MAKALAH MENGENAI

PENGARUH YOGA TERHADAP TINGKAT KECEMASAN

Untuk Memenuhi Tugas Mata Kuliah Terapi Komplementer

Dosen Pengampu : Ns. Puji Purwaningsih, S. Kep., M. Kep

Disusun Oleh :

1. Noor Andella (010117A067)

2. Riska Aprilianasari (010117A086)
3. Rita Listiawati (010117A087)
4. Sylvia Okta V. (010117A107)

PROGRAM STUDI S1 KEPERAWATAN

FAKULTAS KEPERAWATAN

UNIVERSITAS NGUDI WALUYO

2020
Abstract

Yoga is a union between the spiritual soul with the universal soul or the limitation of
the mind that is always moving or a system that is systematic in doing spiritual practice to
achieve inner peace and physical exercise to achieve physical and spiritual health so it is
called Jiwan Mukti. Yoga exercises are very effective because they can reduce the risk of
chronic diseases, as a means of relaxation, build flexibility and strength of the body, lose
weight, increase muscle mass and improve posture, and improve balance.

Yoga has an limited effect on stress or anxiety in pregnant women. Furthermore, the
study findings reported included in this systematic review must be interpreted with caution
because of methodological shortcomings and shortcomings. Collectively, the studies included
in this review are subject to many factors that affect the validity of results, including
subjectively measured results, yoga experience variables of participants, and various types
and duration of yoga interventions. As a result, strong and objective conclusions about the
influence of yoga on maternal stress and anxiety cannot be made. Further investigation
involving rigorous study of design is needed to evaluate and assess the impact of yoga on
maternal stress and anxiety. Positive results indicate the usefulness of the long-term modality
of yoga practice as complementary therapy. This research concludes that regular yoga
practice decreases anxiety levels and increases feelings of subjective well-being. Yoga
interventions were also found to reduce the level of academic anxiety in subjects. So, it can
be concluded that the duration of yoga practice in a few months can minimize the level of
anxiety.
Jurnal 1

The effect of yoga on maternal stress and anxiety: A systematic review

Richard N. Schlegel
Melbourne Clinical School, The University of Notre Dame, Werribee,
VIC, Australia

Background

Maternal stress and anxiety are risk factors for mental illness, obstetric complications, and
preterm birth. Yoga remains a popular choice of exercise during pregnancy, particularly with
women suffering from stress or anxiety. However, no systematic review has thoroughly
evaluated the influence of yoga on maternal stress or anxiety.
Objective

To evaluate the evidence for yoga in reducing maternal stress and anxiety during pregnancy.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted to investigate the effect of yoga on maternal stress and
anxiety during pregnancy. The total number of articles retrieved from the search strategy was
2,216; 158 duplicates were removed. After applying a primary relevance assessment (title and
abstract), 1,977 papers were excluded, leaving 81 papers for further analysis. Inclusion and
exclusion criteria were applied, and a further 69 papers were removed. Twelve papers
remained for analysis.

Result

Characteristics of the 12 included studies have been summarised in Table 1. Included studies
(N=12) were published between 2009 and 2017. Overall, a total of 829 participants were
included in this review. The sample sizes of studies ranged from 32 to 96. Most studies
included in this review were of similar socioeconomic status. One study, however, stated that
yoga participants differed sociodemographically to the relaxation (control) participants, with
the relaxation group having lower annual household income and fewer university graduates
than the yoga group.25 This study also stated that the difference in sociodemographic group
differences point to the lower availability and affordability of yoga to pregnant women of
lower socioeconomic status and may have posed a threat to the internal validity of their
findings.
Tabel

Author, Study Sample Yoga Intervention Quantitative Measure Summary of

Year Characteristics (N, Results
age)
Bershadsky n=51; 43 women Women participated in a Salivary cortisol level Cortisol was
et al. were retained; 34 90–min session of prenatal lower (p<0.01)
women completed Hatha yoga. Derogatis Affects and positive
201424
the postpartum Each session was taught Balance Scale affect higher
questionnaire by studio-specific certified (DABS) (p<0.001) on
(retention rate: prenatal yoga instructors. yoga compared
64%). Classes emphasized squat to usual
and balance activity days.
At least 18 years poses, chest and hip Negative affect
old, nulliparous, openers, and restorative and
12–19 weeks postures with props. contentment
gestational age. Women who did not (p<0.05)
practice yoga or other improved more
relaxation techniques during in response to
pregnancy (control group) the yoga
were also recruited. session.
Buttner et N=57; postpartum A Gentle Vinyasa Flow The Inventory of The yoga group
women with class was developed by Depression and experienced
al. 201533
scores 12 on the certified yoga instructors Anxiety Symptoms significantly
Hamilton with expertise in yoga for (IDAS) greater rate of
Depression Rating postpartum women. The improvement in
Scale; randomly yoga intervention consisted The Panic, Social depression,
assigned to yoga of 16 one–hour yoga classes Anxiety, and anxiety, and
(n=28) or wait-list over the course of eight Traumatic Intrusions HRQOL,
control (n=29) weeks. scales relative to the
group; women Participants in the yoga control group
ages 18 to 45 who intervention were asked to with moderate
gave birth within practice at home at least to large effects.
the past 12 once a week using a DVD
 months. that offered a 30–min yoga
sequence modelled after the
class taught in the studio.
Wait-list-control (WLC)
participants were asked to
refrain from practicing yoga
with an instructor and/or
seeking other treatments
during the eight–week
waiting period.
Chen et al. n=94; 16 weeks 20–week intervention; Salivary cortisol The
gestational age; comprised two weekly 70– level intervention
201734
Participants min yoga sessions led by a Immunoglobulin A group had
randomly midwife certified as a yoga level lower salivary
assigned to yoga instructor; the control group cortisol
(n=48) or control received only routine (p<0.001) and
(n=46) groups. prenatal care; yoga included higher
physical immunoglobuli
postures/stretching, deep n A (p<0.001)
breathing, guided imagery, levels
and deep relaxation. immediately
after yoga than
the control
group.
However, there
was no
significant
long- term
effect on
salivary
cortisol levels.

The
intervention
group had
significantly
higher long-
 term salivary
immunoglobuli
n A levels than
the
control
group
(p=0.018).

Prenatal yoga
significantly
reduced
pregnant
women’s stress
and enhanced
their immune
function.
Davis et al. n=46; pregnant Ashtanga Vinyasa system The state-trait Associated
women with of yoga modified for anxiety inventory with reductions
201525
elevated pregnancy led by an expert (STAI). in symptoms of
depression or prenatal yoga instructor; anxiety and
anxiety eight consecutive 75–min The positive and depression;
symptoms, up to weekly group classes; each negative affect however,
28 weeks’ yoga class included a series schedule- negative prenatal yoga
gestation, 18– 45 of postures designed for subscale (PANAS- only
years of age. pregnancy and included 5 N). significantly
Randomly min of introductory outperformed
assigned 46 breathing practice, 10 min TAU on
pregnant women of synchronising breath, reduction of
with symptoms of gaze and movement, 20 min negative affect.
depression and of synchronised standing
anxiety to an postures, 20 min of
eight–week yoga synchronised seated
intervention or postures, and 20 min of
treatment-as-usual cool down and sitting.
(TAU).
Deshpande n=68; 38 in the The YT module used in this Perceived Stress Scale Women who
took
et al. 2013 control group with study and was selected (PSS) scores. part in the YT
 carefully
standard antenatal by the investigators based on module reported
care and 30 in the previous studies. This significantly
YT module
group, mean was a holistic approach to decreased PSS
well‐
age=27.25.2. being at physical, mental, (p=0.02) than
the
emotional, intellectual, and control group
spiritual levels and was where the stress
designed
to reduce chronic level was
psychological increased.
stress experienced during
HRP.
The practices for the control
group involved standard
simple
prenatal stretching exercises.
Field et al. n=92 depressed The women in the yoga State Anxiety The yoga
pregnant women group participated in 20– Inventory (STAI) group reported
201329
randomly assigned min sessions once per week less depression,
to a yoga (n=46) for 12 weeks. A trained Salivary cortisol level anxiety, anger,
or a social support yoga instructor led group back and leg
group (n=46) at 22 participants through a pain as
weeks’ gestation; routine that was specifically compared to
age from 20 to 38 designed for women in the social
years old their second and third support group.
(mean=24.95.2) trimester of pregnancy. The At the end of
. social support group (a the last session,
leaderless discussion the yoga group
group) met on the same and the
schedule.
control group of integrated yoga. The Hospital Anxiety uncomfortable
(n=45) control
did standard group practiced standard Depression Scale experiences.
antenatal
exercises, one hour antenatal exercises which (HADS)
daily, from 20th to included simple stretching
36th week of exercises. Both groups learnt
the
gestation. practices from trained
 instructors
in sessions of 2 h/day (3
days/week) for one month.
Practices were continued at
home
using a pre-recorded
instruction
cassette for one hour each
day.
Satyapriya n=90; aged 20 to 35 Participants were Perceived Stress Yoga reduces
et al. years, between randomised to practicing Scale (PSS) perceived
18–20 weeks of yoga and deep relaxation or stress and
200931
pregnancy, standard prenatal exercises Electrocardiogram improves
randomized to the one hour daily. The (ECG) monitoring adaptive
yoga (n=45) or Integrated Approach to for heart rate autonomic
the control group Yoga module used in the variability (HRV) response to
(n=45). yoga group was based on stress in
concepts from yoga healthy
scriptures (Patanjali yoga pregnant
sutras). women.
In the first month both
groups learned the
movements (in exercise
routines of 4 to 10) from
trained instructors, in two–
hour sessions three days per
week.
After one month, the
participants continued to
practice for one hour at
home using a pre-recorded
instruction cassette. Both
groups also had 1- hour re-
fresher classes each time
they came for their prenatal
visit, once every four
weeks up to the 28th week
and every two weeks
 up to the 36th week.
Timlin and n=32; first-time The participants in the Perceived Stress Scale The Dru yoga
Simpson, mothers with a intervention group attended (PSS) intervention
baby for a group
201732 between the ages of one–hour Dru yoga session, had reductions
6 once in
weeks and one- a week, for four weeks. A stress, negative
year- trained
old; participants Dru yoga teacher, taught the affect, and
yoga
randomly allocated classes to participants. The dysfunctional
to
either the intervention group were also coping and
intervention
(n=16) or the offered a 20–minute Dru increases in
control yoga
group (n=16); mean DVD to take home and problem focused
practice
age 28; mean at least twice a week. coping at
weeks Participants follow-up.
postpartum 23 were asked to keep a diary
weeks. and
write in it each week how
many
times they completed the
DVD.
The control group did not
take
part in any intervention, and
participants in the control
group
were asked not to practice
yoga
during the intervention
period.

Conclusion

Analysis of the studies included in this systematic review revealed no strong evidence to
suggest that yoga practice during pregnancy reduces maternal stress or anxiety. This lack of
strong evidence is due to numerous factors, including methodological inadequacies that
confounded the validity of the results, subjectively measured outcomes, variable yoga
experience of participants, and the type and duration of yoga interventions. This systematic
review indicates that evidence regarding the influence of yoga on maternal stress and anxiety
is currently limited. Further investigations involving rigorous study design are needed to
properly evaluate and assess the impact of yoga on maternal stress and anxiety.

Jurnal 2
 Assessment of long-term yoga training as a complementary therapeutic measure for
anxiety, depression, and psychological distress in healthy individuals

Sharadchandra G Wankhede1, Vishnu D Udhan2, Pramod Shinde3

Background

Sustained increase in disturbed psychological health is a global concern at present.

Complementary therapies in addition to pharmacological interventions are frequently advised
to prevent consequential systemic and psychological disorders. However, data pertaining to
long-term yoga practice as a complementary therapeutic intervention in healthy adults with
large sample size are least available, indicating the significant gap in the scientific literature.

Objective

The present study aims to assess the usefulness of yoga as complementary measure for
anxiety, depression, and psychological distress in healthy individuals.

Methods

The pre- and post-interventional yoga interventional study was conducted on healthy
individuals (n = 200) with age ranging from 30 to 50 years (mean age = 39.95 years). Yoga
intervention was given for 6 months (1 h/day; 6 days/week). Baseline and post-interventional
anxiety, depression, life satisfaction, loss of emotional control, general positive affect,
emotional ties, psychological distress, and well-being scores were measured using a
questionnaire-based mental health inventory-38. The data were collected in SPSS and
analyzed using paired t-test. Significance was established at 5% P-value.

Result

An intervention of yoga for 6 months caused highly significant (P < 0.0001) reduction in
anxiety, depression, and psychological distress scores and improvement in the loss of
emotional control, general positive affect, life satisfaction, and psychological well-being
scores.

Tabel
 Table 1: Comparison of pre- and post-yogic interventional scores for anxiety, depression,
psychological distress, and other mental health
attributes
Attributes Measurement Mean±SD Mean P-value
s (n=200) difference
Anxiety Pre-yogic 27.91±8.82 6.92 <0.0001
***
Post-yogic 20.99±4.55
Depression Pre-yogic 11.28±4.12 3.10 <0.0001
***
Post-yogic 8.18±2.43
Loss of behavioral or emotional Pre-yogic 22.65±7.93 6.05 <0.0001
control ***
Post-yogic 16.60±3.88
General positive affect Pre-yogic 34.50±10.59 8.95 <0.0001
***
Post-yogic 43.45±5.57
Emotional ties Pre-yogic 8.24±2.62 1.91 <0.0001
***
Post-yogic 10.14±1.76
Life satisfaction Pre-yogic 3.23±1.00 0.44 <0.0001
***
Post-yogic 3.67±0.74
Psychological distress Pre-yogic 67.78±29.92 17.63 <0.0001
***
Post-yogic 50.15±10.73
Psychological well-being Pre-yogic 49.19±14.28 12.17 <0.0001
***
Post-yogic 61.36a7.54
SD: Standard deviation, ***P<0.0001: Highly significant

Conclusion

Positive results indicate the usefulness of long-term yogic exercise modality as a

complementary therapeutic intervention for anxiety, depression, and psychological distress in
healthy individuals.
Jurnal 3

Effect of Yoga on Anxiety Levels in Working Women

Swati R. Gawali1, Sunita S. Dhule2

Background

Today working women are constantly under stress to maintain balance between home and
workplace. This stress affects their physical and mental health; but Stress is necessary for life.
We need stress for creativity, learning and for survival. Stress is only harmful when it
becomes overwhelming and interrupts the healthy state of equilibrium. Stress jacks up the
nervous system, overburdens the adrenal glands and lowers immunity. Yoga is considered to
be one of the most important, effective and valuable tools available for man to overcome
various physical and psychological problems.

Objective

Today, women are constantly under pressure to strike a balance between home and work.
Yoga aims at the integrated and harmonious development of all human potential. However, to
place yoga on a strong scientific foundation, we plan to study the effects of yoga on anxiety
scores before and after yoga training in healthy working women.
Methods

The study was conducted on 35 healthy female subjects aged between 25-40 years who
attended two months of yoga training. All the subjects had never undergone any kind of yoga
training earlier. The women were involved in professions like-Doctors, Engineers, Teachers
and Bank managers. Institutional ethical committee clearance was obtained. The informed
consent was obtained from all the participants. The yoga training was given one hour per day
for two months which included.

Result

Our study showed statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in total anxiety score before
and after yoga training by applying paired ‘t’ test.
 Table 1: Change in state anxiety score

State State ‘t’valu ‘p’ Significan

Anxiety Anxiety e value ce
score score After
Before yoga
yoga training
training (Mean±S.D
(Mean±S.D) )
52 34.23±8.6 10.75 <0.000 Significan
52.94±10.05 30 1 t
state anxiety score

40

20

Before yoga After yoga

Table 2: Change in trait anxiety score

Trait Anxiety Trait ‘t’ ‘p’ Significan

score Before Anxiety valu valu ce
yoga training score After e e
(Mean±S. yoga
D) training
(Mean±S.
D)
45.26±10.0 34.69±7.1 7.21 <0.00 Significa
5 57 0 01 nt

Comparision of Trait Anxiety score

50
Trait anxiety score

40

30

20

10

Before yoga After yoga

Table 3: Change in total anxiety score

Total Total Anxiety ‘t’valu ‘p’ Significan

Anxiety score After e value ce
score yoga training
Before (Mean±S.
 yoga D)
training
(Mean±S.D)
97.91±17.1 69.20±13. t=10. < Significan
4 87 82 0.0001 t

Comparision of Total Anxiety Score

150
Total anxiety score

100

Before yoga After yoga

Tabel

Research Methode Objective Description Main Measured Result

variable

Studies Found Today, Today Total a) Prayer-1min. Our study showed

conducted significant women are working anxiety b) statistically
by Vinc reduction constantly women are
under score Sthihpragnyasan significant
in state and constantly
ente pressure to a-2min.
trait under stress difference
Pedro(1978) strike a
anxiety to maintain c) Asanas-
and balance (p<0.05) in total
score in balance 25min.
Bheeshan between
subjects between anxiety score
(1998) home and d) Anuloma,
due to work. Yoga home and before and after
regular workplace. Ujjayi,
Study aims at the
Malathi et al practice of This stress Bhramari-5min. yoga training by
integrated
(1998) yoga. In and affects their e) Yognidra applying paired
another harmonious physical and with ‘t’ test.
development mental visualization-
conducted of all human health; but 20min.
a Yoga potential. Stress is
interventio f) Meditation on
necessary for
n study on Onkar & Tratak-
life. We
MBBS 5min.
need stress
students
for g) Prayer
and tested
creativity, &Sthithpragnya
them
learning and sana-2min
before and
for survival.
after the
Stress is only
examinatio
harmful
n and
when it
found
becomes
 anxiety overwhelmin
reduction g and
in the interrupts the
student at healthy state
the time of of
examinatio equilibrium.
n Stress jacks
up the
has placed
nervous
anxiety
system,
into two
overburdens
categories,
the adrenal
i.e
glands and
lowers
immunity

Conclusion

Our study concludes that regular practice of yoga reduces anxiety levels and improves
subjective feeling of wellbeing. Thus, our study helps to popularise yoga among working
women.

Keywords: Stress, yoga, anxiety scale.

 Jurnal 4

Academic Anxiety among Student and the Management through Yoga

Dr. Kamakhya Kumar1 & Dr Somdutta Tiwary2

Background

The college going students experience a lot of stress, which increase when they prepare for
the examination. Yoga as an anxiolytic tool in anxiety reduction has been practiced over
centuries in India.

Objective

To observe the effect of Yoga interventions on academic anxiety levels among college
students.
Methods

A pre- post research study was conducted at a inter college of a developing town of
Uttrakhanda. Thirty students were selected through random sampling for the Yogic
intervention and were exposed to yogic practice daily for half an hour for 45 days.

Result

The statistical results showed a significant reduction in the academic anxiety level of the
subjects.

Tabel

Research Methode Objective Descriptive Main Measured Result

variable
Bakshi, A. A pre- post The The college Score - The
Kumari, A. research study statistical going anxiety statistical
(2009)
was conducted results students results
Jadhav, S.G.
Havalappanavar, at a inter showed a experience a showed a
N.B. (2009) college of a significant lot of stress, significant
Venkataramana, developing reduction in which reduction in
H.L. Poomalil, town of the academic increase the academic
S.N. Shobhasree,
T. (2008) Uttrakhanda. anxiety level when they anxiety level
Thirty of the prepare for of the
students were subjects. the subjects.
selected examination.
through Yoga as an
random anxiolytic
sampling for tool in
the Yogic anxiety
intervention reduction has
and were been
exposed to practiced
yogic practice over
daily for half centuries in
an hour for 45 India.
days.

Conclusion

Academic anxiety is one of the major problems with the young generation facing now days,
Yogic intervention was found to reduce the academic anxiety level of the subjects.

Key Words: Academic anxiety, Asana, Pranayama & Meditation.

 Jurnal 5

A study on the effect of yoga practices on the level of anxiety

among college students
Dr. Narendra Singh* & Dr. Sanjay Singh
Background
Yoga is defined as a practice consisting of three components: gentle stretching; exercises for
breath control; and meditation as a mind-body intervention. It is a technique which involves
physical postures, controlled breathing (Pranayama), and deep relaxation.

Objective
The present study was intended to determine whether the intensity of yoga practice in
minutes and the duration of yoga practice in months would relate with the level of anxiety
and health among college students. We plan to study the effect of yoga practices on the level
of anxiety among college student.

Methods

Participants were assessed for level of anxiety using Spielberger’s State Trait Anxiety
Inventory (STAI). With Pearson correlation analyses

Result

In this study Yoga practice in months was found negatively correlated with the level of
anxiety (p<0.05).
Tabel
Researc Methode Objectiv Description Main variables measured Result achieved
h e and of the statistical
starting tekhnik significance/
 conditio summary of the
n finding
“A Participants The Fifty 1. The college - 1. Yoga
study were present participants student practice in
on the assessed for study was with ages 2. The intensity months was
effect level of intended between of yoga found
of anxiety to 18 and 25 practice in negatively

yoga using determin years (group Minutes correlated

practic Spielberger’ e whether mean age ± 3. The duration with the

es on s State Trait the S.D., 22 ± of yoga level of

Anxiety intensity 2.80) who experience in anxiety
the
Inventory of yoga were months (p<0.05)
level of
(STAI). practice studying in 2. The results
anxiet
With in a college in suggest that
y
Pearson minutes north of the duration
among
correlation and the India. of yoga
college
analyses duration Participants practice in
studen
of yoga were months
t”
experienc assessed for decreases the
Dr.
e in level of level of
Narend
months anxiety anxiety.
ra
would using
Singh
relate Spielberger’
& Dr. with the s State Trait
Sanjay level of Anxiety
Singh anxiety Inventory
(2016) and (STAI).
health Pearson
among correlation
college analyses
students. were
We plan performed
to study using
the effect PASW
 of yoga (SPSS
practices version
on the 18.0) to
level of determine
anxiety how would
among be
college correlated
student. with the
daily yoga
practice and
duration of
the yoga
experience
of the
participants

Conclusion
The result suggests that duration of yoga practice in months can minimize the level of
anxiety. The yoga practice can be used as a tool for positive youth development. It can be
concluded that inclusion of yogic intervention in the anxiety level of the college going
student’s and ultimately benefit all aspects of their academic careers.