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SPHERE Unveils the True Face of the Largest Main Belt Asteroids
2018 Visiting Committee Report
ESO Headquarters
Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2
85748 Garching bei München, Germany
Phone +498932006-0
information@eso.org
The Messenger
Editor: Gaitee A. J. Hussain
Layout, Typesetting, Graphics:
Lorenzo Benassi, Jutta Boxheimer
Design, P roduction: Jutta Boxheimer
Proofreading: Peter Grimley
w ww.eso.org/messenger/
Hans-Walter Rix 1 and history. Looking to the future, the VC challenges are successfully met.
concluded that ESO is indeed set for ESO is aware of those challenges, and
a successful implementation of the ELT if some of them have been emphasised
1
MPIA, Heidelberg, Germany the Organisation — and its Council — in the VC’s recommendations.
address a number of challenges, some of
which are pointed out in this report. ESO should continue to optimise its
ESO’s activities are externally assessed organisational health and efficiency by:
every few years by a Visiting Committee strengthening both strategic planning
composed of a panel of senior external ESO’s strengths and excellence of, and agility in, personnel recruitment
experts who report their findings to the and fostering in-house mobility; amelio-
ESO Council and Director General. The The VC found ESO to be a world-class rating both overbooking and project-
assessment is based on an extensive science organisation, truly exceptional in multiplexing among individual staff mem-
set of presentations, reports and inter- many respects. It has implemented and bers; ensuring that long-term planning
views with ESO staff conducted during is operating a suite of observatories and security for ELT key expertise remains
visits to all ESO sites. Here we summa- instrumentation that is unrivalled in its feasible within the matrix framework; and
rise the report and recommendations combination of quality and breadth; the continuing to improve the communica-
produced as a result of the latest Visit- success of the Very Large Telescope tion flow, both upwards and downwards,
ing Committee assessment, which took Interferometer (VLTI) with the adaptive- within the Organisation.
place at the end of 2018 and was pre- optics-assisted, two-object, multiple
sented to the ESO Council in June 2019. beam-combiner GRAVITY is just one
example. ESO’s facilities enable its user ELT implementation
community to carry out astrophysics on a
The ESO Visiting Committee (VC) offers par with other world-class facilities. The The VC was very impressed with the
its external assessment of how ESO is VC notes that Atacama Large Millimeter/ state of the ELT planning and implemen-
complying with its mission to provide submillimeter Array (ALMA) astrophysics tation, as well as ESO’s awareness of
world-class facilities for astronomy and to carried out by the ESO community is truly the complexity and enormity of this ambi-
foster astronomical collaborations. To outstanding at a global level. tious project. In light of the complexity,
this end, the VC considered the competi- the VC recommends that ESO pay even
tiveness of the research carried out by The basic organisational structure within closer attention to two aspects. First, a
the ESO community and evaluated the ESO is suited to its tasks, and it has tightly integrated telescope-instrumentation-
calibre and range of ESO’s observatory a track record of adapting to new chal- operations approach is key to the timely
activities. The VC also looked at ESO’s lenges. ESO can also draw on a deep success of the ELT and an important
organisational health and readiness to pool of talent; the VC found a high level of aspect of mitigating budgetary and
reach its strategic goals, in particular the staff dedication to its mission, and gener- scheduling risks; these three aspects of
implementation of the Extremely Large ally high employee motivation with a posi- the ELT must be tied together even more
Telescope (ELT) programme. tive gradient. closely than in the case of the Very Large
Telescope (VLT). Second, strong and
This report is based on the VC’s two site The VC found that, in looking towards coherent scientific leadership of the over-
visits — carried out between 22 and the future, ESO leadership appears to all ELT effort must be in place throughout
26 October and 19 and 27 November be striking a good balance between its implementation.
2018 in Garching and Chile, respectively ambitious vision, dedication to excellence
— and extensive materials provided in its observatory facilities and moving The VC also considered other aspects
before and during these site visits. The towards healthy planning realism. of ESO, such as its outreach strategy
report was informed by numerous direct and the involvement in the Atacama
interactions with ESO staff at all levels Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) and the
of the Organisation. All of the main rec- Optimising ESO’s organisational Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA).
ommendations reported here reflect con- structure
sensus within the VC.
In light of these strengths, the VC paid Summary of recommendations
The VC came to the conclusion that, particular attention to the question of
at present, not only is ESO fulfilling the whether ESO is ready to implement the Articulating the current ESO strategy
essential elements of its mission ELT in the coming decade while continu-
superbly, but it is also a beacon of sci- ing to maintain its cutting-edge strengths ESO has successfully implemented most
ence in Europe and the world and a at the existing observatories (i.e., the of the strategic vision that was laid out
global leader in astronomy. Internally, La Silla Paranal Observatory) and sus- in 2004. The VC recommends that the
ESO is a strong and largely healthy taining its strong role in ALMA. It is the ESO Council and the Director General
organisation, with strains and issues VC’s view that ESO can accomplish this, develop and formally document ESO’s
at a level that is to be expected for an as there are no obvious show-stoppers, strategic vision for the next decade. The
endeavour of this ambition, complexity and that it will succeed if a number of VC strongly supports ESO’s overriding
focus on the implementation of the ELT experienced by some staff; and finding On CTA implementation
while maintaining current strengths. The ways to assure long-term planning
VC therefore acknowledges and supports security for key ELT expertise within the The VC concurs with ESO that CTA is an
the conclusion that any responsible articu matrix framework. exciting scientific prospect in collabora-
lation of the current strategy may leave lit- tion with a strong consortium. The VC is
tle or no room for the implementation of also concerned that unforeseen efforts
any other major new programmes in the Strategic and efficient recruitment related to CTA on ESO’s part could dis-
near future. tract from the implementation of the ELT
Among aspects of organisational effi- and strongly recommends that ESO’s pri-
ciency, extensive near-term recruitment oritisation, role and effort in CTA do not
Ensuring the budget envelope for ESO’s of highly qualified personnel will be key grow beyond what is currently planned.
mission to ESO’s mission success in the coming
years. The VC recommends that ESO
The VC appreciates ESO’s current rigour review all aspects and all actors involved On the future of APEX
and realism in determining the resources in efficiently and successfully bringing in
needed for the implementation of the new talent; this is to ensure that recruit- APEX is currently working well and pro-
ELT. It is the VC’s view that, as an organi- ment is both proactive and strategic, as ducing good science. The VC recom-
sation, ESO is robust and efficient well as efficient and rapid in practice. The mends that ESO examine critically
enough to successfully implement the VC also recommends that ESO continue whether APEX will remain scientifically
ELT within the currently forecast resource to improve the effectiveness of in-house indispensable for its user community
need, which strains the contribution career mobility and development. as ALMA matures, beyond the current
envelope of the Member States. The VC contractual arrangement.
strongly encourages the ESO Council
to push for the provision of the required A close telescope-instrumentation-
(forecast) budget, as this will indeed operations approach for the ELT On education and outreach strategy
ensure ESO’s global leadership in astron-
omy for decades to come. In light of the ELT’s complexity, the VC The VC recommends that ESO clarify
recommends that ESO pay close atten- and strengthen its vision, and implemen-
tion to a very tightly integrated telescope- tation, of its education and outreach
Optimising ESO’s organisational health instrumentation-operations approach. effort, with a closer integration and coor-
and efficiency In the VC’s view, this is key to the timely dination of these activities in Europe
success of the ELT and is an important and Chile. In Garching, the VC sees a
The VC found ESO to be a strong, healthy aspect of mitigating budgetary and serious risk that the tremendous potential
and efficient organisation overall, with scheduling risks. Specifically, the VC of ESO’s Supernova will not be realised,
highly talented and motivated staff. recommends that the ELT Programme given its current lean level of staffing.
The organisational strains that will inevita- deepen its connections with both the The VC was unconvinced that augment-
bly result from ESO’s ambitious plans external instrument teams and the future ing the current operations model merely
will require continued and strengthened LPO operations team, in a spirit of close by external fundraising alone would lead
effort towards organisational optimisation. collaboration. to an education and outreach effort that
lives up to ESO’s vision.
Specific recommendations follow:
– The VC recommends that ESO con- Overall science leadership for the ELT
tinue to address or mitigate both Note
the historic and the inevitable political The VC recommends that ESO ensure a
The Visiting Committee 2018 was composed of
differences in its staff arrangements, strong science leadership of the overall Masimo Altarelli, Rebecca Bernstein (Vice-Chair),
such as aspects of the 50/50–80/20 ELT effort as it will be critical to the ELT’s Sofia Feltzing, Robert Kennicutt, Anne-Marie
science/duty contracts for scientists, or long-term scientific success and impact. Lagrange, Hilton Lewis, Elena Pian, Hans-Walter
aspects of the international/local staff Such leadership is key to fully considering Rix (Chair) and Patrick Roche.
categories among technical and scien- the needs of the telescope, the instru-
tific staff in Chile. ments, the AO and the operations from
– The optimisation of the matrix structure the viewpoint of the ELT’s overall scientific
at ESO Garching, which has gained utility; it will also ensure that appropriate
widespread acceptance, must c ontinue trade-offs are made between performance
by: eliminating or reducing oversub- and capability on the one hand, and
scription of staff resources; addressing budget, schedule and risk on the other.
the extensive project fragmentation
Xavier Barcons 1 The ultimate goal of this exercise is to risks and costs of building the ELT and
obtain external and expert guidance bringing it into operation; continuing to
on areas where action needs to be taken, recruit the necessary staff to support
1
ESO at the very least because there is always the ELT — avoiding overloading and pro-
room for improvement. However, as a ject fragmentation in the matrix; intensify-
member of ESO, it is also rewarding to ing the understanding between ELT
Like most scientific organisations, ESO read in the report that in the committee’s construction and Paranal operations as
periodically invites advice from an view ESO is fulfilling its mission very well as enhancing ESO’s technical
external expert panel that assesses the well, and that with the support of Council involvement in ELT instrument develop-
performance of the Organisation, and the adoption of a number of recom- ment; empowering and further support-
and formulates a number of recommen- mendations the Organisation is bound to ing the ELT Programme Scientist in over-
dations. The most recent ESO Visiting succeed in its current endeavour, that seeing all scientific aspects of the ELT;
Committee travelled to all of the ESO of building and bringing into operation clarifying the interfaces with CTA-South
sites in the last months of 2018 and the ELT, while maintaining the VLT/I and to ensure that the project develops
delivered its report to Council in June ALMA at the forefront of worldwide without affecting the other projects in
2019. The committee, whose composi- astronomy. It gave me great pleasure to Paranal; discussing the future of the
tion and mandate had been approved convey the congratulations of the Visiting Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX)
by ESO Council, was constituted by Committee to all ESO personnel. in a cost-neutral way for ESO and defin-
a set of internationally renowned scien- ing a communication strategy that capi-
tists who possess complementary A number of actions aligned with the Vis- talises on ESO’s scientific achievements
areas of expertise covering all aspects iting Committee recommendations are and the added value of ESO’s pro-
of ESO’s function. I am extremely grate- now being taken after discussion with the grammes to society.
ful to all committee members for their ESO Council. Updates on these actions
hard work and very careful preparation will be reported to and discussed with I have no doubt that the recommenda-
of their report. An extract of the main Council as they progress. The ongoing tions of the Visiting Committee will
conclusions and recommendations is actions include: support to ESO Council strengthen ESO and increase the likeli-
presented in the preceding article. in discussing an updated strategy; a hood that it succeeds in its mission.
careful and continuous updating of the
ESO/B. Tafreshi (twanight.org)
Paranal Observatory
with the Milky Way
appearing to stretch
directly upwards
from one of the Unit
Telescopes.
Enrico Sacchetti/ESO
Linda Schmidtobreick 1 stellar clusters, Solar System objects, The odyssey begins
Nancy Ageorges 2 SN 1987A and several extragalactic
Paola Amico1 sources. We present a short history of Numerous boxes containing the many
Wolfgang Brandner 3 the life and achievements of NaCo from parts of NAOS and CONICA arrived at
Suzana Cerda 1 the viewpoint of the Instrument Opera- ESO’s Paranal Observatory on 24 Octo-
Claudia Cid 1 tion Team, Instrument Scientists, and ber 2001. Astronomers and engineers
Laird Close 4 Instrument Engineers. from ESO and the participating institutes
Eduardo Garces 1 and organisations a, b began the pains-
Gordon Gillet 5 taking task of assembly on the Nasmyth
Julien H. Girard 6 Introduction B platform of UT4 (see Figure 1). After
Patricia Guajardo 1 days of technical tests and adjustments,
George Hau 7 The Nasmyth Adaptive Optics System working around the clock, the team finally
Wolfgang Hummel 1 (NAOS) was developed by a French con- declared the instrument fit to attempt its
Yves Jung 1 sortium a in collaboration with ESO, and the first-light observation.
Markus Kasper 1 COudé Near-Infrared CAmera (CONICA)
Christopher Lidman 8 was built by a German consortium b in The UT4 dome was opened at sunset on
Lars Kristian Lundin 1 collaboration with ESO. Together they 25 November 2001 and a small, rather
Pedro Mardones 9 form NAOS-CONICA (NaCo) which was apprehensive, group gathered in the VLT
Dimitri Mawet 10 the first instrument with an adaptive Control Room, peering intensively at the
Jared O’Neal 11 optics (AO) system on the Very Large computer screens over the shoulders of
Emanuela Pompei 1 Telescope (VLT). It was first installed at their colleagues the telescope and instru-
Ricardo Schmutzer 1 the Nasmyth B focus of UT4 (Yepun), ment operators. As the basic calibrations
Karleyne Silva 12 where it stayed from 2001 through 2013. required at this early stage were success-
Jonathan Smoker 1 In 2014 it was reinstalled on UT1 (Antu) fully completed, the suspense rose, as
Christian Soenke 1 at the Nasmyth A. Early tests and results did expectations as the special moment
Lowell E. Tacconi-Garman 1 from commissioning runs showed that, approached when finally the telescope
Elena Valenti 1 by compensating for a large fraction operator pushed the button that sent the
Javier Valenzuela 1 of the atmospheric turbulence, it could telescope towards the first test object,
Jose Velasquez 1 obtain spatial resolutions close to the an otherwise undistinguished star in our
Gerard Zins 1 8-metre telescope’s diffraction limit. The Milky Way.
AO system was equipped with both visi-
ble and infrared, Shack–Hartmann type, The uncorrected image was recorded by
1
ESO wavefront sensors; the latter enabled the near-infrared imager and spectro-
2
KT Optics GmbH, Germany observations inside regions that are graph CONICA and it soon appeared on
3
MPIA, Heidelberg, Germany highly obscured by interstellar dust and
4
University of Arizona, Tucson, USA therefore unobservable in visible light.
Figure 1. NAOS (light blue) and CONICA (red) are
5
Independent engineer, Antofagasta, For almost 18 years, NaCo provided multi- attached to the Nasmyth B adapter of UT4 (Yepun).
Chile mode, AO-corrected observations in the The control electronics are housed in the white
6
STSCI, Baltimore, USA 1–5 μm range. c abinets.
7
University of Bath, UK
8
Australian National University,
Canberra, Australia
9
Universidad de Valparaiso, Chile
10
Caltech/JPL, Pasadena, USA
11
Argonne National Laboratory,
Lemont, USA
12
Gemini Observatory, La Serena, Chile
the computer screen. With a full width Figure 2 (left). The first image with
NAOS-CONICA of a star (V magnitude
half maximum (FWHM) diameter of only
of 8) obtained before (left) and
0.50 arcseconds, it already showed good after (right) the adaptive optics was
image quality, thanks to the atmospheric switched on.
conditions on that night. Then the NAOS Uncorrected AO corrected
image image
adaptive optics system was switched
FWHM: 0.50″ FWHM: 0.07″
on, thereby “closing the loop” for the first
time on a celestial object. As the deform-
able mirror in NAOS began to follow
the “orders” that were being issued 400
times a second by its control computer, Figure 3 (below). The giant planet
the stellar image on the computer screen S aturn as observed with the VLT
NAOS-CONICA Adaptive Optics
seemed to pull itself together. What sec- Left: uncorrected Right: corrected
instrument on 8 December 2001.
onds before had been a jumping, blurry
patch of light suddenly became a rock-
steady, razor-sharp and brilliant spot. The
entire room burst into applause with
happy faces and smiles all round. Nowa-
days, we are used to getting these sharp
and steady images whenever the loop
of an adaptive optics system closes. But
at the time of NaCo’s first light, this must
have been a truly magical moment. The
diameter of this first image was measured
as 0.068 arcseconds (see Figure 2).
ESO/M. Kornmesser
Pierre Vernazza 1 Mars and Jupiter (typically between Explorer [OSIRIS-Rex], Hayabusa 1 & 2)
Laurent Jorda 1 2 and 3.3 astronomical units [au]). The or from remote imaging with the Hubble
Benoit Carry 2 diversity in their surface composition (for Space Telescope (HST) and adaptive-
Josef Hanuš 3 example, metallic iron, basalt, mixtures of optics-equipped ground-based tele-
Michaël Marsset 4 silicates such as olivine and pyroxene, scopes (for example, the VLT and the
Matti Viikinkoski 5 water-rich silicates, water ice) — as Keck Observatory) in the case of the larg-
Franck Marchis 1, 6 inferred from spectroscopic observations est bodies.
Miroslav Brož 3 — and their orbital distribution across the
Alexis Drouard 1 main belt (see, for example, Vernazza & The drastic increase in angular resolution
Thierry Fusco 1, 7 Beck, 2017 for a review) have provided (by about a factor of three) with respect
Romain Fétick1, 7 unique constraints to Solar System for- to the HST that is possible with the
Marin Ferrais 1 mation models which could not have new generation of adaptive optics using
& the HARISSA team been derived from observations of the the Zurich imaging polarimeter (ZIMPOL)
giant or telluric planets themselves. on SPHERE indicates that the largest
main-belt asteroids become resolvable
1
ix Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM
A It is now understood that the present- worlds and are thus no longer extended
(Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de day asteroid belt hosts bodies that were point sources. To place this in context,
Marseille), France
formed at large heliocentric distances these asteroids have diameters greater
2
Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de (> 10 au) as well as bodies that may have than 100 km and angular sizes typically
la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire formed close to the Sun (< 1.5 au) and greater than 100 milliarcseconds (mas).
Lagrange, Nice, France
that they have ended up at their current With the SPHERE instrument, craters
3
Institute of Astronomy, Charles Univer- location following giant planet migration with diameters greater than approxi-
sity, Prague, Czech Republic (see, for example, the Nice and Grand mately 30 km can now be identified on
4
Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Tack models; Levison et al., 2009; Walsh the surfaces of main-belt asteroids and
Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, et al., 2011) as well as gravitational inter- the shapes of the largest asteroids can
USA action with the embryos of the telluric be accurately reconstructed (for example,
5
Department of Mathematics and planets (Bottke et al., 2006). Broadly Marsset et al., 2017).
Statistics, Tampere University, Finland speaking, the idea that the asteroid belt
6
SETI Institute, Carl Sagan Center, is a condensed sample of the primordial To maximise the science return of the
Mountain View, USA
Solar System has gradually emerged. SPHERE instrument in the field of aster-
7
ONERA/DOTA, Université Paris Saclay, oid studies, we proposed an ESO Large
Chatillon, France Whereas our understanding of the sur- Programme with the aim of characteris-
face composition of asteroids and its dis- ing the shape, density, internal and com-
tribution across the asteroid belt has positional structure, and surface topo
Over the past 2.5 years, we have been improved enormously over the last dec- graphy of a statistically significant fraction
carrying out disc-resolved observations ade, see recent reviews by Burbine (2014) of D > 100-kilometre main-belt asteroids
of a substantial fraction of all large and Vernazza & Beck (2017) the same (~ 35 out of ~ 200 asteroids). Our sample
(D > 100 km) main-belt asteroids, moni- cannot be said regarding their internal covers the major compositional classes
toring them at high angular resolution structure, which is best characterised (S, B/C, Ch/Cgh, X, P/D; DeMeo et al.,
throughout their rotation, and sampling by their density. To constrain the density, 2009; DeMeo & Carry, 2013). The survey
the main compositional classes, using one needs to fully reconstruct the 3D started in April 2017 and ended success-
the Spectro-Polarimetric High-contrast shape of a body, to estimate its volume fully in September 2019.
Exoplanet REsearch (SPHERE) instru- and to determine its mass from its
ment on the VLT. These observations gravitational interaction with other aster-
enable us to characterise the internal oids, preferably (whenever possible) with Methods
structure of our targets from their its own satellite(s).
density as well as their cratering record To achieve our science objectives, we
down to ~ 30 km in diameter. Such This is due to the fact that disc-resolved image our targets with SPHERE/ZIMPOL
information, in turn, places unpre observations of asteroids — contrary throughout their rotation (we collect
cedented constraints on models of the to disc-integrated observations of these images every ~ 60 degrees in planeto-
formation of the Solar System and same bodies (from light curves and/or centric longitude). These images are sub-
the collisional evolution of the main belt. visible and infrared spectroscopy) — sequently reduced and deconvolved
have so far been obtained with sufficient with the MISTRAL algorithm (Fusco et al.,
spatial resolution for only a few bodies, 2003; Mugnier, Conan & Fusco, 2004)
Scientific context either from dedicated interplanetary mis- using a point spread function (PSF).
sions (for example, Galileo, Near Earth At the beginning of our observing pro-
Asteroids are minor planets ranging in Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR), Rosetta, gramme, we were observing a stellar PSF
size from a few metres to a few hundred Dawn, Origins-Spectral Interpretation- either before or just after every asteroid
kilometres which are located between Resource Identification-Security-Regolith observation. However, because the
Paranal Observatory
at sunset.
Manuel Aravena 1 characterise the evolution of galaxies star formation rate). Instead, imaging
Chris Carilli 2 through cosmic time, a measurement of a significant region on the sky with ALMA
Roberto Decarli 3 their molecular gas content, and its evo- mosaics, as well as scanning in frequency
Fabian Walter 4 lution over cosmic time, is therefore space, yields an unbiased measurement
on behalf of the ASPECS collaboration a indispensable. Such a measurement was of molecular gas in a well defined cosmic
one of the three prime directives driving volume. This is due to the fact that the
the ALMA project from its conception. key tracer of molecular gas, the carbon
1
niversidad Diego Portales, Santiago,
U With this goal in mind, the ALMA Large monoxide molecule (CO), emits radiation
Chile Programme ASPECS, the first extragalac- at distinct frequencies that approximately
2
National Radio Astronomy Observatory, tic large programme approved for ALMA, correspond to multiples of the frequency
Socorro, USA was designed to make an unbiased, of the CO(1–0) ground transition at
3
INAF Bologna, Italy three-dimensional survey of the molecu- 115 GHz (corresponding to a wavelength
4
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, lar gas content of galaxies in the best of ~ 2.7 mm). These emission lines are
Heidelberg, Germany studied extragalactic deep field, the then redshifted by the change in the cos-
iconic Hubble Ultra-Deep Field (UDF). mic scale factor for distant sources (Fig-
ure 2). For example, the CO(3–2) line at
The ALMA Large Programme ASPECS ~ 345 GHz will be redshifted to an
(The ALMA SPECtroscopic Survey in Choice of field observed frequency of ~ 100 GHz for
the UDF) set out to measure the dust a galaxy at redshift z = 2.5.
and molecular gas content in distant Choosing the UDF as the prime target for
galaxies in the best-studied cosmologi- this survey (Figure 1) was straightforward. The net observational results of the
cal deep field, the Hubble Ultra-Deep The UDF has the highest quality of obser- ASPECS observations are 3D data
Field (UDF). Thanks to a unique observ- vations in depth and resolution across cubes, the three axes being right ascen-
ing technique, the survey resulted in the electromagnetic spectrum, extending sion, declination and frequency, where
a full census of gas-rich galaxies in the beyond traditional continuum imaging, frequency equates to the line-of-sight
UDF, yielding dozens of detections and is ideally situated for ALMA observa- distance via the redshift. The areal cover-
in dust continuum and molecular gas tions. Any additional observations, for age of the ASPECS observations is
emission. Their physical properties example, under ASPECS but also other shown in Figure 1, and the frequency cov-
could be accurately constrained thanks ALMA initiatives, add to the legacy value erage in Figure 2. ASPECS covers two
to the unparalleled wealth of ancillary of this deep field. Besides ASPECS, frequency regimes, the 3-mm band and
data, including the most sensitive recent key observations of the field the 1-mm band. This approach was
Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and include major Guaranteed Time Observa- chosen so as to maximise the cosmic
VLT/MUSE observations. The data con- tion (GTO) initiatives with the Multi Unit volume for redshifted CO lines, as well as
firm that, on average, the gas mass frac- Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) on ESO’s to obtain millimetre continuum images
tions of distant galaxies decreased by VLT — the most sophisticated wide-field of the UDF to unprecedented depths.
an order of magnitude since redshift 2, optical integral field unit available (Bacon
and that the gas depletion times are et al., 2017). The availability of the MUSE
~ 1 Gyr, in approximate agreement with data, from which over a thousand spec- Data products
the local value. The ASPECS deep troscopic redshifts have been derived,
Band 6 continuum map of the field enables significant gains in line stacking The primary data products of the
shows that more than 90% of the dust in 3D space. Furthermore, the UDF has ASPECS observations are the Band 3
continuum emission in the field has also been selected as the primary deep and Band 6 data cubes. In Figure 3 we
been resolved in individual galaxies. field for James Webb Space Telescope show 2D renderings of the 3D cubes.
The total CO emission in this well (JWST) guaranteed time programmes, Spectral lines of individual galaxies show
defined cosmological volume is used to and observations are expected early in up as point sources in the 3D cubes,
constrain the evolution of the cosmic JWST’s mission (at the end of 2021). In corresponding to CO emission from a
molecular gas density. Together with summary, the UDF will maintain its status galaxy at a given position and redshift. In
previous measurements of the evolution as the state-of-the-art deep survey field the 1-mm cube some linear features in
of the cosmic densities of stellar mass, for the foreseeable future. frequency are also apparent: these fea-
star formation rate and atomic gas, tures arise from dust continuum emission
these measurements provide quantita- from the highest star formation rate gal-
tive constraints of the gas accretion Observational strategy axies in the field. Consequently, these
rate onto the central discs of galaxies. spectral scans also deliver the deepest-
The observational approach of ASPECS ever dust continuum maps of the Uni-
to studying the molecular gas and dust verse. Taken together, these methods
ASPECS motivation and survey strategy in distant galaxies is unique as it does enable a full characterisation of the molec-
not preselect galaxies from other multi- ular gas and dust in the cosmological vol-
It has been well established that stars wavelength data (for example, through ume probed by the UDF, down to galaxy
form from molecular gas. In order to measurements of their stellar mass or masses that encompass the bulk of the
CO
CO
–8
CO
)
(8
(7
(6
–7
–6
)
4)
)
–1)
)
2)
µJy beam –1
20
ies the population responsible for almost ASPECS-LP (2 < z < 3) al. (2020). There is good agreement
all of the Extragalactic Background Light ASPECS-LP (3 < z < 4) between the models and the observa-
(EBL) at 1 mm in the UDF. tions. Most of the galaxies that are
10 4 detected in dust continuum in the UDF
are located at redshifts 1 < z < 3. Fig-
The comparison of 1-mm dust continuum
ure taken from Gonzalez-López et al.
number counts shown in Figure 5 with (2020).
models (Popping et al., 2020) shows
excellent agreement between model and 10 3
data, even when splitting the sample into
bins of basic galaxy properties (redshift,
stellar and dust masses, star formation
rate [SFR]). These number counts are 10 2
dominated by galaxies in the redshift
10 – 2 10 –1 10 0 101
range 1 < z < 3, and show a lack of dust S 242 GHz (mJy)
reservoirs for less massive galaxies. The
absence of major dust reservoirs in low-
mass galaxies implies that dust obscura- Aside from just pinpointing the galaxies Many of the ASPECS galaxies are
tion is unlikely to be a major concern for that contain most of the cold dust found to be on the so-called galaxy main-
the many low-mass (dwarf) galaxies seen reservoirs in the UDF, the wealth of sequence (for example, Brinchmann et
in the UDF, with important implications for multi-wavelength data available for the al., 2004; Elbaz et al., 2007), but others
calculating the evolution of cosmic star ASPECS/UDF field, which includes deep are classified as starbursts or quiescent
formation rate density from rest-frame HST imaging and MUSE spectroscopy, galaxies. A significant number of galaxies
ultraviolet observations out to the highest enables a full characterisation of the are found in crowded regions, the result
redshifts (Bouwens et al., 2016; in physical properties of the ASPECS galax- of either the presence of companions, or
preparation). ies. We find that almost all CO emitters chance superpositions. The deep optical
have 1-mm dust detections, indicating an spectroscopy from VLT/MUSE (hundreds
obvious connection between molecular of galaxy spectra in the UDF; Inami et al.,
Gas-mass selected galaxies in the UDF gas and dust, yet with varying interstellar 2017), has been used, in some cases,
medium properties. Interestingly, most to unambiguously constrain the CO
The most significant ASPECS CO detec- ASPECS galaxies appear relatively bright transition and hence the redshift of
tions in the UDF are shown in Figure 6, in the HST optical/near-infrared images a galaxy (Boogaard et al., 2019). In most
both as CO spectra and as contours (mF160W < 25 magnitudes), suggesting of the ALMA-detected galaxies more
on top of the HST multi-band imaging. It less obscuration than that observed in than one rotational transition of the CO
is clearly evident from Figure 6 that the prototypical massive, dusty star-forming molecule is detected. These multi-line
gas-selected galaxy sample uncovered galaxies (“submillimetre galaxies”), and observations are used to put first con-
by ASPECS consists of galaxies of differ- implying a lack of “optically/near-infrared straints on the physical properties of the
ent types and environments. dark” galaxies within the ASPECS sample. interstellar medium (for example, density,
46ಿ30ೀ
ASPECS-LP-3 mm.01 4 Amplitude: 1.71 +/– 0.06 mJy beam –1 ASPECS-LP-3 mm.01 46ಿ50.0ೀ ASPECS-LP-3 mm.11 Amplitude: 2.44 +/– 0.58 mJy beam –1 ASPECS-LP-3 mm.11
Frequency: 97.586 +/– 0.06 GHz Frequency: 109.968 +/– 0.001 GHz
32ೀ 4 FWHM: 40 +/– 12 km s –1
3 FWHM: 517 +/– 21 km s –1
52.0ೀ
Fν (mJy b –1)
Fν (mJy b –1)
34ೀ
2 2
54.0ೀ
36ೀ 1
56.0ೀ
0
38ೀ 0
1ೀ 58.0ೀ 1ೀ
40ೀ –1 –2
38.80s 38.60s 38.40s 38.20s 39.60s
97.2 97.4 97.6 97.8 98.8 40.00s 39.80s
109.6 109.8 109.8 110.2 110.4
ν (GHz) ν (GHz)
47ಿ04.0ೀ ASPECS-LP-3 mm.02 Amplitude: 1.38 +/– 0.11 mJy beam –1 ASPECS-LP-3 mm.02 46ಿ24.0ೀ ASPECS-LP-3 mm.12 1.5 Amplitude: 0.45 +/– 0.06 mJy beam –1 ASPECS-LP-3 mm.12
3 Frequency: 99.513 +/– 0.004 GHz Frequency: 96.76 +/– 0.006 GHz
FWHM: 277 +/– 26 km s –1 1.0 FWHM: 251 +/– 40 km s –1
06.0ೀ 26.0ೀ
Fν (mJy b –1)
Fν (mJy b –1)
2
08.0ೀ 28.0ೀ
0.5
1
10.0ೀ 30.0ೀ
0.0
0
12.0ೀ 32.0ೀ
–2
1ೀ
–1 1ೀ
46ಿ28.0ೀ ASPECS-LP-3 mm.03 Amplitude: 0.88 +/– 0.08 mJy beam –1 ASPECS-LP-3 mm.03 47ಿ00.0ೀ ASPECS-LP-3 mm.13 Amplitude: 0.29 +/– 0.04 mJy beam –1 ASPECS-LP-3 mm.13
2 Frequency: 100.127 +/– 0.006 GHz 1.0 Frequency: 100.21 +/– 0.008 GHz
FWHM: 368 +/– 37 km s –1 FWHM: 360 +/– 49 km s –1
02.0ೀ
Fν (mJy b –1)
Fν (mJy b –1)
30.0ೀ
0.5
1 04.0ೀ
32.0ೀ
06.0ೀ 0.0
34.0ೀ
0
08.0ೀ 1ೀ
36.0ೀ 1ೀ – 0.5
35.80s 35.60s 35.40s
41.40s 41.20s 41.00s 40.80s
99.6 99.8 100.0 100.2 100.4 100.6 99.8 100.0 100.2 100.4 100.6
ν (GHz) ν (GHz)
46ಿ36.0ೀ
4
46ಿ56.0ೀ ASPECS-LP-3 mm.04 Amplitude: 1.44 +/– 0.13 mJy beam –1 ASPECS-LP-3 mm.04 ASPECS-LP-3 mm.14 ASPECS-LP-3 mm.14
Amplitude: 0.64 +/– 0.09 mJy beam –1
4 Frequency: 95.499 +/– 0.007 GHz
3 Frequency: 109.875 +/– 0.011 GHz
38.0ೀ
FWHM: 498 +/– 47 km s –1
FWHM: 355 +/– 52km s –1
58.0ೀ
Fν (mJy b –1)
Fν (mJy b –1)
40.0ೀ
2
2
47.0ೀ
1
42.0ೀ
0.20ೀ 0
0 44.0ೀ
0.40ೀ 1ೀ 1ೀ
–1
46.0ೀ
34.80s 34.60s 34.40s 34.20s
95.0 95.2 95.4 95.6 95.8 96.0 35.20s 35.00s 34.80s 34.60s 109.4 109.6 109.8 110.0 110.2 110.4
ν (GHz) ν (GHz)
46ಿ32.0ೀ ASPECS-LP-3 mm.09 Amplitude: 1.97 +/– 0.19 mJy beam –1 ASPECS-LP-3 mm.09 46ಿ28.0ೀ ASPECS-LP-3 mm.15 Amplitude: 0.62 +/– 0.1 mJy beam –1 ASPECS-LP-3 mm.15
Frequency: 93.517 +/– 0.003 GHz 2 Frequency: 109.966 +/– 0.008 GHz
4 FWHM: 174 +/– 17 km s –1 FWHM: 260 +/– 39 km s –1
34.0ೀ 30.0ೀ
Fν (mJy b –1)
Fν (mJy b –1)
1
36.0ೀ 2 32.0ೀ
34.0ೀ
38.0ೀ 0
0
36.0ೀ 1ೀ
40.0ೀ 1ೀ
36.80s 36.60s 36.40s 36.20s
–1
44.40s 44.20s 44.00s 43.80s
93.0 93.2 93.4 93.6 93.8 94.0 109.6 109.8 110.0 110.2 110.4
ν (GHz) ν (GHz)
46ಿ46.0ೀ ASPECS-LP-3 mm.10 3 Amplitude: 0.85 +/– 0.09 mJy beam –1 ASPECS-LP-3 mm.10 ASPECS-LP-3 mm.16 Amplitude: 0.51 +/– 0.09 mJy beam –1 ASPECS-LP-3 mm.16
Frequency: 113.191 +/– 0.01 GHz
46ಿ 04.0ೀ 1.0 Frequency: 100.504 +/– 0.004 GHz
FWHM: 460 +/– 49 km s –1 FWHM: 125 +/– 28 km s –1
48.0ೀ 2
Fν (mJy b –1)
Fν (mJy b –1)
06.0ೀ
0.5
50.0ೀ 1 08.0ೀ
0 0.0
52.0ೀ 10.0ೀ
54.0ೀ
–1 12.0ೀ 1ೀ –0.5
1ೀ
3 7
log(Mmol /Mstars )
2
15 3
4 0 6 9 log Mstars
13 5 Redshift
8 MP1 11
14 4
3.0
yr 6 8 11.0
1
G
14 yr 16
0. MP1 10 G 2.5 10 5
10 2
MP4 16
2 2.0 MP2 10.5
1
11 –1
MP3 MP2 1.5
10.0
1.0
MP5
yr
G 9.5
1 0.5
0 –2
9 10 11 12 0 1 2 3 4
log(Mmol ) [Mც ] z
Figure 7. Left: Star formation rate (SFR) vs. molecu- UDF cover a similar parameter space tor is known to be metallicity-dependent.
lar gas content of the galaxies in the UDF — the
as do earlier targeted studies (Tacconi et Fortunately, many of the UDF galaxies
ASPECS CO detections are indicated as coloured
symbols. The blue-shaded area is from the CO al., 2013, 2018), albeit with a somewhat have metallicity estimates from the deep
measurements obtained by the PHIBSS1/2 surveys larger scatter. On average, their depletion MUSE UDF initiative. These measure-
(Tacconi et al. 2013; 2018). Overall, the gas-selected time is ~ 1 Gyr irrespective of redshift, ments indicate that most of the galaxies
galaxies in the UDF show properties similar to those
which is similar to the value derived for under consideration are consistent with
of galaxies in previous, targeted studies. The gas
depletion times, defined as Mmol /SFR, are shown as star-forming galaxies in the local Uni- solar metallicities (Boogaard et al., 2019).
dashed lines. Values are typically ~ 1 Gyr, irrespec- verse. In the right panel of Figure 7 the Ultimately, the combined information can
tive of redshift, similar to what is found in the local gas mass fraction, defined as Mmol /Mstars, be used to derive molecular gas (H 2)
universe. Right: Gas mass fraction, defined as Mmol /
is plotted as a function of lookback time. mass functions for the different redshift
Mstars, as a function of redshift. The gas-selected
galaxies in the UDF again show behaviour similar to Our gas-selected galaxy sample confirms bins covered by the observations. In an
that found in previous, targeted studies, albeit with the conclusion based on targeted sam- additional step, the total molecular gas
significant scatter. Overall the gas mass fraction ples, that there is a fundamental change mass can be summed in a specific red-
decreases by about an order of magnitude from red-
in the properties of star forming galaxy shift bin. As the cosmic volume is well
shift 2 to today’s Universe. Figures taken from
A ravena et al. (2019). over time, namely, that the gas mass defined for each redshift bin through the
fraction decreases by an order of magni- ASPECS setup, the cosmic density of the
tude from redshifts z ~ 2 to today molecular gas can be derived by dividing
temperature). In addition to CO, atomic (Aravena et al., 2019). the total H 2 mass by the volume, as dis-
carbon (CI) is also detected in many cussed below.
sources (Boogaard et al., in preparation).
Together with the dust continuum emis- The cosmic evolution of the molecular Figure 8 shows the cosmic molecular gas
sion, these data provide a number of dif- gas density density as a function of redshift. The key
ferent ways of estimating molecular gas result here is that the H2 gas density
masses, corresponding to the fuel for star The CO emission in the data cubes can peaks at around z = 2 and then declines
formation in galaxies (Aravena et al., 2020). be used to derive CO luminosity func- by almost an order of magnitude to the
tions for the different CO transitions value measured in the local Universe. This
In Figure 7 we present some of the prop- (i.e., redshifts) covered by ASPECS. By behaviour was suggested in previous CO
erties of the ASPECS-selected galaxies assuming empirical relations for the CO deep fields, including the ASPECS pilot
in context with other studies. In the left excitation in galaxies, the expected emis- programme, but the error bars now ena-
panel of Figure 7 we plot the star forma- sion in the rotational ground transition of ble us to firmly conclude that there is
tion rate (SFR) of a galaxy as a function of CO(1–0) can be derived. From that, a an increase and then a decline in the gas
gas mass (Mmol). In such a plot, diagonal molecular gas mass can be assigned density with cosmic time. The results are
lines (indicated as dashed lines) are lines to a galaxy by employing the so-called also consistent with gas masses derived
of constant gas depletion time. The gas- CO-to-H 2 conversion factor (Bolatto, from dust continuum measurements,
mass selected ASPECS galaxies in the Wolfire & Leroy, 2013). This conversion fac- including those using the ASPECS
Redshift
10 9 ASPECS Pilot ASPECS LP 4 2 1 0
1
Cosmic dark matter density
10 10
Saintonge+17
10 – 32
10 8
0.1 10 8
10 8
10 7
0.01
In galaxies
10 7 ρ bar, gal 10 – 33
ρ stars
ρ HI
ρ H2
ρ HI + H2
0 1 2 3 4 10 6
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0
Redshift Cosmic age (Gyr)
Figure 8. The cosmic evolution of the density of the integral of the cosmic star formation rate Figure 9. The ASPECS measurement of the evolution
molecular gas mass as a function of lookback time. of the molecular gas content, r H2 (blue line) is shown
density (Madau & Dickinson, 2014). The
The results derived from ASPECS are shown as together with other baryonic components that are
red boxes (Decarli et al., in preparation). The meas- density of atomic hydrogen, on the other associated with galaxies. These are: the stellar mass
urements are anchored at z = 0 through the meas- hand, shows little variation as a function (shown in red), and the atomic gas phase (HI, shown
urement by Saintonge et al. (2017). There is an of lookback time. The behaviour of the in green). The sum of atomic gas and molecular
unambiguous decline of the molecular gas density gas is also plotted (yellow line). For completeness,
atomic gas is in stark contrast to the rise
from redshifts z ~ 2 to today by about an order of the cosmic baryon density and cosmic dark matter
magnitude. For comparison, we also show the evo- and fall of the molecular gas density, as density are also shown. The vertical line at redshift
lution of the star formation rate density in purple (see derived by ASPECS. It should be noted z = 0 (top x-axis) indicates the current age of the Uni-
units on the right y-axis, Madau & Dickinson [2014]) that at a cosmic age of about 4 Gyr the verse. A simple extrapolation of the curves shows
that shows a similar decline from the peak of the that as the molecular gas density drops further in
H 2 density reached that of the HI, but
“epoch of galaxy assembly” at z ~ 2 to today. the future, the additional growth in stellar mass in
stays below the HI at all other times. At galaxies will be marginal.
around the same age of the Universe, the
continuum map (Scoville et al., 2017; Liu stellar mass density surpasses that of the approximately c onstant. The star forma-
et al., 2019; Magnelli et al., 2020). This total (cold) gas, as seen in HI + H 2. tion rate density will follow the decrease
peak of H2 density corresponds to the of H 2. In this s cenario, today’s Universe
peak in the star formation history (“the The masses/densities of the molecular has entered “Cosmic Twilight”, during
epoch of galaxy assembly”). We next dis- and atomic gas seen at high redshift which the star formation activity in galax-
cuss the implications of the ASPECS imply that their masses are insufficient to ies inexorably declines, as the gas inflow
results for galaxy formation. account for the stellar mass budget seen and accretion shut down.
in today’s Universe. Together with other
measurements, the ASPECS results
The cosmic baryon cycle constrain the accretion rates of gas from Other topics addressed by ASPECS
the circum- and inter-galactic medium —
The ASPECS survey allows the determi- the accretion that is necessary to explain For completeness, it should be men-
nation — from an unbiased selection — the stellar mass growth. As such, it pro- tioned that other investigations have been
of the evolution of the cosmic molecular vides constraints on a key component carried out using the ASPECS dataset.
gas density from low redshift out to in the cosmic baryon cycle in galaxies These studies include stacking experi-
within 2 Gyr of the Big Bang. This behav- (Walter et al., 2020). ments, both in the image plane and in
iour can now be put in context with other redshift space (3D), capitalising on
key estimates of galaxy properties, in The current age of the Universe is indi- the rich spectroscopy from deep MUSE
particular the evolution of the cosmic cated by a vertical line at a cosmic age initiatives in the field (Bacon et al., 2017;
density of star formation rate and the of 13.7 Gyr in Figure 9. Under the Inami et al., 2017). These studies showed
build-up of stellar mass. In Figure 9 we assumption of continuity we can use that most of the emission (both in the
compare our ASPECS results for molecu- empirical fitting functions to forecast the dust continuum and CO) in the field is
lar gas with other baryonic phases that evolution of the baryon content associ- accounted for by the detection of individ-
are associated with galaxies, most nota- ated with galaxies over the next few Gyr. ual galaxies (Inami et al., in preparation).
bly the stellar mass and the atomic gas Assuming that our fits can indeed be CO intensity mapping of the field also
(HI). The stellar mass, which is character- extrapolated into the future, the molecu- concluded that the majority of the CO
ised with multi-band optical/near-infrared lar density will decrease by a factor of emission in the field is detected by the
imaging, constantly builds up over cos- two over the next 5 Gyr, whereas the HI current observations (Uzgil et al., 2019).
mic time, to first order following the time and stellar mass densities will remain We also compare results from ASPECS
Grzegorz Pietrzyński 1, 2
J. C. Muñoz/ESO
Dariusz Graczyk 1, 2, 3
Alexandre Gallenne 1, 2, 4, 5
Wolfgang Gieren 2
Ian Thompson 6
Bogumił Pilecki 1
Paulina Karczmarek 2
Marek Górski 2
Ksenia Suchomska 1
Monica Taormina 1
Bartłomiej Zgirski 1
Piotr Wielgórski 1
Nicolas Nardetto 5
Pierre Kervella 7
Fabio Bresolin 8
Rolf Peter Kudritzki 8, 9
Jesper Storm 10
Radosław Smolec 1
Weronika Narloch 1
Mikołaj Kałuszyński 1
Sandro Villanova 2
1%. This is currently the best bench- Figure 1. The Large and Small Magellanic Clouds in
the southern sky.
mark for cosmic distances and it will
1
Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical therefore impact several fields of astro-
Centre, Warsaw, Poland physics. In particular, it has allowed a component to the matter-energy content
2
Universidad de Concepción, determination of the Hubble constant of the Universe, the physical explanation
Departamento de Astronomía, with a precision of 1.9%. of the nature of dark energy has become
Concepción, Chile a major challenge for astronomers and
3
Millennium Institute of Astrophysics physicists. Recent empirical determina-
(MAS), Santiago, Chile Introduction tions of H0 have further complicated our
4
Unidad Mixta Internacional Franco- understanding of the Universe. The most
Chilena de Astronomía (CNRS UMI Since the earliest observations in ancient precise empirical determination of H0 to
3386), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, times to present-day astrophysics, the date is 74.03 ± 1.42 km s-1 Mpc-1 and is
Chile determination of distances to astrophysi- based on Cepheids and Type Ia super
5
Laboratoire Lagrange, UMR7293, cal objects has been one of the most novae (Riess et al., 2019). The value
Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, important, fascinating and challenging obtained differs by about 4σ from the
CNRS, Observatoire de la Côte dAzur, goals in astronomy. Knowing distances is value predicted by the Planck Collabora-
Nice, France about much more than just knowing the tion et al. (2016), which is based on a
6
Carnegie Observatories, Pasadena, scale; it also means knowing the physical ΛCDM model and the Planck CMB data
USA nature of the objects in the Universe, and (66.93 ± 0.62 km s-1 Mpc-1). This discrep-
7
LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, each significant improvement in the accu- ancy between the two values of H0 is
Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne racy of the distance scale has traditionally sometimes called a crisis, and may indi-
Université, Université Paris Diderot, opened up new fields of astrophysical cate the need for new physics beyond
Sorbonne Paris Cité, Meudon, France research. the standard cosmological model. A sig-
8
Institute for Astronomy, Honolulu, USA nificant improvement in the accuracy of
9
University Observatory Munich, LMU, Distance determinations to galaxies led the measurement of H0 by the Cepheid-
Germany to the discovery of the expansion of the supernova Ia method is therefore of para-
10
Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics, Universe, one the most important break- mount importance for deciding if the cur-
Potsdam, Germany throughs in astrophysics. Since then the rent discrepancy between it and the
precise and accurate measurement of Planck H0 value does indeed exist. This
distances to galaxies provides the basis is critical for cosmology in general, and
In the last 20 years, over the course of for determining the famous “Hubble con- necessary to drive truly significant pro-
the Araucaria project, we have studied stant” (H0) which describes the expansion gress towards the understanding of the
20 very special eclipsing binary sys- rate of the Universe and has become a dark energy phenomenon.
tems in the Large Magellanic Cloud central problem in astrophysics.
(LMC). Based on these systems and our After about 100 years of intensive work
newly calibrated surface brightness– After the detection of the accelerated on the empirical determination of the
colour relation we have measured a dis- expansion of the Universe and the intro- Hubble constant, it is evident that any
tance to the LMC that is accurate to duction of an enigmatic dark energy significant reduction in its uncertainty can
0.9
280 R(R⊙)
d(pc) = 9.2984 ×
ϕ(mas)
270
0.0
secure accurate high-resolution spectra
even with the biggest telescopes. For a – 0.1
long time, it had not been possible to use
the full potential of eclipsing binaries to 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7
determine the distance to the LMC (V–K) 0
because of the lack of suitable systems.
This situation changed when microlens- camera at ESO’s La Silla Observatory angular diameters are measured uni-
ing teams, in particular the Optical (see Figure 2). We then used these data formly and that all stars are at compara-
Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE), together with OGLE photometry to deter- ble evolutionary phases as the compo-
provided an enormous amount of precise mine very precise astrophysical parame- nents of the LMC eclipsing binaries.
photometric data for about 35 million ters for the systems (1–3% masses, radii,
stars in the LMC obtained over around temperatures, etc.). In order to provide a significantly
20 years. Based on these data a few improved calibration of the surface
dozen extremely rare binaries composed In 2013, based on our analysis of eight brightness-colour relation, we carefully
of helium-burning giants were detected eclipsing binaries and applying the selected a sample of 41 nearby red
(Graczyk et al., 2011). The orbital periods surface brightness-colour relation of clump giants, which are in the core
of such systems are very long, typically Di Benedetto (2005) we managed to helium burning phase of stellar evolution.
several hundred days, and the eclipses measure a 2% distance to the LMC We made sure that our sample does not
are very narrow, which explains why they (Pietrzyński et al., 2013). We demon- contain variable stars or binaries. For
are extremely difficult to discover. strated that our result was only weakly our sample stars we collected precise
affected by a number of factors, including near-infrared photometry at the South
reddening, metallicity, gravity, limb dark- African Astronomical Observatory (Laney,
The Araucaria project delivers a 1% ening and blending. Indeed, the method Joner & Pietrzyński, 2012), and angular
geometrical distance to the LMC is very simple and powerful and provides diameters to a precision of 1% using the
a unique opportunity to precisely quantify Precision Integrated Optics Near-infrared
About 20 years ago we began a long- all possible error contributions (Pietrzyński Imaging ExpeRiment (PIONIER) instru-
term study called the Araucaria project et al., 2013; Graczyk et al., 2014). The ment on ESO’s Very Large Telescope
with the aim of improving the calibration total error budget of this measurement is Interferometer (VLTI) (see Gallenne et al.,
of major stellar distance indicators, and, completely dominated by the error in the 2018). These data are complemented
as a result, the determination of the surface brightness-colour relation with high-quality homogenous V-band
Hubble constant (Gieren et al., 2005; of Di Benedetto (2005). The root-mean- photometry (Mermilliod, Mermilliod &
Pietrzyński et al., 2019). The eclipsing square (rms) scatter on this relationship is Hauk, 1997). Based on these exquisite
binaries were a very important part of this 0.03 magnitudes, which translates to 2% data, the following surface brightness-
from the very beginning. In particular, we precision in the determination of the colour relation was obtained:
selected a sample of binaries composed angular diameter. The observed scatter is
of helium-burning giants in the LMC and mainly caused by observational errors on Sv = 1.330(± 0.017) × [(V–K)0 – 2.405]
we have collected high-quality spectro- the K-band magnitudes. Another very + 5.869(± 0.003) magnitudes,
scopic data with the MIKE, HARPS and important issue while striving for 1%
UVES high-resolution spectrographs, and accuracy of the surface brightness-colour with a rms scatter of 0.018 magnitudes.
near-infrared photometry with the SOFI relation calibration is to ensure that the The relation is presented in Figure 3. It
Ferdinando Patat 1 sions on scientific matters is itself community. That fraction has continued
Francesca Primas 1 unbalanced. to grow, and the 50% level was reached
Silvia Cristiani 1 in Period 105. To the best of our knowl-
Dimitri Gadotti 1 The challenges associated with achieving edge, this is the first time this has hap-
Elisabeth Hoppe 1 gender balance intensify when one looks pened in ESO’s history. Lower values
at the more senior levels. The fact that are attained in the composition of the
there are fewer scientists at more OPC-proper (orange line in Figure 1),
1
ESO advanced career levels (see, for instance, which includes only the panel chairs. This
Primas, 2019) can generate a negative reflects the difficulty one faces in recruiting
feedback loop; senior female researchers female scientists at the more senior levels
Gender equality, diversity and inclusion experience more pressure to serve on and for smaller committees, where one or
are very high on ESO’s agenda, and committees, and at some point have to two rejections during recruitment can have
the organisation has undertaken a num- start limiting the numbers of requests a disproportionately large impact.
ber of initiatives in these areas over the they are able to accept, thus inadvert-
past decade (Primas, 2019). The rea- ently and for purely structural reasons The systematic trend seen in Figure 1 is
sons behind these actions are not lim- this increases the imbalance. reassuring but it is certainly not sufficient
ited to addressing the issue internally; to guarantee equality and inclusion over
ESO also aims to raise awareness, with At ESO it is possible to see the impact of the long term. Other measures under
the aim of setting high standards that this during the recruitment of the referees consideration or being actively deployed
will motivate members of the scientific serving on the Observing Programmes include raising awareness about uncon-
community, and hopefully beyond. A Committee (OPC), which is composed of scious bias in peer review panels,
diverse and inclusive environment con- 78 panelists. On average, every semester obfuscating information on proposing
stitutes the most favourable terrain for ESO needs to replace 32 members teams and introducing a dual-anonymous
the growth of ideas, creativity, and the (~ 40%), selecting from the nominations peer review. The recent change requiring
development of original projects — key provided by the Users Committee and the user community to add gender infor-
drivers of success. taking into account a number of con- mation to User Portal profiles 1 will help
straints. Ensuring good gender balance in ESO to closely monitor the effectiveness
the OPC has always been difficult, both of these and other measures.
Although gender balance is not the only because of the imbalance in the commu-
ingredient for ensuring diversity, it is cer- nity and because of the higher rejection
tainly an area which can be closely moni- rate from female candidates. References
tored, and relatively simple corrective Carpenter, J. 2020, PASP, 132, 4503
actions taken. Several large astronomical This notwithstanding, the Observing Pro- Patat, F. 2016, The Messenger, 165, 2
facilities, including the Hubble Space grammes Office (OPO) proactively Primas, F. 2019, Nature Astronomy, 3, 1075
Telescope (HST), ESO and the Atacama addresses this issue during the recruit- Reid, I. N. 2014, PASP, 126, 923
Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, have ment of referees for peer review, aiming
closely scrutinised the processes used by to increase diversity and representation
Links
the peer review committees that allocate on the panels. The result of this continu-
time. While investigating possible biases ing effort is presented in Figure 1, which 1
Announcement requesting users to provide addi-
(Reid, 2014; Patat, 2016; Carpenter, 2020), shows the fraction of female referees tional information in their ESO User Portal profiles:
these studies have consistently revealed over the last eight years, during which https://eso.org/sci/publications/announcements/
sciann17266.html
the presence of systematics — at face 553 referees from 30 different countries
value female scientists are less success- reviewed about 14 000 proposals. As of
ful at getting telescope time. Although Period 99, the overall female fraction has Figure 1. The change in the gender balance on the
the problem is complicated by a number been consistently larger than the 30% Observing Programmes Committee and panels over
of factors, for instance, the difference value which is representative of ESO’s Periods 90–105 (2012–2019).
between the average scientific seniority
profiles in female (F) and male (M) sam-
60
ples, it is clear that the matter cannot be OPC Panels All
dismissed. 50
40
One of the issues resides right at the
Fraction (%)
have a direct view of the origin of one in the bulge stars will be saturated to infer the cosmic star formation rate
of the bulge components. down to the red clump. (SFR), which is about 15 times lower than
–S
ara Saracino showed the potential of its peak at z ~ 2. At all epochs most star
Morphology: the Gemini Multi-Conjugate Adaptive formation happens in galaxies located on
– Prove or reject the existence of the Optics System to obtain high-resolution a main sequence, where the SFR is pro-
X-shaped component with Gaia trigo- imaging in the infrared, which can be portional to the stellar mass, up to a
nometric parallax distances. matched to HST images in the optical. maximum of 1011 M⊙.
The first La Silla telescope, the 1-metre not require 8-metre- or 40-metre-class tem as offered to its community. The
photometric telescope, was installed in telescopes. The time domain will become La Silla observatory offers a prime site,
1966 (even before the official inauguration a major area for 4-metre-class telescopes significant instrumental capabilities and a
of the observatory) and, as presented by in the future. Many science cases requir- versatile operations model. Fifty years
Moni Bidin, since it ceased ESO opera- ing long-term monitoring (for example, after its inauguration the La Silla Observa-
tions it has been used by Bochum exoplanets, transient phenomena) will be tory is still going strong and the promise of
University and the Universidad Católica best served with ESO’s 4-metre-class new scientific discoveries continues.
del Norte. A new high-resolution spectro- telescopes. The support role of some
graph (FIDEOS) built by the Pontificia of these telescopes to complement mis- Acknowledgements
Universidad Católica de Santiago was sions such as PLATO was also stressed
installed in 2016 and is used for several times. The organisers would like to thank the University of
exoplanet work. An important aspect of La Serena for the support provided for this workshop.
small (privately-run) telescopes is the
training of astronomers at the start of Demographics Links
their careers. Alessandro Ederoclite
1
described the potential use of small tele- The workshop was attended by 74 regis- T he programme with links to the individual
p resentations: https://www.eso.org/sci/
scopes in the future. Throughout its his- tered participants (see Figure 1), with only meetings/2019/lasilla2019/program.html
tory, La Silla has often served as the first nine female participants (just under 12%).
introduction to professional astronomy for This was lower than the ratio of women
early career researchers, and more to men in the Science Organising
recently this role has been boosted as Committee (3:9). There were only five
the site of several astronomy training women among the 41 invited speakers
schools. Bruno Dias gave an account (also 12%). Of the 18 contributed talks
of the most recent school and Michel only 2 were given by female speakers.
Dennefeld placed this into the wider con- It should, however, be noted that more
text of the Network of European Obser- than half of the participating women were
vatories in the North (NEON) schools. invited speakers. These numbers reflect
in part the demographics during the early
history of astronomy in Europe.
Future
Fellows at ESO
Francesco Belfiore
time to expand my skill set. I therefore schools, and include a heavy load of another passion, software development.
decided to split my functional duty time physics, mathematics, and in my case, I learned how to use and write code, and
between outreach at the ESO Supernova engineering science. It is during these since then I have never stopped.
Planetarium & Visitor Centre and working years that I started to consider doing
as an APEX support astronomer. I had research in fundamental science. After From a more personal point of view, this
extremely limited experience of submilli these two years, I enrolled in the mag- experience was also amazing. The large
metre astronomy before taking the job at istère of fundamental physics at the team working on this project involved
APEX, but Carlos de Breuck and Palle Université Paris-Sud during the last year people from very different cultures. It
Møller gave me a crash course during my of my bachelor degree. It is at that made me appreciate working in such an
first time in Chile. Overall, ESO combines moment that I started to become inter- environment and I wanted to continue.
many of the aspects I most enjoy about ested in astronomy, at first from a theoreti- After my PhD I flew to Chile, to the
doing astronomy: an open and interna- cal point of view in the fields of cosmology University of Valparaiso, for a two-year
tional environment, an amazing group and general relativity. During my masters postdoctoral position. During these two
of peers, and the ability to draw direct degree, I enrolled in all the available astro- years, I joined the collaboration of
links between ideas, instruments and physics classes. It started to become a another high-redshift galaxy survey,
observations. passion for me, which is why I spent two VANDELS. This collaboration allowed me
internships at the University of La Plata in to go for the first time to the Very Large
Argentina to work on black hole entropy Telescope (VLT) to observe with the
Links and co-authored my first paper! VIsible Multi Object Spectrograph
1
The United World College of the Adriatic:
(VIMOS), which is now decommissioned.
https://www.uwcad.it/ After two years of masters work, I started This first contact with Paranal was like a
a PhD with Olivier Le Fèvre in the dream. I completely fell in love with the
Laboratoire d’Astrophyque de Marseille observatory, and I realised this is the kind
Romain Thomas (LAM) to work on an ongoing high-red- of place I want to work in. So I applied for
shift galaxy survey, the VIMOS Ultra Deep an ESO fellowship and got accepted!
I have always been curious. Since I was a Survey (VUDS). The thesis aimed to study
kid, I have always loved to try to under- when galaxies are born. Those 3+ years I have been at ESO for almost three years
stand how things “work”. That’s why I were a challenge, composed of periods now, and it has been the most thrilling
have always liked science in general and of success, some failures and a lot of experience I could ever dream of. As an
physics in particular. However, unlike sleepless nights. I really enjoyed it ESO fellow, I have 80 days/nights as a
some of my colleagues, the astronomy because this was really about trying to support astronomer, which results in, on
direction came later when I was a young understand what we see in the sky and average, one shift per month. I am always
adult. why it appears as it does. I learnt a lot excited to go to the observatory. The first
about data processing and how to do few months are not easy because there is
After my high-school diploma, I went to scientific analysis. I have always been a lot to learn and to remember but carry-
preparatory classes in physics and tech- amazed by how many different science ing out the observations is really exciting.
nology for two years (classes prépara- areas you can address using the same I always wonder, when looking at the
toires in the French system). These years sample of objects and how you can con- data we gather, what people will make of
are generally preparation for engineering nect them. It is also where I discovered them. Our work is also to make sure that
these data or of the best quality. I am now
support astronomer of both UT1 (Antu)
and UT2 (Kueyen), which mainly use
spectrographic instruments. In parallel
with core operational duties, I am leading
a team writing a system for data visualis-
ation called SCUBA. It is the first time
that I have been in charge of such a large
project and has very much helped me to
understand how the Paranal system and
how each instrument work. The most
challenging part of this fellowship is to
keep up with the science. In the begin-
ning, it is easy to get “swallowed up” by
the duty side of the work, but that
becomes easier over time. I am also for-
tunate to be involved in extensive collab-
orations, which definitely prevent me from
losing track of that aspect.
Romain Thomas
My PhD thesis was dedicated to studying stellar streams populating the southern the UT2 (Kueyen) telescope. I execute
the stellar streams and overdensities skies, particularly around the Magellanic programmes on behalf of astronomers
present in this halo, observable from the Clouds — the biggest satellite galaxies of who want to observe with the Ultraviolet-
southern hemisphere. These stellar sub- our Galaxy, which also contain their own Visual Echelle Spectrograph (UVES), and
structures are relics of past accretion stellar substructure. the X-shooter and the Fibre Large Array
events from the formation history of the Multi Element Spectrograph (FLAMES),
Milky Way. Most of the previously known Choosing ESO was an easy decision, choosing them based on the weather
stellar substructures were discovered except for the fact that it is located in conditions and scientific priorities, and
from the north, while the southern sky Santiago, where I have been for all of my checking in real time the quality of the
remained relatively unexplored. In my the- career so far. Nonetheless, interacting data we acquire. I also support visiting
sis, I explored data collected by wide- with frequent visitors from all over the astronomers who come to Paranal to
field photometric surveys, like ATLAS, the world, and working with colleagues from carry out their observations. Working at
ESO Public Survey carried out by the VLT many countries, it is easy to forget that I Paranal can be tough as it involves night-
Survey Telescope (VST), as well as varia- am still in my home town. At ESO, I split time work for several nights in a row.
bility and deep photometric surveys. I my time between my own research, some However, it really pays off when you can
also proposed my own spectroscopic outreach activities in Spanish for school see all the stars embedded in the Milky
observations to detect, confirm and students, and my duties at the VLT. Way in the spectacular night sky.
characterise several known and new There, I work as a support astronomer at
Personnel Movements
Europe Europe
Brazil, Fiona (UK) Head of Human Resources Fiorellino, Eleonora (IT) Student
Davison, Thomas (UK) Student Guglielmetti, Fabrizia (IT) ALMA Pipeline Processing Analyst
Engler, Byron (NZ) Student Kabátová, Anežka (CZ) Student
Héritier, Cédric Taïssir (FR) Engineering and Technology
Research Fellow
Scibior, Pawel (PL) Electrical Engineer
Wegener, Anna-Lynn (DE) Head of the Department
of Communication
Chile Chile
Arrue, Ricardo (CL) Telescope Instruments Operator Abril Ibáñez, Javier (ES) Student
Dullius Mallmann, Nicolas (BR) Student Alonso, Jaime (CL) Electronics Engineer
Duran, Carlos (CL) Apex Station Manager Bartlett, Elizabeth (UK) Fellow
Houllé, Mathis (FR) Student Ciechanowicz, Miroslaw (PL) Head of Engineering group
Korhonen, Heidi Helena (FI) Operations Staff Astronomer Desbordes, Christine (FR) Head of Logistics
Kundu, Richa (IN) Student Leclercq, Julien (FR) Mechanical Engineer
Lagos, Felipe (CL) Student Reyes, Claudia (CL) Telescope Instruments Operator
Lizana, Vincente (CL) Software Engineer
Megevand, Vincent (CH) Telescope Instruments Operator
Messias, Hugo (PT) Astronomer
Montes, Vanessa (CL) Systems Engineer
Pessi, Priscila (AR) Student
Ramirez, Christian (CL) Optical Coating Engineer
Uzundag, Murat (TR) Student
#ESOJOBS
eso.org/studentship
ESO Headquarters, Garching near Munich, Germany
ESO Vitacura, Santiago, Chile
The Messenger 179 – Quarter 1 | 2020 45
Application deadline: 31 May and 15 November, each year
Annual Index 2019 (Nos. 175–178)
Subject Index Meyer, M. J.; Michel, C.; Micheva, G.; Migniau, Orion-KL Observations with the Extended Tuning
J.-E.; Minchev, I.; Monari, G.; Muller, R.; Murphy, Range of the New SEPIA660 APEX Facility
D.; Muthukrishna, D.; Nandra, K.; Navarro, R.; Instrument; Montenegro-Montes, F. M.;
Ness, M.; Nichani, V.; Nichol, R.; Nicklas, H.; Torstensson, K.; Parra, R.; Pérez-Beaupuits, J. P.;
The Oganisation
Niederhofer, F.; Norberg, P.; Obreschkow, D.; Nyman, L.-Å.; Agurto, C.; Azagra, F.; Cárdenas,
Oliver, S.; Owers, M.; Pai, N.; Pankratow, S.; M.; González, E.; MacAuliffe, F.; Venegas, P.; De
Astronomy in Ireland; Ray, T.; Callanan, P.; Parkinson, D.; Paschke, J.; Paterson, R.; Breuck, C.; Bergman, P.; Gunawan, D. S.;
Chernyakova, M; Espey, B.; Hanlon, L.; O’Sullivan, Pecontal, A.; Parry, I.; Phillips, D.; Pillepich, A.; Wyrowski, F.; Stanke, T.; Belitsky, V.; Fredrixon,
C.; Redman, M.; Smith, N.; 176, 3 Pinard, L.; Pirard, J.; Piskunov, N.; Plank, V.; M.; Meledin, D.; Olberg, M.; Strandberg M.;
The ESO Users Committee: Giving Users a Voice; Plüschke, D.; Pons, E.; Popesso, P.; Power, C.; Sundin, E.; Adema, J.; Barkhof, J.; Baryshev, A.;
Cioni, M.-R. L.; 176, 8 Pragt, J.; Pramskiy, A.; Pryer, D.; Quattri, M.; de Hesper, R.; Khudchenko, A.; 176, 20
Andrade Queiroz, A. B.; Quirrenbach, A.; Peering through SPHERE Images: A Glance at
Rahurkar, S.; Raichoor, A.; Ramstedt, S.; Rau, A.; Contrast Limitations; Cantalloube, F.; Dohlen, K.;
Recio-Blanco, A.; Reiss, R.; Renaud, F.; Revaz, Y.; Milli, J.; Brandner, W.; Vigan, A.; 176, 25
Telescopes and Instrumentation
Rhode, P.; Richard, J.; Richter, A. D.; Rix, H.-W.; The Distributed Peer Review Experiment; Patat, F.;
Robotham, A. S. G.; Roelfsema, R.; Romaniello, Kerzendorf, W.; Bordelon, D.; Van de Ven, G.;
4MOST: Project overview and information for the M.; Rosario, D.; Rothmaier, F.; Roukema, B.; Pritchard, T.; 177, 3
First Call for Proposals; de Jong, R. S.; Agertz, O.; Ruchti, G.; Rupprecht, G.; Rybizki, J.; Ryde, N.;
Berbel, A. A.; Aird, J.; Alexander, D. A.; Amarsi, A.; On the Telluric Correction of KMOS Spectra;
Saar, A.; Sadler, E.; Sahlén, M.; Salvato, M.;
Anders, F.; Andrae, R.; Ansarinejad, B.; Coccato, L.; Freudling, W.; Smette, A.; Sani, E.;
Sassolas, B.; Saunders, W.; Saviauk, A.;
Ansorge, W.; Antilogus, P.; Anwand-Heerwart, H.; Escartin, J. A.; Jung, Y.; Bazin, G.; 177, 14
Sbordone, L.; Schmidt, T.; Schnurr, O.; Scholz,
Arentsen, A.; Arnadottir, A.; Asplund, M.; R.-D.; Schwope, A.; Seifert, W.; Shanks, T.; Bringing the New Adaptive Optics Module for
Auger, M.; Azais, N.; Baade, D.; Baker, G.; Sheinis, A.; Sivov, T.; Skúladóttir, Á.; Smartt, S.; Interferometry (NAOMI) into Operation; Gonté, F.;
Baker, S.; Balbinot, E.; Baldry, I. K.; Banerji, M.; Smedley, S.; Smith, G.; Smith, R.; Sorce, J.; Abad, J. A.; Abuter, R.; Aller Carpentier, E.;
Barden, S.; Barklem, P.; Barthélémy-Mazot, E.; Spitler, L.; Starkenburg, E.; Steinmetz, M.; Stilz, I.; Alonso, J.; Andofalto, L.; Barriga, P.; Berger, J.-P.;
Battistini, C.; Bauer, S.; Bell, C. P. M.; Bellido- Storm, J.; Sullivan, M.; Sutherland, W.; Swann, E.; Beuzit, J.-L.; Blanchard, I.; Bonnet, H.;
Tirado, O.; Bellstedt, S.; Belokurov, V.; Bensby, T.; Tamone, A.; Taylor, E. N.; Teillon, J.; Tempel, E.; Bourdarot, G.; Bourget, P.; Brast, R.; Bristow, P.;
Bergemann, M.; Bestenlehner, J. M.; Bielby, R.; ter Horst, R.; Thi, W.-F.; Tolstoy, E.; Trager, S.; Caniguante, L.; Cerda, S.; Cid, C.; Correa, A.;
Bilicki, M.; Blake, C.; Bland-Hawthorn, J.; Boeche, Traven, G.; Tremblay, P.-E.; Tresse, L.; Valentini, Cottalorda, E.; Courtney-Barrer, B.; Darré, P.;
C.; Boland, W.; Boller, T.; Bongard, S.; Bongiorno, M.; van de Weygaert, R.; van den Ancker, M.; Delabre, B.; Delboulbé, A.; Dembet, R.;
A.; Bonifacio, P.; Boudon, D.; Brooks, D.; Brown, Veljanoski, J.; Venkatesan, S.; Wagner, L.; Donaldson, R.; Dorn, R.; Dupeyron, J.; Dupuy, C.;
M. J. I.; Brown, R.; Brüggen, M.; Brynnel, J.; Wagner, K.; Walcher, C. J.; Waller, L.; Walton, N.; Egner, S.; Eisenhauer, F.; Faundez, L.; Fedrigo, E.;
Brzeski, J.; Buchert, T.; Buschkamp, P.; Caffau, Wang, L.; Winkler, R.; Wisotzki, L.; Worley, C. C.; Fischer, G.; Frank, C.; Fuenteseca, E.; Gitton, P.;
E.; Caillier, P.; Carrick, J.; Casagrande, L.; Case, Worseck, G.; Xiang, M.; Xu, W.; Yong, D.; Zhao, Guerlet, T.; Guieu, S.; Gutierrez, P.; Haguenauer,
S.; Casey, A.; Cesarini, I.; Cescutti, G.; Chapuis, C.; Zheng, J.; Zscheyge, F.; Zucker, D.; 175, 3 P.; Haimerl, A.; Haubois, X.; Heritier, C.; Huber, S.;
D.; Chiappini, C.; Childress, M.; Christlieb, N.; Hubin, N.; Jolley, P.; Jocou, L.; Kirchbauer, J.-P.;
4MOST Scientific Operations; Walcher, C. J.; Banerji,
Church, R.; Cioni, M.-R. L.; Cluver, M.; Colless, Kolb, J.; Kosmalski, J.; Krempl, P.; La Fuente, C.;
M.; Battistini, C.; Bell, C. P. M.; Bellido-Tirado, O.;
M.; Collett, T.; Comparat, J.; Cooper, A.; Couch, Le Bouquin, J.-B.; Le Louarn, M.; Lilley, P.;
Bensby, T.; Bestenlehner, J. M.; Boller, T.; Brynnel,
W.; Courbin, F.; Croom, S.; Croton, D.; Daguisé, Lopez, B.; Lopez, M.; Magnard, Y.; Marchetti, E.;
J.; Casey, A.; Chiappini, C.; Christlieb, N.; Church,
E.; Dalton, G.; Davies, L. J. M.; Davis, T.; de Mclay, S.; Meilland, A.; Meister, A.; Mérand, A.;
R.; Cioni, M.-R. L.; Croom, S.; Comparat, J.;
Laverny, P.; Deason, A.; Dionies, F.; Disseau, K.; Moulin, T.; Pasquini, L.; Paufique, J.; Percheron, I.;
Davies, L. J. M.; de Jong, R. S.; Dwelly, T.; Enke,
Doel, P.; Döscher, D.; Driver, S. P.; Dwelly, T.; Pettazzi, L.; Pfuhl, O.; Phan, D.; Pino, A.; Pirani,
H.; Feltzing, S.; Feuillet, D.; Fouesneau, M.; Ford,
Eckert, D.; Edge, A.; Edvardsson, B.; Youssoufi, W.; Quentin, J.; Rakich, A.; Ramirez, A.; Ridings,
D.; Frey, S.; Gonzalez-Solares, E.; Gueguen, A.;
D. E.; Elhaddad, A.; Enke, H.; Erfanianfar, G.; R.; Riedel, M.; Reyes, J.; Rochat, S.; Sanchez, J.;
Howes, L.; Irwin, M.; Klar, J.; Kordopatis, G.; Korn,
Farrell, T.; Fechner, T.; Feiz, C.; Feltzing, S.; Santos Tomás, G.; Schmid, C.; Shchekaturov, P.;
A.; Krumpe, M.; Kushniruk, I.; Lam, M. I.; Lewis,
Ferreras, I.; Feuerstein, D.; Feuillet, D.; Schuhler, N.; Seidel, M.; Soenke, C.; Stadler, E.;
J.; Lind, K.; Liske, J.; Loveday, J.; Mainieri, V.;
Finoguenov, A.; Ford, D.; Fotopoulou, S.; Stephan, C.; Suárez, M.; Todorović, M.;
Martell, S.; Matijevic, G.; McMahon, R.; Merloni,
Fouesneau, M.; Frenk, C.; Frey, S.; Gaessler, W.; Valdes, G.; Verinaud, C.; Woillez, J.; Zins, G.;
A.; Murphy, D.; Niederhofer, F.; Norberg, P.;
Geier, S.; Fusillo, N. G.; Gerhard, O.; Zúñiga-Fernández, S.; 177, 19
Pramskiy, A.; Romaniello, M.; Robotham, A. S. G.;
Giannantonio, T.; Giannone, D.; Gibson, B.; Rothmaier, F.; Ruchti, G.; Schnurr, O.; Schwope, ELT M4 — The Largest Adaptive Mirror Ever Built;
Gillingham, P.; González-Fernández, C.; A.; Smedley, S.; Sorce, J.; Starkenburg, E.; Stilz, Vernet, E.; Cirasuolo, M.; Cayrel, M.; Tamai, R.;
Gonzalez-Solares, E.; Gottloeber, S.; Gould, A.; I.; Storm, J.; Tempel, E.; Thi, W.-F.; Traven, G.; Kellerer, A.; Pettazzi, L.; Lilley, P.; Zuluaga, P.;
Grebel, E. K.; Gueguen, A.; Guiglion, G.; Haehnelt, Valentini, M.; van den Ancker, M.; Walton, N.; Cano, C. D.; Koehler, B.; Marchet, F. B.;
M.; Hahn, T.; Hansen, C. J.; Hartman, H.; Winkler, R.; Worley, C. C.; 175, 12 Gonzalez, J. C.; Tuti, M.; + the ELT Team; 178, 3
Hauptner, K.; Hawkins, K.; Haynes, D.; Haynes, NEAR: First Results from the Search for Low-Mass
4MOST Survey Strategy Plan; Guiglion, G.; Battistini,
R.; Heiter, U.; Helmi, A.; Aguayo, C. H.; Hewett, P.; Planets in a Cen; Kasper, M.; Arsenault, R.;
C.; Bell, C. P. M.; Bensby, T.; Boller, T.; Chiappini,
Hinton, S.; Hobbs, D.; Hoenig, S.; Hofman, D.; Käufl, U.; Jakob, G.; Leveratto, S.; Zins, G.;
C.; Comparat, J.; Christlieb, N.; Church, R.; Cioni,
Hook, I.; Hopgood, J.; Hopkins, A.; Hourihane, A.; Pantin, E.; Duhoux, P.; Riquelme, M.;
M.-R. L.; Davies, L.; Dwelly, T.; de Jong, R. S.;
Howes, L.; Howlett, C.; Huet, T.; Irwin, M.; Iwert, Kirchbauer, J.-P.; Kolb, J.; Pathak, P.;
Feltzing, S.; Gueguen, A.; Howes, L.; Irwin, M.;
O.; Jablonka, P.; Jahn, T.; Jahnke, K.; Jarno, A.; Siebenmorgen, R.; Soenke, C.; Fuenteseca, E.;
Kushniruk, I.; Lam, M. I.; Liske, J.; McMahon, R.;
Jin, S.; Jofre, P.; Johl, D.; Jones, D.; Jönsson, H.; Sterzik, M.; Ageorges, N.; Gutruf, S.; Kampf, D.;
Merloni, A.; Norberg, P.; Robotham, A. S. G.;
Jordan, C.; Karovicova, I.; Khalatyan, A.; Kelz, A.; Reutlinger, A.; Absil, O.; Delacroix, C.; Maire, A.-L.;
Schnurr, O.; Sorce, J. G.; Starkenburg, E.; Storm,
Kennicutt, R.; King, D.; Kitaura, F.; Klar, J.; Huby, E.; Guyon, O.; Klupar, P.; Mawet, D.;
J.; Swann, E.; Tempel, E.; Thi, W.-F.; Worley, C. C.;
Klauser, U.; Kneib, J.-P.; Koch, A.; Koposov, S.; Ruane, G.; Karlsson, M.; Dohlen, K.; Vigan, A.;
Walcher, C. J.; The 4MOST Collaboration; 175, 17
Kordopatis, G.; Korn, A.; Kosmalski, J.; Kotak, R.; N’Diaye, M.; Quanz, S.; Carlotti, A.; 178, 5
Kovalev, M.; Kreckel, K.; Kripak, Y.; Krumpe, M.; ELT – Where the Secondary Mirror Becomes a
Giant; Cayrel, M.; Cirasuolo, M.; Tamai, R.; Report on Status of ESO Public Surveys and Current
Kuijken, K.; Kunder, A.; Kushniruk, I.; Lam, M. I.; Activities; Arnaboldi, M.; Delmotte, N.; Gadotti, D.;
Lamer, G.; Laurent, F.; Lawrence, J.; Lehmitz, M.; Haupt, C.; Sqalli, O.; Muller, M.; Dierickx, P.;
Koehler, B.; Marchet, F. B.; Gonzalez, J. C.; Hilker, M.; Hussain, G.; Mascetti, L.; Micol, A.; Petr-
Lemasle, B.; Lewis, J.; Li, B.; Lidman, C.; Lind, K.; Gotzens, M.; Rejkuba, M.; Retzlaff, J.; Spiniello, C.;
Liske, J.; Lizon, J.-L.; Loveday, J.; Ludwig, H.-G.; Tuti, M.; the ELT Team; 176, 13
Leibundgut, B.; Romaniello, M.; 178, 10
McDermid, R. M.; Maguire, K.; Mainieri, V.; Mali, S.; MUSE Narrow Field Mode Adaptive Optics Science
Verification; Leibundgut, B.; Bacon, R.; Bian, F.; MUSE Spectral Library; Ivanov, V. D.; Coccato, L.;
Mandel, H.; Mandel, K.; Mannering, L.; Martell, S.;
Kakkad, D.; Kuntschner, H.; Selman, F.; Valenti, Neeser, M. J.; Selman, F.; Pizzella, A.;
Martinez Delgado, D.; Matijevic, G.; McGregor, H.;
E.; Vernet, J.; Vogt, F.; Wylezalek, D.; 176, 16 Dalla Bontà, E.; Corsini, E. M.; Morelli, L.; 178, 17
McMahon, R.; McMillan, P.; Mena, O.; Merloni, A.;