TEXTILE MILL

• Spinning mill
• Weaving
• Loom motors
In a composite textile mill , the production of clothes takes place in two stages.
1.The first stage involves a spinning mill for transformation of raw cotton to finished
yarn.
2. In the second stage ,weaving, dyeing and printing of cloth are done.

Spinning Mill
The following operation are undertaken in a spinning mill:
• Picking
• Carding
• Drawing
• Roving
• Spinning
1. Picking
• Raw cotton is processed in a blow room to form laps, which resemble
rolls of absorbent cotton. In the initial process, the raw cotton is
dumped on a conveyor belt feeding the blender , which breaks the
raw cotton and separates out the heavier impurities such as sseds
and dirt.
• The cotton is then further beaten and combed to pick out the dirt and
put the fibres uniformly along the length of the laps, which are
formed by rolling at the finishing end of the blow room.
• A number of cage induction motors are used for sequential operation
of the machines in the blow room. Individual drives are preferred to
a group drive.
• The required speeds of the different parts of the machine are obtained
through gears/belts. The ratings of the cage induction motor used
range from 0.37 to 7.5 kw for a moderate blow room.

2. Carding
• From the blow room ,the lap is fed to the carding machine in which
the cotton fibres are formed by combing them over a revolving
cylinder provided with teeth. In this machine the fibres are cleaned as
well.
• All short lengths are removed . The lap is transformed into a wide and
thin web of cotton. The web is then gathered together to form a rope,
which is known as silver and gathered in cylindrical cones.
• The carding machine may be group driven or individual motor driven .
The commonly used carding motors are three-phase cage induction
motor of rating between 1.1 to 3.7 kw. High starting torque is required
to overcome the inertia torque of the cylinder . Belts /gears are used to
change speed.
3. Drawing
• From the carding machines, the slivers pass through the drawing
operation , which involves two stages, i.e. preliminary and finisher .
• Sixteen silvers are combined to make two thinner silvers in the
preliminary stage . In the finisher stage, 16 slivers of the preliminary
stage are again combined to make two finishers or pucca silvers.
• In both stages , dust collection is done and fibres remain parallel. The
number of stages depends upon the fineness of the yarn required.
• Three - phase cage induction motors of ratings ranging between 3.7
to 5.6 kw are used for drawing operation. Another 1.5 to 2.2 kw
induction motor is used for dust collection. The speeds required for
various parts of the machine are obtained through gears/belts.
4. Roving
• Twisting process takes place in roving operation. The pucca slivers
move through slubbing frames and are wound on a slubbing bobbin
giving a few twists.
• The twist per inch given on roving depends on mill practice. During
the roving operation, the tension is adjusted.
• Six- pole ,7.5 kw, three- phase cage induction motors are commonly
used. The motor is provided with starting, inching and stopping
controls . A moving machine is also called the simplex machine.
5. Spinning
• The slubbing bobbins from the roving frame (simplex machine)are
fitted to the spindles of the spinning frame (ring frame). The spinning
frame continues the process of drawing out and twisting until the
finished yarn is produced, which is then wound on smaller bobbins.
• The spinning frame has a large number of spindles . A single speed
four- pole or six- pole cage induction motor rated for 7.5 to 11.3 kw
is normally used . The starting torque should be moderate so that
smooth acceleration takes place without tearing the thread . Tension
may be adjusted .
Weaving
• The weaving process consists of interlacing two sets of yarn at right
angles. The lengthwise yarn or threads , which are called warp,
interlace with crosswise threads, which are called weft or filling .
Individually , the threads are called picks.
• A loom is a machine for weaving cloth by interlacing warp and filling
threads according to a prearranged plan and design. It may be hand
or power driven .
• There are six chief motions in a loom , of which the principal motions
are shedding, picking and beating- up and the auxillary motions are
taken- up , let- off and filling pattern.
Principal motions
1. Shedding motion
Warp threads are put in two layers – upper and lower , creating a
space between them. This open space is called the shed, through
which a shuttle passes back and forth carrying filling yarn. This shed is
produced with each turn of the crankshaft of the loom . There is a
programming device , which controls the colours of various filling
threads.
2. Picking motion
This is the motion of the shuttle through the shed of the loom. The
shuttle passes below the raised ends and above the lowered ends
3. Beating-up
The loose picks are beaten into shed to produce a compact cloth. It
happens with turning of the crankshaft.

Auxiliary motions
4. Take- up motion
This is related to the movement of the sand roller with respect to the
take- up wheel. The cloth roller is controlled by the take-up motion.
5. Let- off motion
The unwinding of the warp threads from the warp cylinder is known as
let- off.
6.Filling pattern motion
This motion is required , where more than one colour is used.

Loom motors
• In power looms , six or eight- pole , three- phase cage induction
motor are used. These motors are normally dripproof, totally
enclosed, fan- cooled type . These are subjected to frequent starts
and stops.
• Torque and current pulsations occur due to reciprocating motion of
the shuttle . As a result, the temperature rise of the motor is high .
High starting torque is required.
• A flywheel is used to obtain quick pick- up and reduce power
consumption . The ratings of the loom motors used for light fabrics
like cotton , silk, etc. range between 0.37 to 1.5 kw , while for heavy
fabrics the rating range from 2.2 to 3.7 kw.