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Abstract: Seismic design guidelines for composite reinforced concrete and steel 共RCS兲 buildings consisting of reinforced concrete
columns and structural steel beams were proposed in Japan as a practical outcome of the U.S.–Japan Cooperative Earthquake Research
Program on Composite and Hybrid Structures. A design method satisfying the most prevalent seismic provisions used in Japan, which are
based on the working stress design method, is described. At the same time, an alternative method, which is suitable for use in the context
of the capacity spectrum method, is also briefly introduced. This paper outlines the design guidelines, giving priority to an explanation of
the design method for the working stress seismic provisions. In this method, the weak beam–strong column mechanism is used as the
design basis for buildings under severe earthquake. Therefore, moment magnification factors for both columns and joint panels are
provided to secure the mechanism. Design equations for the ultimate shear strength of joint panels and associated hysteresis models are
also included in the guidelines, and can be applied to a total of twelve details of RCS beam–column joints, including both the through
beam and the through column types.
DOI: 10.1061/共ASCE兲0733-9445共2004兲130:2共336兲
CE Database subject headings: Seismic design; Composite structures; Panels; Shear strength; Ductility.
1
Senior Research Engineer, Dept. of Production Engineering, Build- The design guidelines discussed herein are applied to the
ing Research Institute, Tachihara-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0802, Japan. earthquake-resistant design of composite RCS buildings which
2 meet the following conditions:
Associate Professor, International Cooperation Center of Engineering
Education Development, Toyohashi Univ. of Technology, 1-1 Hibari- 1. Height not exceeding 60 m;
gaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan. 2. Structural system comprising relatively regular-shaped
3
Professor, Dept. of Architecture, Chiba Univ., Yayoi, Inage, Chiba frame, with or without multistory reinforced concrete shear
263-0022, Japan. walls;
Note. Associate Editor: Sherif El-Tawil. Discussion open until July 1,
3. Design strength of concrete ranging from 21 to 60 MPa; and
2004. Separate discussions must be submitted for individual papers. To
4. Reinforcing bars and structural steel standardized in the
extend the closing date by one month, a written request must be filed with
the ASCE Managing Editor. The manuscript for this paper was submitted Japan Industrial Standards.
for review and possible publication on July 30, 2002; approved on Feb- Partial or full precast systems may be used for reinforced concrete
ruary 24, 2003. This paper is part of the Journal of Structural Engineer- members such as columns and walls. Relatively regular-shaped
ing, Vol. 130, No. 2, February 1, 2004. ©ASCE, ISSN 0733-9445/ frames are distinguished by provisions for an eccentricity factor
2004/2-336 –342/$18.00. and rigidity factor in the enforcement order of the Building Stan-
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dard Law 共Housing Bureau of the Japanese Ministry of Construc-
tion 1994兲, the details of which will be presented later.
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Fig. 2. Flowchart of design method satisfying seismic provisions of working stress design procedure
T⫽0.025•H (3) or the shear force in the joint panels obtained from structural
analysis should be confirmed as satisfying
where H⫽building height 共m兲.
Eq. 共3兲 is based on an investigation of the natural period of pM a⭓ pM (5)
several composite RCS buildings and composite buildings com- following the allowable stress design procedure. In Eqs. 共4兲 and
posed of steel reinforced concrete columns and structural steel 共5兲 p M u ⫽ultimate moment of joint panel 关see Eq. 共15兲兴;
beams which underwent a special inspection by the Japanese
b M p ⫽plastic moment of beam; h o ⫽clear height of story 共i.e.,
Ministry of Construction 共Iizuka et al. 1994兲. More accurate val- column height兲; h⫽story height; c M u ⫽ultimate moment of col-
ues of the natural period obtained by an eigenvalue analysis and umn; l o ⫽clear length of span 共i.e., beam length兲; l⫽span length;
other methods are also available.
p M a ⫽allowable 共conservatively, crack兲 moment of joint panel
In the structural analysis for the first phase design, converted 关see Eq. 共18兲兴; and p M ⫽moment of joint panel under the action of
linear models which ignore the assumption of rigid regions due to design seismic shear force.
the existence of the beam–column joint may be used. When com-
posite RCS buildings are designed by Route 1 or Route 2, as
shown in Fig. 2, either the strength of the joint panels should be Second Phase Design
confirmed as satisfying
As shown in Fig. 2, although the most recommended design route
p M u ⭓min共 ⌺ b M p •h o /h,⌺ c M u •l o /l 兲 (4) in the design guidelines is Route 3, design by Route 1 or 2 is also
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permitted for practical convenience. In particular, Routes 1 and 2 Table 1. D s Value for Composite Reinforced Concrete and Steel
are effective for relatively low-rise frames with or without shear Buildings
walls. Structural type
In Routes 2 and 3, a check for story drift angle in each story is
共a兲 共b兲 共c兲 共d兲
required. The story drift, ␦ i , under the action of the design seis-
Framing members  u⫽0 0⬍ u⭐0.3 0.3⬍ u⭐0.7 0.7⬍ u
mic shear force shown in Eq. 共1兲 is calculated by elastic analysis,
and the story drift angle, R i , is calculated as 共i兲 Most ductile 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
共ii兲 Very ductile 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.40
R i ⫽␦ i /h i (6) 共iii兲 Considerably ductile 0.35 0.35 0.40 0.45
共iv兲 Ductile 0.40 0.40 0.45 0.45
where h i ⫽story height.
共v兲 Others 0.45 0.45 0.50 0.55
R i should not be greater than 1/200. However, if nonstructural
elements which can accommodate greater drift are used, or if they Note: 共a兲–共d兲  u⫽Ratio of load carried by shear walls to total story shear.
共i兲–共v兲 These depend on restrictions on length-to-depth ratio, axial force,
are made of deformable materials, R i can be increased, but in no
axial reinforcement ratio, shear stress level at ultimate state, and mode of
case should R i exceed 1/120. failure. For details, see Housing Bureau of the Japanese Ministry of Con-
The design guidelines provide a limitation of rigidity factor, struction 共1997兲.
R s , and eccentricity factor, R e , in order to ensure the design of
‘‘relatively regular-shaped buildings.’’ Using the reciprocal of the
story drift angle, r si(⫽1/R i ), and the average value, r sa
(⫽ 兺 r si /N; N is the number of stories兲, the rigidity factor of the
inelastic deformations and energy dissipation and is used to re-
ith story is defined as
duce the elastic story shear according to the available ductility, as
R si⫽r si /r sa (7) given in Table 1. The ultimate shear capacity may be calculated
by any method, including nonlinear pushover analysis, limit
The design guidelines require that R si be more than 0.6 for all analysis, and simplified methods suitable for approximate hand
stories. calculation.
The eccentricity factor associated with loadings in the x and y At the formation of a lateral failure mechanism in a building,
directions, R ex and R ey , are defined as follows, using eccentricity the summation of the ultimate moments of the columns at each
distances e x and e y node of the frame, ⌺ c M u , should satisfy the following relation-
ship to secure the weak beam–strong column mechanism. The
R ex ⫽e x /r ex , R ey ⫽e y /r ey (8) coefficient, 1.4, is determined considering both magnification due
to dynamic effects and the strength increase of the composite
where r ex and r ey ⫽elastic radii, which can be defined as the
beam
square root of torsional stiffness divided by lateral stiffness.
The design guidelines specify that R e be not more than 0.15 in ⌺ c M u ⭓1.4•⌺ b M p (10)
either direction in all stories.
In the design of bearing wall systems and moment resisting For buildings with heights not exceeding 31 m, however, the
frames with wing-wall systems in Routes 1 and 2, simple empiri- provision of Eq. 共10兲 can be neglected on the condition that the
ultimate shear capacity of each story under the story failure
cal equations proposed by Shiga 共Housing Bureau of the Japanese
mechanism assumed, Q ui , satisfies the following relationship:
Ministry of Construction 1997兲 are used to calculate the ultimate
shear capacity of each story in the same way as in the design of Q ui⭓ 共 1.5⫺0.5• u 兲 •D s •Q udi (11)
reinforced concrete buildings under the current seismic provi-
sions. In the design of moment resisting frame systems in Route where  u ⫽ratio of the load carried by the shear walls to the total
2, buildings can be designed without calculation of the ultimate story shear 共see Table 1兲.
shear capacity of each story, on the condition that the weak Eq. 共11兲 requires additional strength in frames which do not
beam–strong column mechanism is secured. However, in this form a beam yield mechanism. Because frames with shear walls
case, the shear design of the reinforced concrete columns would are required to have higher strength, applying the factor, D s , the
be stricter than that in Route 3. Here, it should be kept in mind penalty factor is reduced by  u . Also, the ultimate shear capacity
that this route 共Route 2兲 is a simplified practical method, and of columns, c Q u , should satisfy
c Q u ⭓1.1• 共 c M mt⫹ c M mb 兲 /h o
Route 3 is the preferred procedure. (12a)
The most recommended route in the second phase design is
Route 3, which results in a more accurate calculation of the ulti- when using Eq. 共10兲 and
mate shear capacity of each story. The calculated ultimate shear
c Q u ⭓1.1• 共 c M ut⫹ c M ub 兲 /h o (12b)
capacity of each story must exceed the shear force, Q uni , given
below when using Eq. 共11兲, respectively. In Eqs. 共12a兲 and 共12b兲 c M mt
and c M mb⫽moments at the top and bottom of a column when the
Q uni⫽D s •Q udi (9) building forms a lateral mechanism; and c M ut and c M ub⫽ultimate
moments, respectively.
where D s ⫽structural characteristics factor; and Q udi⫽seismic The strength of joint panels should be confirmed to satisfy the
shear in the ith story. following relationship. Because an RCS beam–column joint is
The seismic shear in the ith story, Q udi , is calculated using similar to a reinforced concrete column with respect to deforma-
Eqs. 共1兲 and 共2兲. Thus, this procedure is similar to the evaluation tion capacity, the safety margin is not included in the following
of seismic force in the first phase design, except that the standard equation for column hinging:
shear coefficient, C 0 , in Eq. 共2兲 is now taken to be not less than
1.0. The structural characteristics factor, D s , takes into account p M u ⭓min共 1.4•⌺ b M p •h o /h,1.0•⌺ c M u •l o /l 兲 (13)
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Table 2. Factors Relating to Shear Design Equation of Joints
Design equation Factors
C1 0.8:with neither FBP nor cover plates
0.9:with FBP or cover plates 共a-l兲
The ultimate shear strength and moment of the joint panel of RCS Q y ⫽a 2 •Q p (17)
beam–column joints, Q p and p M u , are given as
p M c ⫽Q cr• sbd (18)
Q p ⫽Q w ⫹Q f ⫹Q h ⫹Q c (14)
p M y ⫽Q y • sbd (19)
p M u ⫽Q p • sbd (15)
where a 1 ⫽ratio of the cracking shear strength to the ultimate
where Q w ⫽C 1 •A w • s wy / 冑3: shear strength of web panel; Q f shear strength of the joint panel; 0.6 for the through beam type
⫽0.5•A f • s f y / 冑3: shear strength of cover plates; Q h ⫽0.25•p w and 0.5 for the through column type; and a 2 ⫽ratio of the yield
• wy •b c • mcd: shear strength of transverse reinforcement; shear strength to the ultimate shear strength of the joint panel; 0.9
Q c ⫽0.04•C 2 •C 3 •b c •D c • B • J ␦: shear strength of concrete; for both the through beam type and the through column type.
A w ⫽sectional area of steel web in joint region; s wy ⫽yield stress The shear force versus shear strain relationship of the shear
of steel web; A f ⫽sectional area of cover plates; s f y ⫽yield stress panels is shown in idealized form by the four lines in Fig. 4, in
of cover plates; p w ⫽transverse reinforcement ratio in joint re- which the first break point represents the initiation of cracking,
gion; wy ⫽yield stress of transverse reinforcement; b c ⫽column the second represents shear yielding in the panel, and the last
width; mcd⫽maximum distance between tensile and compressive represents the achieved ultimate shear strength. The ratios of a 1
reinforcement; D c ⫽column depth; B ⫽compressive strength of and a 2 , which are shown in Fig. 4, were determined based on
concrete in joint region; C 1 , C 2 , and C 3 ⫽factors which depend existing test data for RCS beam–column joints collected to give
on the details of beam–column joints and are given in Table 2; an average hysteresis model for RCS beam–column joints 共Ka-
J ␦⫽shape factor of beam–column joints for which the values are
mogawa et al. 1998兲. The shear strain at the initial crack, ␥ c , can
taken to be 3.0 for interior joints, 2.0 for exterior and top-interior be estimated considering the effective shear stiffness of the beam-
joints, and 1.0 for top-corner joints, respectively; and sbd⫽depth column joints, K e , as shown in the following equation:
of structural steel beam. ␥ c ⫽Q cr /K e (20)
Eq. 共14兲 is based on the existing test data for RCS beam–
column joints collected by the Japanese RCS Subcommittee 共Ii- where Q cr⫽shear force of the beam–column joint when initial
zuka et al. 1998b兲. As shown in Fig. 3, Eq. 共14兲 was made to give crack occurred; K e ⫽0.4A c •G c ⫹0.9A s •G s : effective shear stiff-
ness of the beam–column joint; A c ⫽sectional area of the concrete
portion in the joint panel; G c ⫽shear stiffness of concrete;
A s ⫽sectional area of the steel portion in the joint panel; and
G s ⫽shear stiffness of steel.
Conclusion
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column joints with a hysteresis model, which can be used in ad- c M mt , c M mb ⫽ moments at top and bottom of column when
vanced analysis that considers the inelastic behavior of beam– building forms lateral mechanism,
column joints. respectively;
cM u ⫽ ultimate moment of column;
c M ut , c M ub ⫽ ultimate moments at top and bottom of
Acknowledgments column when building forms lateral
mechanism, respectively;
The seismic design guidelines for composite RCS buildings pre- pM ⫽ moment of joint panel under action of
sented herein were drawn up as one result of the U.S.–Japan design seismic shear force;
Cooperative Earthquake Research Program on Composite and pM a ⫽ allowable 共conservatively, crack兲 moment of
Hybrid Structures. The writers wish to offer their sincere thanks joint panel 关see Eq. 共18兲兴;
to the members of the Japanese Technical Coordinating Commit- pM c ⫽ crack moment of joint panel;
tee chaired by Professor Emeritus H. Aoyama and Japanese RCS pM u ⫽ ultimate moment of joint panel 关see Eq.
Subcommittee chaired by Professor H. Noguchi for their many 共15兲兴;
useful suggestions and dedicated efforts in developing the guide- pM y ⫽ yield moment of joint panel;
lines, and in particular, wish to express their deep gratitude to the N ⫽ number of stories;
late Mr. Toshio Toritani for his great contribution in the course of pw ⫽ transverse reinforcement ratio in joint
developing the shear design equations for RCS beam–column region;
joints. Qc ⫽ shear strength of concrete;
Q cr ⫽ shear strength of joint panel when initial
crack occurs;
Notation Qf ⫽ shear strength of cover plates;
Qh ⫽ shear strength of transverse reinforcement;
The following symbols are used in this paper: Qi ⫽ design seismic shear in ith story;
A c ⫽ sectional area of concrete portion in joint Qp ⫽ ultimate shear strength of joint panel;
panel; cQ u ⫽ ultimate shear capacity of columns;
A f ⫽ sectional area of cover plates; Q udi ⫽ seismic shear in ith story;
A i ⫽ vertical distribution factor for external Q ui ⫽ ultimate shear capacity of ith story under
forces; assumption of story failure mechanism;
A s ⫽ sectional area of steel portion in joint panel; Q uni ⫽ required ultimate shear capacity of ith story;
A w ⫽ sectional area of steel web in joint region; Qw ⫽ shear strength of web panel;
a 1 ⫽ ratio of cracking shear strength to ultimate Qy ⫽ yield shear strength of joint panel;
shear strength of joint panel, 0.6 for through Re ⫽ eccentricity factor;
beam type and 0.5 for through column R ex ,R ey ⫽ eccentricity factors associated with loadings
type; in x and y directions, respectively;
a 2 ⫽ ratio of yield shear strength to ultimate Ri ⫽ story drift angle in ith story under action of
shear strength of joint panel, 0.9 for design seismic shear force;
both through beam type and through column Rs ⫽ rigidity factor;
type; R si ⫽ rigidity factor of ith story;
b c ⫽ column width; Rt ⫽ vibration characteristics factor;
C i ⫽ story shear coefficient; r ex ,r ey ⫽ elastic radii 共square root of torsional
C 0 ⫽ standard shear coefficient 共value taken to be stiffness divided by lateral stiffness兲
not less than 0.2 for first phase design兲; associated with loadings in x and y directions,
C 1 ,C 2 ,C 3 ⫽ factors which depend on details of beam– respectively;
column joints, given in Table 2; r si ,r sa ⫽ reciprocal of story drift angle of ith story
D c ⫽ column depth; and their average value, respectively;
D s ⫽ structural characteristics factor; T ⫽ natural period of first mode of vibration 共s兲;
mcd ⫽ maximum distance between tensile and Wj ⫽ weight of jth story 共includes dead load plus
compressive reinforcement; reduced live load and, if located in designated
sbd ⫽ depth of structural steel beam; snowy zone, reduced snow load兲;
e x ,e y ⫽ eccentricity distances in x and y directions, Z ⫽ seismic zone factor;
respectively; u ⫽ ratio of load carried by shear walls to total
G c ,G s ⫽ shear stiffness of concrete and steel, story shear 共see Table 1兲;
respectively; ␥c ⫽ shear strain when initial crack occurs;
H ⫽ building height 共m兲; ␦i ⫽ story drift in ith story under action of
h ⫽ story height; design seismic shear force;
h i ⫽ story height of ith story; J␦ ⫽ shape factor of beam–column joints for
h o ⫽ clear height of story 共i.e., column height兲; which values are taken to be 3.0 for
K e ⫽ effective shear stiffness of beam–column interior joints, 2.0 for exterior and top-interior
joint 关 ⫽0.4A c •G c ⫹0.9A s •G s 兴 ; joints, and 1.0 for top-corner joints,
l ⫽ span length; respectively;
l o ⫽ clear length of span 共i.e., beam length兲; B ⫽ compressive strength of concrete in joint
b M p ⫽ plastic moment of beam; region;
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s f y⫽ yield stress of cover plates; Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ) Annual Meeting, Kyushu, AIJ,
wy ⫽ yield stress of transverse reinforcement; and 1301–1302 共in Japanese兲.
Kamogawa, N., et al. 共1998兲. ‘‘U.S.–Japan cooperative research project
s wy ⫽ yield stress of steel web.
on composite and hybrid structure 共RCS-46兲, study on the database of
composite RCS joints 共Part 11: proposition on Q-␥ relationship兲.’’
Summaries of Technical Papers of the AIJ Annual Meeting, Kyushu,
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