2

Part One: Cross tabulation

 3

Cross Tabulation 1: Educational Attainment

Raw numbers copied from Statistics Canada

Drayton Valley, AB: Total Male Female

Chilliwack, BC:
 4

Surrey, BC:

Total Male Female

 5

Cross tabulation: Educational Attainment

• Variables: The communities are the independent variable and educational attainment level is

the dependent variable.

Drayton Valley Chilliwack Surrey Total:

No certificate, 575 4,465 26,540 31,580
diploma or
degree 23.0923% 16.3913% 16.2249% 16.3368%
High school 635 8,170 46,235 55,040
certificate or
equivalent 25.5020% 29.3000% 28.2653% 28.4731%
Apprenticeship 520 4,375 19,125 24,020
or trades
certificate or 20.8835% 16.0610% 11.6918% 12.4259%
diploma
College, CEGEP 405 5,715 30,080 36,200
or other non-
university 16.2650% 20.9801% 18.3891% 18.7268%
certificate or
diploma
University 135 1,365 10,730 12,230
certificate or
diploma below 5.4216% 5.0110% 6.5596% 6.3267%
the bachelor
level
University 220 3,150 30,865 34,235
certificate,
diploma or 8.8353% 11.5638% 18.8690% 17.7103%
degree
Total: 2,490 27,240 163,575 193,305

1.2881% 14.0917% 84.6201% 100%

 6

Marginals Analysis 1:

1. Within the three communities, the highest percentage of people (28.4731%) had a high

school certificate or equivalent.

2. Within the three communities, the second highest percentage of people (18.7268%) had a

college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma.

3. Within the three communities, the lowest percentage of people (6.3267%) university

certificate or diploma below the bachelor level.

4. Within the three communities, the second lowest percentage of people (12.4259%) had an

apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma.

5. Within the three communities, I found that 28.4731% of people aged 35 to 64 have a high

school certificate or equivalent, while 16.3368% of people aged 35 to 64 have no

certificate diploma or degree. Looking at a ratio of .284731/.163368 = 1.7428 > 1.25, I

observe an important difference. The chance of a person aged 35 to 64 to have a high

school certificate or equivalent is 74.28% (1.7428*100=174.28-100=74.28) greater than

the chance that they have no certificate diploma or degree.

6. Within the three communities, I found that 17.7103% of people aged 35 to 64 have a

university certificate, diploma or degree, while 16.3368% of people aged 35 to 64 have

no certificate, diploma or degree. Looking at a ratio of .177103/.163368 = 1.0840 < 1.25,

I observe an unimportant difference.

7. Within my analysis, Surrey’s population aged 35 to 64 represents 84.6201% of those

studied, Chilliwack’s population represents 14.0917% and Drayton Valleys’ population

represents 1.2881%

8. Surrey’s total population aged 35 to 64 is 556.93% (.846201/.12881 = 6.5693*100= 656.93

 7

-100= 556.93) greater than Drayton Valleys’ total population aged 35 to 64. This is an

important difference.

9. Surrey’s population aged 35 to 64 is 500.49% (.846201/.140917= 6.0049 *100=600.49 -

100= 500.49) greater than Chilliwacks’s population aged 35 to 64. This is an important

difference.

10. Chilliwack’s population aged 35 to 64 is 9.39% (.140917/.12881 = 1.0939 *100= 109.39-

100= 9.39) greater than Carstairs’ population aged 35 to 64. This is an unimportant

difference.

Cross Tabulation Analysis 1:

An important difference will be recognized as holding a value higher than 1.25

1.) I found that 23.0923% of people aged 35 to 64 living in Drayton Valley have no certificate,

diploma or degree, while 16.3913% of people aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack have no

certificate, diploma or degree. Looking at a ratio of .230923/.163913=1.4088 > 1.25, I observe

an important difference. A person aged 35 to 64 living in Drayton Valley has 40.88%

(1.4088*100=140.88-100=40.88) more chance of having no certificate, diploma or degree than a

person aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack.

2.) I found that 23.0923% of people aged 35 to 64 living in Drayton Valley have no certificate,

diploma or degree, while 16.2249% of people aged 35 to 64 living in Surrey have no certificate,

diploma or degree. Looking at a ratio of .230923/.162249=1.4232 > 1.25, I observe an important

difference. A person aged 35 to 64 living in Drayton Valley has 42.32% more chance of having

no certificate, diploma or degree than a person aged 35 to 64 living in Surrey.

3.) I found that 16.3913% of people aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack have no certificate,
 8

diploma or degree, while 16.2249% of people aged 35 to 64 living in Surrey have no certificate,

diploma or degree. Looking at a ratio of .163913/.162249=1.0102 < 1.25, I observe an

unimportant difference.

4.) I found that 29.3000% of people aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack have a high school

certificate or equivalent, while 25.5020% of people aged 35 to 64 living in Drayton Valley have

a high school certificate or equivalent. Looking at a ratio of .293000/.255020=1.1489 < 1.25, I

observe an unimportant difference.

5.) I found that 29.3000% of people aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack have a high school

certificate or equivalent, while 28.2653% of people aged 35 to 64 living in Surrey have a high

school certificate or equivalent. Looking at a ratio of .293000/.282653= 1.0366 < 1.25, I observe

an unimportant difference.

6.) I found that 28.2653% of people aged 35 to 64 living in Surrey have a high school

certificate or equivalent, while 25.5020% of people aged 35 to 64 living in Drayton Valley have

a high school certificate or equivalent. Looking at a ratio of .282653/.255020=1.1083 < 1.25, I

observe an unimportant difference.

7.) I found that 20.8835% of people aged 35 to 64 living in Drayton Valley had an

apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma, while 16.0610% of people aged 35 to 64 living in

Chilliwack had an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma. Looking at a ratio of

.208835/.160610=1.3002 > 1.25, I observe an important difference. A person aged 35 to 64

living in Drayton Valley has 30.02% (1.3002*100=130.02-100=30.02) more chance of having an

apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma than a person aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack.

8.) I found that 20.8835% of people aged 35 to 64 living in Drayton Valley had an

apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma, while 11.6918% of people aged 35 to 64 living in

 9

Surrey had an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma. Looking at a ratio of

.208835/.116918=1.7861 > 1.25, I observe an important difference. A person aged 35 to 64

living in Surrey has 78.61% more chance of having an apprenticeship or trades certificate or

diploma than a person aged 35 to 64 living in Surrey.

9.) I found that 16.0610% of people aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack had an apprenticeship

or trades certificate or diploma, while 11.6918% of people living in Surrey had an apprenticeship

or trades certificate or diploma. Looking at a ratio of .160610/.116918=1.3736 > 1.25, I observe

an important difference. A person aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack has a 37.36% more chance

of having an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma than a person aged 35 to 64 living in

Surrey.

10.) I found that 20.9801% of people aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack have a college, CEGEP

or other non-university certificate or diploma, while 16.2650% of people living in Drayton

Valley have a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma. Looking at a ratio

of .209801/.162650=1.2898 > 1.25, I observe an important difference. A person aged 35 to 64

living in Chilliwack has a 28.98% more chance of having a college, CEGEP or other non-

university certificate or diploma than a person aged 35 to 64 living in Drayton Valley.

11.) I found that 20.9801% of people aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack have a college, CEGEP

or other non-university certificate or diploma, while 18.3891% of people living in Surrey have a

college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma. Looking at a ratio of

.209801/.183891=1.1408 < 1.25, I observe an unimportant difference.

12.) I found that 18.3891% of people aged 35-64 living in Surrey have a college, CEGEP or

other non-university certificate or diploma, while 16.2650% of people living in Drayton Valley

have a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma. Looking at a ratio of

 10

.183891/.162650=1.1305 < 1.25, I observe an unimportant difference.

13.) I found that 6.5596% of people aged 35 to 64 living in Surrey have a university certificate

or diploma below the bachelor level, while 5.4216% of people living in Drayton Valley have a

university certificate or diploma below the bachelor level. Looking at a ratio of

.065596/.054216= 1.2099 < 1.25, I observe an unimportant difference.

14.) I found that 6.5596% of people aged 35 to 64 living in Surrey have a university certificate

or diploma below the bachelor level, while 5.0110% of people living in Chilliwack have a

university certificate or diploma below the bachelor level. Looking at a ratio of

.065596/.050110= 1.3090 > 1.25, I observe an important difference. A person aged 35 to 64

living in Surrey has 30.90% more chance of having a university certificate or diploma below the

bachelor level than a person aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack.

15.) I found that 5.4216% of people aged 35 to 64 living in Drayton Valley have a university

certificate or diploma below the bachelor level, while 5.0110% of people living in Chilliwack

have a university certificate or diploma below the bachelor level. Looking at a ratio of

.054216/.050110= 1.0819 < 1.25, I observe an unimportant difference.

16.) I found that 18.8690% of people aged 35 to 64 living in Surrey have a university

certificate, diploma or degree, while 8.8353% of people aged 35 to 64 living in Drayton Valley

have a university certificate, diploma or degree. Looking at a ratio of .188690/.088353=2.1356 >

1.25, I observe an important difference. A person aged 35 to 64 living in Surrey has 113.56%

(2.1356*100= 213.56 -100= 113.56) more chance of having a university certificate, diploma or

degree than a person aged 35 to 64 living in Drayton Valley.

16.) I found that 18.8690% of people aged 35 to 64 living in Surrey have a university

certificate, diploma or degree, while 11.5638% of people aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack have
 11

a university certificate, diploma or degree. Looking at a ratio of .188690/.115638=1.6317 > 1.25,

I observe an important difference. A person aged 35 to 64 living in Surrey has 63.17% more

chance of having a university certificate, diploma or degree than a person aged 35 to 64 living in

Chilliwack.

16.) I found that 11.5638% of people aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack have a university

certificate, diploma or degree, while 8.8353% of people aged 35 to 64 living in Drayton Valley

have a university certificate, diploma or degree. Looking at a ratio of .115638/.088353=1.3088 >

1.25, I observe an important difference. A person aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack has 30.88%

more chance of having a university certificate, diploma or degree than a person aged 35 to 64

living in Drayton Valley.

Conclusions 1:

The following statements highlight the important differences that are greater than or equal to

1.25.

1.) A person aged 35 to 64 living in Drayton Valley has 40.88% more chance of having no

certificate, diploma or degree than a person aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack.

2.) A person aged 35 to 64 living in Drayton Valley has 42.32% more chance of having no

certificate, diploma or degree than a person aged 35 to 64 living in Surrey.

3.) A person aged 35 to 64 living in Drayton Valley has 30.02% more chance of having an

apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma than a person aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack.

 12

4.) A person aged 35 to 64 living in Surrey has 78.61% more chance of having an

apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma than a person aged 35 to 64 living in Surrey.

5.) A person aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack has a 37.36% more chance of having an

apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma than a person aged 35 to 64 living in Surrey.

6.) A person aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack has a 28.98% more chance of having a

college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma than a person aged 35 to 64 living

in Drayton Valley.

7.) A person aged 35 to 64 living in Surrey has 30.90% more chance of having a university

certificate or diploma below the bachelor level than a person aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack.

8.) A person aged 35 to 64 living in Surrey has 113.56% more chance of having a university

certificate, diploma or degree than a person aged 35 to 64 living in Drayton Valley.

9.) A person aged 35 to 64 living in Surrey has 63.17% more chance of having a university

certificate, diploma or degree than a person aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack.

10.) A person aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack has 30.88% more chance of having a

university certificate, diploma or degree than a person aged 35 to 64 living in Drayton Valley.

Trends 1:

1.) The chance of a person aged 35 to 64 having no certificate, diploma or degree is

23.0923% in Drayton Valley, 16.3913% in Chilliwack, and 16.2249% in Surrey. This

shows a trend. When going from the smallest to largest community, there is a decreasing

chance that a person has no certificate, diploma or degree. My analysis found that the
 13

differences between Drayton Valley and both Chilliwack and Surrey to be important, the

difference between Chilliwack and Surrey however was not important. Therefore, this

still is an important trend.

2.) The chance of a person aged 35 to 64 having an apprenticeship or trades certificate or

diploma is 20.8835% in Drayton Valley, 16.0610% in Chilliwack, and 11.6918% in

Surrey. This shows a trend. As the communities get larger, there is a decreasing chance

that a person has an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma. My analysis found

that the differences are all important, this is an important trend.

3.) The chance of a person aged 35 to 64 having a university certificate, diploma or degree is

8.8353% in Drayton Valley, 11.5638% in Chilliwack, and 18.8690% in Surrey. This

shows a trend. As the communities get larger, there is an increasing chance that a person

has a university certificate or diploma below the bachelor level. My analysis found that

the differences are all important and, therefore, this is an important trend.
 14

Cross Tabulation 2: Industry in Drayton Valley, AB

Raw numbers copied from Statistics Canada

 15

Cross tabulation 2:

• Variables: Gender is the independent variable, and industry is the dependent variable.

Male Female Total:

Agriculture and other 885 150 1,035
resource-based
industries 39.2461% 8.6206% 25.9073%
Construction 300 40 340

13.3037% 2.2988% 8.5106%

Manufacturing 165 100 265

7.3170% 5.7471% 6,6332%

Wholesale trade 70 15 85

3.1042% 0.8620% 2.1276%

Retail trade 220 300 520

9.7560% 17.2413% 13.0162%

Finance and real 20 45 65
estate
0.8869% 2.5862% 1.6270%
Health care and social 20 295 315
services
0.8869% 16.9540% 7.8848%
Educational services 40 140 180

1.7738% 8.0459% 4.5056%

Business services 260 190 450

11.5300% 10.9195% 11.2640%

Other services 275 465 740

12.1951% 26.7241% 18.5231%

Total: 2,255 1,740 3,995

56.4456% 43.5544% 100%

 16

Marginals Analysis 2:.

1. I found the largest percentage (25.9073%) of the experienced labour force 15 years and

over, in Drayton Valley, to be employed in Agriculture and other resource-based

industries.

2. I found the second largest percentage (18.5231%) of the experienced labour force 15 years

and over, in Drayton Valley, to be employed in Other Services.

3. I found the smallest percentage (1.6270%) of the experienced labour force 15 years and

over, in Drayton Valley, to be employed in Finance and real estate.

4. I found the second smallest percentage (2.1276%) of the experienced labour force 15 years

and over, in Drayton Valley, to be employed in Retail Trade.

5. In Drayton Valley, I found that 25.9073% of the total experienced labour force 15 years

and over work in Agriculture and other resource-based industries, while 2.1276% of them

work in wholesale trade. Looking at ratio of .259073/.021276 =12.1767 > 1.25, I observe

an important difference. Labourers in Drayton Valley have 1117.67%

(12.1767*100=1217.67-100=1117.67) greater chance of working in Agriculture and other

resource-based industries than in wholesale trade.

 17

Cross Tabulation Analysis 2:

An important difference will be recognized as holding a value higher than 1.25:

1. In Drayton Valley, the chance of a man to be in agriculture and other resource-based

industries is 39.2461%, while the chance of a woman to be in agriculture and other

resource-based industries is 8.6206%. Looking at the ratio of .392461/.086206=4.5525

>1.25, I observe an important difference between the chance of a man and the chance of

a woman to be employed in this industry. Men have 355.25% (4.5525 *100=455.25-

100=355.25) greater chance of being in agriculture and other resource-based industries.

2. In Drayton Valley, the chance of a man to be in construction is 13.3037%, while the

chance of a woman to be in construction is 2.2988%. Looking at the ratio of

.133037/.022988=5.7872 >1.25, I observe an important difference between the chance of

a man and the chance of a woman to be employed in this industry. Men have 478.72%

(5.7872*100=578.72-100=478.72) greater chance of being in construction.

3. In Drayton Valley, the chance of a man to be in manufacturing is 7.3170%, while the

chance of a woman to be in manufacturing is 5.7471%. Looking at the ratio of

.073170/.057471= 1.2731 >1.25, I observe an important difference between the chance

of a man and the chance of a woman to be employed in this industry. Men have 27.31%

greater chance of being in manufacturing.

4. In Drayton Valley, the chance of a man to be in wholesale trade is 3.1042%, while

0.8620% of women are employed in wholesale trade. Looking at the ratio of

.031042/.008620=3.6011 >1.25, I observe an unimportant difference between the chance

 18

of a man and the chance of a woman to be in this industry. Men have a 260.11% greater

chance of being in wholesale trade.

5. In Drayton Valley, the chance of a woman to be in retail trade is 17.2413%, while the

chance of a man to be in construction is 9.7560% Looking at the ratio of

.172413/.097560%=1.7672 >1.25, I observe an important difference between the chance

of a woman and the chance of a man to be employed in this industry. Women have

76.72% greater chance of being in retail trade.

6. In Drayton Valley, the chance of a woman to be in Finance and real estate is 2.5862%,

while the chance of a man to be in educational services is 0.8869%. Looking at the ratio

of .025862/.008869=2.9159 >1.25, I observe an important difference between the chance

of a woman and the chance of a man to be employed in this industry. Women have

119.59% (2.9159 *100=219.59-100=119.59) greater chance of being in Finance and real

estate.

7. In Drayton Valley, the chance of a woman to be in health care and social services is

16.9540%, while the chance of a man to be in health care and social services is 0.8869%.

Looking at the ratio of .169540/.008869=19.1160 >1.25, I observe an important

difference between the chance of a woman and the chance of a man to be employed in

this industry. Women have 1811.60% (19.1160 *100=1911.60-100=1811.60) greater

chance of being in health care and social services.

8. In Drayton Valley, the chance of a woman to be in educational services is 8.0459%,

while the chance of a man to be in educational services is 1.7738%. Looking at the ratio

of .080459/.017738=4.5359 >1.25, I observe an important difference between the chance

of a woman and the chance of a man to be employed in this industry. Women have
 19

353.59% (4.5359*100=453.59-100=353.59) greater chance of being in educational

services.

9. In Drayton Valley, the chance of a man to be in business services is 11.5300%, while the

chance of a woman to be in business services is 10.9195%. Looking at the ratio of

.115300/.109195%=1.0559 <1.25, I observe an unimportant difference.

10. In Drayton Valley, the chance of a woman to be in other services is 26.7241%, while the

chance of a man to be in other services is 12.1951%. Looking at the ratio of

.267241/.121951%=2.0634>1.25, I observe an important difference between the chance

of a woman and the chance of a man to be employed in this industry. Women have

106.34% (2.0634*100=206.34-100=106.34) greater chance of being in other services.

Conclusions 2:

1. Men have 355.25% greater chance of being in agriculture and other resource-based

industries.

2. Men have 478.72% greater chance of being in construction.

3. Men have 27.31% greater chance of being in manufacturing.

4. Men have a 260.11% greater chance of being in wholesale trade.

5. Women have 76.72% greater chance of being in retail trade.

6. Women have 119.59% greater chance of being in Finance and real estate.

7. Women have 1811.60% greater chance of being in health care and social services.

8. Women have 353.59% greater chance of being in educational services.

9. Women have 106.34% greater chance of being in other services.

 20

Through my analysis of the relationship between gender and industry it is very

possible that gender (independent variable) does affect the people employed in an

industry (dependent variable).

 21

Part Two: Chi Squared

Kurtis Smejkal

301110480

Thursday, April 15th , 2010

CMNS 260
 22

Chi squared: Table 1

Example calculation:
Observed: 575
Expected: (31,580*2,490)/ 193,305 = 406.7882
O – e: 575-406.7882 = 168.2118
(o-e)2/e: (168.2118)2 = 28295.2096/406.7882 =
69.5575

Drayton Valley Chilliwack Surrey Total:

No certificate, 575 4,465 26,540 31,580
diploma or 406.7882 4,450.1653 26,723.0465
degree 168.2118 14.8347 -183.0465
69.5575 0.0494 1.2538
High school 635 8,170 46,235 55,040
certificate or 708.9811 7,756.0828 46,574.9359
equivalent -73.9811 413.9172 -339.9359
0.2087 22.0894 2.4810
Apprenticeship 520 4,375 19,125 24,020
or trades 309.4063 3,384.8312 20,325.7624
certificate or 210.5937 990.1688 -1200.7624
diploma 0.8347 0.5851 70.9361
College, 405 5,715 30,080 36,200
CEGEP or 466.2993 5,101.2027 30,595.0441
other non- -61.2993 613.7973 -515.0441
university 8.0583 0.0147 1.3723
certificate or
diploma
University 135 1,365 10,730 12,230
certificate or 157.5370 1,723.4173 10,349.0455
diploma below -22.5370 -358.4173 380.9545
the bachelor 3.2241 74.5396 14.0231
level
University 220 3,150 30,865 34,235
certificate, 440.9878 4,824.3004 28,969.7117
diploma or -220.9878 -1,674.3004 1895.2883
degree 110.7414 581.0753 123.9956

Total: 2,490 27,240 163,575 193,305

 23

Hypothesis: Table 1

H0: The differences observed between the level of educational attainment in people aged 35-64,

in relation to their community, are accidental, and may be due to sampling variability.

H1: The differences observed between the level of educational attainment in people aged 35-64,

in relation to their community, are not accidental. A person’s community of residence makes a

difference to their level of educational attainment.

Chi squared: Table 1

X2 =∑(o-e)2/e
X2 = (575-406.7882)2/406.7882 + (635-708.9811)2/708.9811 + (520-309.4063)2/309.4063 +

(405-466.2993)2/466.2993 + (135-157.5370)2/157.5370 + (220-440.9878)2/440.9878 +

(4465-4450.1653)2/4450.1653 + (8170-7756.0828)2/7756.0828 + (4375-

3384.8312)2/3384.8312 + (5715-5101.2027)2/5101.2027 + (1365-1723.4173)2/1723.4173 +

(3150-4824.3004)2/4824.3004 + (26540-26723.0465)2/26723.0465 + (46235-

46574.9359)2/46574.9359 + (19125-20325.7624)2/20325.7624 + (30080-

30595.0441)2/30595.0441 + (10730-10349.0455)2/10349.0455 + (30865-

28969.7117)2/28969.7117

X2 = 69.5575 + 0.2087 + 0.8347 + 8.0583 + 3.2241 + 110.7414 + 0.0494 +22.0894 + 0.5851 +

0.0147 + 74.5396 + 581.0753 + 1.2538+ 2.4810 + 70.9361 + 1.3723 + 14.0231 + 123.9956

X2 = 1085.0401
 24

Degree of Freedom (dƒ): Table 1

dƒ = (m-1)(n-1) = (3-1)(6-1) = 10

Conclusion: Table 1

Based on my observation and calculation of table 1, the chi squared is 1085.0401 and the degree

of freedom is 10. The probability of an accidental finding, with this degree of freedom and chi

squared, is less than 0.001. There is less than 0.1% chance that the differences observed are

accidental. Therefore, I reject the null hypothesis of indifference.

 25

Chi squared: Table 2

Example calculation:
Observed: 885
Expected: (1035*2255)/3995 = 84.3023
O – e: 110-84.3023 = 25.6977
(o-e)2/e: (25.6977)2 = 660.3705/84.3023 = 7.8334

Male Female Total:

Agriculture and other 885 150 1,035
resource-based 584.2115 450.7884
industries 300.7885 -300.7884
154.8646 200.7009
Construction 300 40 340
191.9149 148.0851
108.0851 -108.0851
60.8727 78.8896
Manufacturing 165 100 265
149.5807 115.4192
15.4193 -15.4192
1.5894 2.0598
Wholesale trade 70 15 85
47.9787 37.0212
22.0213 -22.0212
10.1073 13.0987
Retail trade 220 300 520
293.5168 226.4831
-73.5168 73.5169
18.4136 23.8637
Finance and real estate 20 45 65
36.6896 28.3103
-16.6896 16.6897
7.5918 9.8390
Health care and social 20 295 315
services 177.8035 137.1964
-157.8035 157.8036
140.0531 181.5060
Educational services 40 140 180
101.6020 78.3979
-61.6020 61.6021
37.3497 48.4045
Business services 260 190 450
254.0050 195.9950
5.9950 -5.9950
0.1415 0.1833
Other services 275 465 740
417.6971 202.5281
-142.6971 262.4719
48.7493 340.1577
Total: 2,255 1,740 3,995
 26

Hypothesis: Table 2

H0: The differences observed depending on gender are accidental and may be due to sampling

variability. There is no relationship between gender and occupation in Drayton Valley.

H1: The differences observed depending on gender are not accidental and gender and occupation

are related in Drayton Valley.

Chi squared: Table 2

X2 = 154.8646 + 200.7009 + 60.8727 + 78.8896 + 1.5894 + 2.0598 + 10.1073 + 13.0987 +

18.4136 + 23.8637 + 7.5918 + 9.8390 + 140.0531 + 181.5060 + 37.3497 + 48.4045 + 0.1415 +

0.1833 + 48.7493 + 340.1577

X2 = 1378.4362

Degree of Freedom: Table 2

dƒ = (m-1)(n-1) = (2-1)(10-1) = 9

Conclusion: Table 2

Based on my observation and calculation of table 2, the chi squared is 1378.4362 and the degree

of freedom is 9. The probability of an accidental finding, with this degree of freedom and chi

squared, is less than 0.001. There is less than 0.1% chance that the differences observed are

accidental. Therefore, I reject the null hypothesis.

 27

Paper conclusions:
Table 1:
The following are important differences with a value of at least or more than 0.25 (25%) and

statistically significant findings to a level of less than 0.001 (0.1%).

1.) A person aged 35 to 64 living in Drayton Valley has 40.88% more chance of having no

certificate, diploma or degree than a person aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack.

2.) A person aged 35 to 64 living in Drayton Valley has 42.32% more chance of having no

certificate, diploma or degree than a person aged 35 to 64 living in Surrey.

3.) A person aged 35 to 64 living in Drayton Valley has 30.02% more chance of having an

apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma than a person aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack.

4.) A person aged 35 to 64 living in Surrey has 78.61% more chance of having an

apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma than a person aged 35 to 64 living in Surrey.

5.) A person aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack has a 37.36% more chance of having an

apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma than a person aged 35 to 64 living in Surrey.

6.) A person aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack has a 28.98% more chance of having a

college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma than a person aged 35 to 64 living

in Drayton Valley.

7.) A person aged 35 to 64 living in Surrey has 30.90% more chance of having a university

certificate or diploma below the bachelor level than a person aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack.

8.) A person aged 35 to 64 living in Surrey has 113.56% more chance of having a university

certificate, diploma or degree than a person aged 35 to 64 living in Drayton Valley.

 28

9.) A person aged 35 to 64 living in Surrey has 63.17% more chance of having a university

certificate, diploma or degree than a person aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack.

10.) A person aged 35 to 64 living in Chilliwack has 30.88% more chance of having a

university certificate, diploma or degree than a person aged 35 to 64 living in Drayton Valley.

Trends:

1.) The chance of a person aged 35 to 64 having no certificate, diploma or degree is

23.0923% in Drayton Valley, 16.3913% in Chilliwack, and 16.2249% in Surrey. This

shows a trend. When going from the smallest to largest community, there is a decreasing

chance that a person has no certificate, diploma or degree. My analysis found that the

differences between Drayton Valley and both Chilliwack and Surrey to be important, the

difference between Chilliwack and Surrey however was not important. Therefore, this

still is an important trend.

2.) The chance of a person aged 35 to 64 having an apprenticeship or trades certificate or

diploma is 20.8835% in Drayton Valley, 16.0610% in Chilliwack, and 11.6918% in

Surrey. This shows a trend. As the communities get larger, there is a decreasing chance

that a person has an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma. My analysis found

that the differences are all important, this is an important trend.

3.) The chance of a person aged 35 to 64 having a university certificate, diploma or degree is

8.8353% in Drayton Valley, 11.5638% in Chilliwack, and 18.8690% in Surrey. This

shows a trend. As the communities get larger, there is an increasing chance that a person

has a university certificate or diploma below the bachelor level. My analysis found that

the differences are all important and, therefore, this is an important trend.
 29

Table 2:
The following are important differences with a value of at least or more than 0.25 (25%) and

statistically significant findings to a level of less than 0.001 (0.1%).

1. Men have 355.25% greater chance of being in agriculture and other resource-based

industries.

2. Men have 478.72% greater chance of being in construction.

3. Men have 27.31% greater chance of being in manufacturing.

4. Men have a 260.11% greater chance of being in wholesale trade.

5. Women have 76.72% greater chance of being in retail trade.

6. Women have 119.59% greater chance of being in Finance and real estate.

7. Women have 1811.60% greater chance of being in health care and social services.

8. Women have 353.59% greater chance of being in educational services.

9. Women have 106.34% greater chance of being in other services.