluation of
indirect lightning performance of overhead lines Cont.
Let us now calculate the indirect lightning performance of an
overhead line by using either:

• •the
thelightning
lightningcurrent
currentstatistical
statisticaldistribution
distributionby
byBerger
Berger(CIGRE
(CIGRE
distribution)
distribution)biased
biasedbybythe
thepresence
presenceofofthe
thetower;
tower;
• •the
thestatistical
statisticaldistributions groundinferred
distributionsatatground inferredusing
usingthe
the
proposed
proposedmethod.
method.
We consider a single-conductor overhead line with the following
characteristics:
• •2 2km
kmlong;
long;
• •10
10mmhigh
highline;
line;
• •‘matched’
‘matched’atatboth
bothend;
end;
• •“striking area” around the line about 20 km2.
“striking area” around the line about 20 km2.
Application of the results to the evaluation of
indirect lightning performance of overhead lines Cont.

100.00
CIGRE
CIGREdistribution
distribution
exceeding the value in abscissa/(100 km year)

Armstrong-Whitehead
No. of induced overvoltages with magnitude

IEEE
Eriksson
10.00 Rizk
Dellera-Garbagnati

1.00

0.10

Ideal
Ideal ground
ground
0.01
50 100 150 200 250 300
Voltage [kV]
Application of the results to the evaluation of
indirect lightning performance of overhead lines Cont.

100.00
UNBIASED
UNBIASEDdistribution
distribution
exceeding the value in abscissa/(100 km year)

Armstrong-Whitehead
No. of induced overvoltages with magnitude

IEEE
Eriksson
10.00 Rizk
Dellera-Garbagnati

1.00

0.10

Ideal
Ideal ground
ground
0.01
50 100 150 200 250 300
Voltage [kV]
Application of the results to the evaluation of
indirect lightning performance of overhead lines Cont.
CIGRE
CIGREdistribution
distribution
100.00
exceeding the value in abscissa/(100 km year)
No. of induced overvoltages with magnitude

10.00

1.00

Armstrong-Whitehead

0.10 IEEE
Eriksson Lossy
Lossyground
ground
Rizk (0.001
(0.001S/m)
S/m)
Dellera-Garbagnati
0.01
50 100 150 200 250 300
Voltage [kV]
Application of the results to the evaluation of
indirect lightning performance of overhead lines Cont.
UNBIASED
UNBIASEDdistribution
distribution
100.00
exceeding the value in abscissa/(100 km year)
No. of induced overvoltages with magnitude

10.00

1.00

Armstrong-Whitehead
IEEE
0.10 Eriksson
Lossy
Lossyground
ground
Rizk
Dellera-Garbagnati (0.001
(0.001S/m)
S/m)
0.01
50 100 150 200 250 300
Voltage [kV]
Conclusions

The use of unbiased current statistical distributions


results, as expected, in a better performance of the
distribution line to indirect lightning, these
distributions being characterized by a lower median
value.
We have shown how the results vary depending on
the expression adopted to evaluate the lateral
distance (attractive radius).

Also, the ground resistivity acts in minimizing the


difference between the line performance calculated
using the biased and unbiased lightning current
distributions.
Conclusions

It appears, however, that additional study on


attractive radius expressions is badly needed.

The results obtained show that statistical current


distributions at ground are probably characterized
by lower median values than the relevant
distributions gathered by means of instrumented
towers.

This is in line with lower median values obtained by


means of lightning location systems, although …

You might also like