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Aptis Reading Part 4.1: Paragraph Heading

Read the passage and choose a heading for each numbered paragraph

exam tests english speaking test test b1

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Shanghai overview Shanghai overview

Shanghai is the largest Chinese city by population. It is one of the four direct- A Convenient Location
controlled municipalities of China and has a population of more than 24 million as of A Place to Visit
2014. It is a global financial center, and transport hub containing the world's busiest
The population of Shanghai
container port.
History

A Convenient Location
Shanghai is located in the Yangtze River Delta in East China, and borders the provinces
of Jiangsu and Zhejiang to the north, south and west, and is bounded to the east by the
East China Sea.

History
For centuries it was a major administrative, shipping, and trading town, and grew in
importance in the 19th century due to its location and economic potential. The city was
one of five forced open to foreign trade following the British victory over China in the First
Opium War. After some time the city then flourished as a center of commerce between
east and west. After the Communist Party takeover of the mainland in 1949, trade
focused on socialist countries, and the city's global influence declined. In the 1990s,
Deng Xiaoping started economic reforms which led to re-development of the city, and
foreign investment to the city.

A Place to Visit
Shanghai is a popular tourist destination renowned because of its historical landmarks
such as the Bund, City God Temple and Yu Garden. Other sites include major museums
such as the Shanghai Museum and the China Art Museum. From these examples, it can
be understood that it has been described as the "showpiece" of the booming economy of
mainland China.

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The population of Shanghai

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What tartan is
Tartan is a pattern consisting of criss-crossed horizontal and vertical bands in multiple colours. Tartan is usually
associated with Scotland. Scottish kilts, or garments wrapped around men's waists, almost always have tartan
patterns.

Description of tartan
Tartans originated in woven wool, but now they are made using different materials. It is made with alternating bands
of coloured threads woven as both warp and weft at right angles to each other. The patterns are simply different
checked-cloth patterns, chosen by the wearer's preference. It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that many
patterns were created and artificially associated with Scottish clans, families, or institutions who were (or wished to
be seen as) associated in some way with a Scottish heritage.

During the 1700s

In Scotland, the Dress Act of 1746 attempted to bring the warrior clans under government control by banning the
tartan and other aspects of Gaelic culture. When the law was taken away in 1782, it was no longer ordinary Highland
dress, but was instead used as the symbolic national dress of Scotland.

Post 1700s History

Until the middle of the nineteenth century, the highland tartans were only associated with either regions or districts,
rather than any specific Scottish clan. This was because tartan designs were produced by local weavers and would
usually only use the natural dyes available in that area.

A a Common and Beloved Item of Clothing

It is generally believed that the most popular tartans today are the Black Watch (also known as Old Campbell, Grant
Hunting, Universal, Government), and the Royal Stewart.

Modern Application of This Design

Today tartan is no longer limited to textiles, but is used on non-woven mediums, such as paper, plastics, packaging,
and wall coverings.

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Tartan in Plastics

Post 1700s History Modern Application of This Design Tartan in Plastics

A a Common and Beloved Item of Clothing What tartan is Description of tartan During the 1700s

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SIBERIAN HUSKY In media

Husky and the police
General appearance General appearance
The Siberian Husky is a medium-sized working dog. It is very quick and graceful. They
Advantages of Huskies
have a compact (thick) and furry body. Their ears are pointed, and they have a bushy tail.
A pleasant personality
Their coats are usually a mix of white, black and grey.

Advantages of Huskies
Huskies show a balance of power, speed, and endurance, which means they can run for a
very long time. Males are usually thicker than the females. This means they are used to
traveling across snow and ice in places, such as Alaska and Russia. There are even
competitions featuring Husky races.

A pleasant personality
Siberian huskies are usually friendly and gentle. They love going outside and can stay alert
for long periods of time. They like to explore different places and are not aggressive like other
dogs. These qualities, with their intelligence, make Huskies a popular pet.

In media
Huskies are often used in TV, books and film. For example, because of the story of the "Great
Race of Mercy", dogs Balto and Togo became famous. They usually appear in movies and
cartoons featuring trips to icy and snowy places. An example includes the beginning of the
Simpsons movie.

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Husky and the police

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Mining Environmental impacts of mining

Mining and recycling
Why companies mine
What mining is
Countries that mine
Mining is the removal of valuable minerals or other geological materials from
History of mining
the earth from an area. The product taken from the mines is called Ore. Ores
What mining is
recovered by mining include metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone,
dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay.

Why companies mine

Mining is needed to get any material that cannot be grown or created in a laboratory
or factory. Mining in a wider sense includes extraction of any non-renewable
resource such as petroleum, natural gas, or even water.

History of mining
Mining of stones and metal has been a human activity since pre-historic times.
Modern mining processes involve studying areas to find out how much ore there is
available, and final use of the land after the mine is closed.

Environmental impacts of mining

Mining operations usually create a negative environmental impact, both during the
mining activity and after the mine has closed. Therefore, most of the world's nations
have passed laws to decrease the impact. Worker safety has long been a concern
as well, and modern practices have significantly improved safety in mines.

Mining and recycling

Levels of metals recycling are generally low. Unless future recycling rates are
increased, some rare metals may become unavailable for consumer products. Due
to the low recycling rates, some landfills now contain higher concentrations of metal
than mines themselves.

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Countries that mine

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Tigers tiger families
Overview of tigers
Variation in Size
Overview of tigers
Tiger appearance
The tiger is a carnivorous animal which means it eats meat. It is the largest
The present situation of tigers
member of the cat family, which includes, lions, leopard, house cats and Jaguars.
Location of tigers
Habitats of Bengal tigers
Location of tigers
Tiger diet
Tigers only naturally live in Asia in countries such as India, China and Siberia.

Habitats of Bengal tigers

Bengal tigers live in a jungle called the Sundarbans in Bangladesh and West Bengal in
India. They are also found in other south-east Asian countries.

Tiger appearance
They have orange fur with black stripes, and a white belly. The black stripes usually
reach the white underside. The stripes are used to keep them hidden or camouflaged
while hunting. Each tiger has a different pattern of stripes. There are also tigers with
different colours. Some are white and can have blue or green eyes.

Variation in Size
Siberian tigers are the largest. Males can grow to 6 feet long and weigh 50lb. Females
are slightly smaller.

Tiger diet
Tigers eat different kinds of prey, mostly other large mammals. Examples include deer,
monkeys, wild pigs and other Asian animals. Some tigers may eat up to 50 pounds of
meat a day. Tigers kill their prey by holding down on the prey’s throat. This means that
the prey cannot breathe.

The present situation of tigers

Tigers are becoming very rare because people hunt them for their skin. There are only
3,500 Bengal tigers in the wild, and there are only 20 or 30 South-Chinese tigers
remaining.

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tiger families

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What is the Arctic ocean? Access to the region

The Arctic ocean is the ocean around the North Pole. During the winter it is the Arctic and the environment
covered in ice and snow, and this remains during most of the summer. The Size of the Area
Climate and temperatures
The Size of the Area
What is the Arctic ocean?
The Ocean is about 14.056 million km2, which makes it the world’s smallest
Native creatures in the ocean
ocean. The middle or central surface is covered by about 3 meters of ice. It also
has around 45,389 kilometres of coastline(the areas which touch land). The average
depth of the ocean is 1,038 feet, while the deepest point is 5,450 m at the Eurasian
Basin.

Access to the region

Due to the environment, the Arctic is very difficult to get to, so only certain vehicles
can enter and move across it. An icebreaker or a nuclear-powered submarine can use
the Arctic Ocean to traverse the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.

Climate and temperatures

The Arctic Ocean has a polar climate. This means that the nights are cold, weather is
stable and the skies are usually clear. The average temperature is just above the
freezing point of sea water at -1.8 C. However recently, the temperature has risen
causing the ice to melt.

Native creatures in the ocean

There are many animals which live in this region. Endangered animals include the
walrus and whales. In contrast, there are very few plant species including
Phytoplankon, which is very important to ocean life.

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the Arctic and the environment

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Who Albert Einstein was

Albert Einstein was a German-born physicist who developed one of the most important theories within science. He is
known as the smartest man who lived and is credited with showing the world the general theory of relativity.

His early awards

He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 but not for relativity. His theories of special and general relativity are
of great importance to many branches of physics and astronomy. They have been confirmed by many experiments
and observations.

Why Einstein is famous

Einstein is well known for his theories about light, matter, gravity, space, and time. His most well known equation is
E=mc2. It means that energy and mass are different forms of the same thing.

Einstein’s academic achievements

Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers and over 150 non-scientific works. He received honorary
doctorate degrees in science, medicine and philosophy from many European and American universities.

Einstein’s contribution to the Second World War

Near the beginning of World War II, he warned President Franklin D. Roosevelt that Germany might be developing
an atomic weapon. He recommended that the U.S. begin nuclear weapons research. That research, begun by a
newly established Manhattan Project, resulted in the U.S. becoming the first and only country to have nuclear
weapons during the war.

Einstein in the media

Einstein often appears in movies and TV shows when characters need help from a genius. Moreover, in popular
culture, people are commonly called Einsteins if they suggest good ideas or show great intelligence.

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Einstein’s energy papers

Einstein’s contribution to the Second World War Einstein’s academic achievements

Who Albert Einstein was Einstein’s energy papers His early awards Einstein in the media

Why Einstein is famous

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Antigua What is Antigua?

Economy of the island
What is Antigua? Beautiful Geography
Antigua is an island in the West Indies, North America, and is the main island of the
A Large Population
country of Antigua and Barbuda. It was previously part of the British Empire, but gained
Antigua’s Independence
independence in 1968.
The Island's names

The Island's names

Antigua means “ancient” in Spanish, and was thus named after a place in Spain. It has
another name, Waladli, which comes from the natives who lived there before the arrival of
the Europeans.

Beautiful Geography
Because it is an island, Antigua has a coastline of 87km2. It's total area equals 281km2 over
two islands. Its highest point is the mountain Boggy Peak, which stands at about 402
metres.

A Large Population
Though the islands are small, the population is over 80,000. The largest city is the capital St.
John's, which contains a third of the population at 32,000. In terms of the ethnic groups or
races, 91% are black African, 4.4% of other mixed races while 1.7% are white.

Economy of the island

The country is heavily reliant on tourism. In 2001, 244,000 people visited Antigua. There are
many hotels and resorts around the coastlines and numerous airlines have regular flights to
its international airport. The country also makes money from banking and medical visits to
the University of Health Sciences Antigua (UHSA), and the American University of Antigua
(AUA) College of Medicine.

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Antigua’s Independence

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NOKIA

A world-class company
 Nokia is a Finnish multinational technology company. It was founded in 1865 and its headquarters run from Espoo,
Uusimaa.

A complex history

Nokia was created in 1865 by mining engineer Fredrik Idestam. It started as a pulp mill, which made items like toilet
paper. It then expanded into making electricity and telephone cables. In the 1970s, it started making military
equipment for Finland’s army, and in 1981 it opened the Mordic Mobilemdc Telephone service which was the world’s
first international cellular network.

Superpower within the telecoms market

Nokia previously dominated the mobile phone markets and helped to develop technologies such as GSM and LTE.
However, after the arrival of the iPhone, Nokia joined with Microsoft to make Windows phones. In September 2013,
Microsoft bought Nokia”s mobile phone business for €5.44 billion.

Economic situation

In 2014, Nokia employed over 61,000 employees across 120 countries and reported revenues of around €12.73
billion. This makes it the 274th largest company in the world. It is a public limited-liability company which is listed on
three stock exchanges.

A new direction and focus

Now Nokia focuses on large scale telecommunications infrastructures and technology licensing. In early 2016, it
bought French company Alcaltel-Lucent to expand their network equipment, wireless technology and services.

A complex history Economic situation A new direction and focus A world-class company

Superpower within the telecoms market

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