Traffic Engineering & Safety Chapter 3-A

BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr.
Basil David Daniel
Chapter 3
Traffic Management & Control
What you will be
3.1 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT learning from this
chapter …
• Definitions & Objectives
• Reasons for Traffic Management
• Problems due to lack of Traffic Management
• Traffic Management Techniques
3.2 PARKING
• Parking Impacts, Policies & Types
• Parking Studies
BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel
What is Traffic Management?
It is a process of adjusting or adapting the use of existing

road systems to improve traffic operations without resorting to
major new construction.
What are the objectives of Traffic Management?
The objectives of traffic management are to:
ease traffic congestion

enhance road safety
improve traffic flow
improve the transportation of people and goods
reduce the impacts of traffic on the environment
create a balanced modal split
1
Why do we need to manage traffic?
Traffic congestion problem in cities

High urban population growth results
in the increase of vehicle
ownership.
The number of private automobiles
traveling in cities is high, resulting
in traffic jams.
Public transport is affected by jams

Conflicts between Private and Public
transport occur.
Traffic jams causes disruptions in Public
transport services.
Passengers are late for work, stressed
out, and exposed to fumes, noise and
heat.
3
Criticisms on new road constructions

Road networks are extended to
accommodate increasing number of
vehicles.
It does not solve the problem of
traffic jams.
It uses up government funds
(taxpayers’ money) and causes
scarcity of land.
Negative impact on the environment

and health
High energy (fuel) consumption.
Exhaust fumes, heat and noise causes
pollution and health problems.
4
2
Mobility, accessibility and safety

problems for non-motorized road users
Conflicts between vulnerable road
users (pedestrians & cyclists) and
motorized transport.
These users find it hard to travel,
access is intruded, and their safety
is at risk.
Increased travel cost

Cost, in terms of money and time,
increases as more time is spent on the
road due to traffic jams.
What problems may occur if traffic is not well managed?
Traffic Congestion
Road Accidents
Disruption of Public Transportation
Adverse effects on Environment
Safety Risk for Pedestrians and Cyclists
Increased Travel Cost
Using up of Funds and Land
3
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

Category Objectives Techniques
Improve  Efficient use of fuel 1. Link & Junctions improvement

Capacity  Reduce time wastage 2. On Street parking & trading
 Promote and develop restrictions
urban economy 3. Traffic signals improvement
4. One way & Tidal flow movements
5. Roadmarkings and Signing
improvements
Allocate  Protect vulnerable road 1. Pedestrian areas
Priorities users 2. Cycle lanes
 Increase effectiveness 3. Bus & HOV lanes
of high occupancy vehicles 4. Selective detection at signals
5. Exemption from other
regulations
Restraint  Improve public amenity 1. Parking Controls
 Protect environment 2. Physical restraints
 Improve safety 3. Area licensing
4. Road pricing
5. Traffic calming 7
LINK & INTERSECTION IMPROVEMENTS

To increase capacity Provide channelization
To enhance safety
To reduce delays
To control speed
Use traffic signals
4
Create safe crossing for pedestrians
Provide large waiting areas, pedestrian refuges, and shorter

crossing distances
Treatment for crossing at an

intersection Treatment for crossing at a
midblock
Control speed on the approaches
Neckdowns
10
5
PARKING & LOADING CONTROL
Parking and loading control should be implemented on main traffic

routes, especially during peak hours and near pedestrian movements.
Parking & Loading Restriction
11
PARKING & LOADING CONTROL

Benefits of parking & loading restrictions:
Relieves traffic congestion
Improve safety
Improves visibility for and of pedestrians
who want to cross
When on-street parking restriction is

enforced, provide sufficient off-street
parking spaces.
Designated loading areas must be allocated
for loading activity.
Loading can be permitted only on the back
lane, where access is only for goods vehicles.
12
6
ONE-WAY STREET
Advantages:
Reduces conflict points
Increases capacity
Increases speed & flow
Reduces delay
Eliminates head-on collisions
Eliminates dazzle
Easier for pedestrians to
cross the road
Proper street signing is very important for one-way streets.
13
TURNING & ENTRY RESTRICTIONS
Turning restrictions may be imposed:

if the road is not able to accommodate
large volumes of vehicles (No Right-Turn).
if the maneuver is obstructive and
dangerous (No U-turn).
if the road or junction geometry is not
adequately designed for turning movements
of large vehicles (Light Vehicles Only).
Entry restrictions may be imposed:

for one way street schemes
for certain periods of the day
for certain vehicle classes
14
7
CONTRA FLOW (Tidal Flow / Reverse Flow)
Contra flow is applied when there is an

imbalance in directional distribution of
traffic during peak hours.
Traffic on one direction is in excess
while traffic on the opposing direction is
low.
Justified when 65% or more of the total
traffic during peak periods is in one
direction.
One lane in the lower volume direction is
used for traffic on the higher volume
direction.
This lane is separated using barricades
and channelizing devices and provided
with proper signing.
15
PEDESTRIAN SEGREGATION Pedestrian Precinct

Separate pedestrians from vehicular
traffic.
Objectives:
- To reduce pedestrian-vehicle conflicts
- To enhance pedestrian safety
- To enforce ‘No Jaywalking’ regulations
Pedestrian Guardrails
Sidewalk separation using
planting strip
16
8
CYCLIST SEGREGATION
Bicycle Lanes
17
BUS & HOV LANES Contra-Flow Bus Lane
Bus Lanes
With-Flow Bus Lanes
Guided
Bus Lane
(Busway)
18
9
BUS & HOV LANES Contra-flow HOV Segregated HOV

Lane Lane
HOV Lanes
HOV Lane Signages
With-flow HOV Lane
19
BUS PRIORITY
“Smart Intersection” uses bus detector to manipulate traffic signal

which allows green phase for buses.
20
10
TRAFFIC RESTRAINT
Types of traffic restraint measures:
(1) DO NOTHING
Drivers will eventually make trips during off-peak periods,

choose to use alternative routes, and take alternative modes
of transport.
(2) PHYSICAL MEASURES
Banning or prohibiting entry of certain classes of vehicles.

Examples: Introduction of Bus & HOV Lanes, Bicycle lanes,
Pedestrian precincts, etc.
21
TRAFFIC RESTRAINT
(3) REGULATORY MEASURES
Parking, waiting & loading control.

Impose stiffer penalties and fines if
regulations are violated.
Limit the number of parking spaces in
the city.
Impose higher taxes for parking
operators.
(4) FISCAL MEASURES

Vehicle tax
Fuel tax
Road Pricing / Area Licensing
22
11
TRAFFIC CALMING
Traffic calming involves changes in street alignment, installation of
barriers, and other physical measures to reduce traffic speeds
and/or cut-through volumes, in the interest of street safety,
livability, and other public purposes.
(1) VERTICAL DEFLECTIONS
Speed Hump Speed Lumps
Speed Bump
23
TRAFFIC CALMING
(1) VERTICAL DEFLECTIONS Raised Crosswalk
Speed Table Speed Cushions
Raised Intersection
Textured pavement
24
12
TRAFFIC CALMING
(2) HORIZONTAL DEFLECTIONS
Traffic circle
Chicane
Roundabout
25
TRAFFIC CALMING Central Island Narrowing
(3) HORIZONTAL NARROWINGS
Neckdown
Choker
26
13
ACTIVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

Active Traffic Management (ATM) can be defined as dynamically
managing and controlling traffic, based on prevailing conditions. Using
integrated systems and a coordinated response, both recurrent and non-
recurrent congestion can be managed to provide improved roadway safety
and throughput.
With travel demand on the rise and increasing congestion, coupled with
the reality of today’s financial constraints, active traffic management
can be an excellent operational strategy.
Example of ATM techniques:
1. Speed harmonisation
2. Queue warning
3. Ramp metering
4. Dynamic message sign
5. Temporary shoulder use
6. Automated speed enforcement
7. Dynamic re-routing and traveler information
8. Dynamic lane marking
9. Travel time signs 27
(1) SPEED HARMONISATION
Uses an expert system to

monitor data coming from
field-deployed sensors on a
roadway and automatically
adjust speed limits when
congestion thresholds are
exceeded and congestion and
queue formation are
impending.
Sign gantries that span the

facility provide speed limits
and additional information,
depending on roadway
conditions.
28
14
(2) QUEUE WARNING
Employed to warn motorists

of queues or backups, and
direct through-traffic to
alternate lanes through the
display of warning signs and
flashing lights.
The benefit of queue

warning is that it effectively
utilizes available roadway
capacity and reduces the
likelihood of speed
differentials and collisions
related to queuing.
29
(3) RAMP METERING
A procedure used to reduce congestion by managing vehicle flow

from local-access on-ramps.
The entrance ramp is equipped with a traffic signal that allows

vehicles to enter the freeway at predetermined intervals.
30
15
(4) DYNAMIC MESSAGE SIGN
Also known as Variable Message

Sign (VMS), this method involves
permanently installed or portable
electronic traffic signs used on
roadways to give travelers
information about roadway
conditions (e.g. congestion,
crashes, incidents, work zones,
speed limits, etc.)
It can be changed or switched on

or off as required and can be
used to provide roadway lane
control, speed control, and
operational restrictions.
31
(5) TEMPORARY SHOULDER USE
The opening up the shoulder next to

the outside lane of traffic for
temporary use to address capacity
bottlenecks on the freeway network
during times of congestion and
reduced travel speeds.
Travel on the shoulder is permitted

only when speed harmonization is
active and speed limits are reduced.
Signs indicate when travel on the
shoulder is permitted.
Also known as hard shoulder running

or a rush-hour lane, this practice
can minimize recurrent congestion and
manage traffic during incidents.
32
16
(6) AUTOMATED SPEED ENFORCEMENT
Automated enforcement of speeds involve an expert system that

combine radar and image capturing technologies which can detect
real-time speeds of vehicles at locations with speed limits, and
capture photographic evidence (license plate and/or picture of driver)
of speed violations that can be used to issue a citation.
33
(7) DYNAMIC REROUTING & TRAVELER INFORMATION
Involves the provision of

route information on
overhead sign gantries along
a roadway in response to
recurrent and nonrecurrent
congestion.
The signs provide en-route

guidance information to
motorists on queues, major
incidents, and appropriate
routes.
This method can effectively

utilize available roadway
capacity by redirecting
traffic to less congested
facilities.
34
17
(8) DYNAMIC LANE MARKINGS
Uses intelligent solar-

powered or hardwired road
studs with built-in LED
which provide support to
active management
strategies.
They give clear guidance to

the driver by actively
defining and delineating
travel paths for drivers and
other road users.
35
(9) TRAVEL TIME SIGNS
Travel time signs provide estimated travel time and other condition
reports and communicate travel and traffic conditions.
This allows for better en-route decisions by travelers
36
18
INTELLIGENT TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Application in Malaysia:
INTEGRATED TRANSPORT INFORMATION SYSTEM (ITIS)
37
INTELLIGENT TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
38
19

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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr.

Basil David Daniel

What is Traffic Management?

It is a process of adjusting or adapting the use of existing

What are the objectives of Traffic Management?

The objectives of traffic management are to:

ease traffic congestion

Why do we need to manage traffic?

Traffic congestion problem in cities

Public transport is affected by jams

Why do we need to manage traffic?

Criticisms on new road constructions

Negative impact on the environment

Why do we need to manage traffic?

Mobility, accessibility and safety

Increased travel cost

What problems may occur if traffic is not well managed?

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

Improve  Efficient use of fuel 1. Link & Junctions improvement

LINK & INTERSECTION IMPROVEMENTS

Use traffic signals

LINK & INTERSECTION IMPROVEMENTS

Create safe crossing for pedestrians

Provide large waiting areas, pedestrian refuges, and shorter

Treatment for crossing at an

LINK & INTERSECTION IMPROVEMENTS

Control speed on the approaches

PARKING & LOADING CONTROL

Parking and loading control should be implemented on main traffic

Parking & Loading Restriction

PARKING & LOADING CONTROL

When on-street parking restriction is

Proper street signing is very important for one-way streets.

TURNING & ENTRY RESTRICTIONS

Turning restrictions may be imposed:

Entry restrictions may be imposed:

CONTRA FLOW (Tidal Flow / Reverse Flow)

Contra flow is applied when there is an

PEDESTRIAN SEGREGATION Pedestrian Precinct

BUS & HOV LANES Contra-Flow Bus Lane

With-Flow Bus Lanes

BUS & HOV LANES Contra-flow HOV Segregated HOV

HOV Lane Signages

With-flow HOV Lane

“Smart Intersection” uses bus detector to manipulate traffic signal

Drivers will eventually make trips during off-peak periods,

(2) PHYSICAL MEASURES

Banning or prohibiting entry of certain classes of vehicles.

(3) REGULATORY MEASURES

Parking, waiting & loading control.

(4) FISCAL MEASURES

(1) VERTICAL DEFLECTIONS

Speed Hump Speed Lumps

Speed Table Speed Cushions

TRAFFIC CALMING Central Island Narrowing

(3) HORIZONTAL NARROWINGS

ACTIVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

Example of ATM techniques:

ACTIVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

(1) SPEED HARMONISATION

Uses an expert system to

Sign gantries that span the

ACTIVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

(2) QUEUE WARNING

Traffic Engineering & Safety Chapter 3-A

Traffic Engineering & Safety Chapter 3-A