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Oxygen diffuses into the blood, from alveoli as C2O, which diffuses into alveoli from the
blood
1. Concentration gradient
2. Surface Area
3. Thickness of gas exchange service
Rapid gas exchange as they have surface area and they have numerous capillaries around
them together together with ventilation they between alveoli and the air so diffusion is rapid
Cf On Gas Exchange
Rate of diffusion
Phospholipid Bilayer
2 fatty acid tails, and phosphate head.
Phosphate head is polar and hydrophilic as fatty acid tails are hydrophobic and non
polar
Phospholipid arrange themselves so that heads are in water and the tails are away
from the water.
Bilayers close in on itself so there are no edges with exposed Hydrocarbon Tails.
Diffusion
Faciliated Diffusion
Osmosis
Net movement of free water molecules from a high concentration of water to a low
concentration through a phospholipid bilayer.
Active transport
Endocytosis
Bulk transport of substances into the cell, using vesicles created by the cell
membrane.
Exocytosis
Bulk transport of substances out of cell: vesicles fuse the membrane and release
their contents
DNA and RNA
DNA made up of lots of monomers called nucleotides.
Joined together in condensation reaction to form a polynucleotide chain.
DNA made up of 2 Polynucleotide twisted into a double helix.
Nucleotide consists of phosphate, deoxyribose sugar and a base.
2 strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between bases.
Protein Synthesis
TRANSCRIPTION
DNA helix unwinds, hydrogen bonds break and RNA nucleotides pair with the
exposed bases on the template strand of the DNA
3 bases on the DNAtriplet) are transcribed into 3 bases on the RNA (codon)
the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule formed enters the cytoplasm through a
nuclear pore
TRANSLATION
the beginning of the sequence is always marked with the start codon AUG which
codes for the amino acid methionine
a transfer RNA molecule (tRNA) with 3 bases exposed (an anticodon) pairs with a
specific codon on the mRNA
the amino acids, arranged in the order dictated by the mRNA codons, are joined with
peptide bonds to form a polypeptide
a stop codon signals the last amino acid in the polypeptide chain
Protein Structure
The amino acid monomers join together in a condensation reaction to form peptide
bonds.
The polymer formed is called a polypeptide.
Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptides.
Primary structure the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
Secondary structure the shape the molecule folds into as a result of hydrogen
bonding between the C=O of one amino acid and the N-H of the amine group of
another –an helix or a pleated sheet
Tertiary structure the final 3D shape of the molecule, held together by ionic
bonds, interactions between hydrophilic R groups and strong disulphide bridges
between R groups containing sulphur
Quaternary structure-if the protein contains more than one polypeptide chain
Fibrous proteins remain as long chains, often with several polypeptides cross-linked
for extra strength.
They are insoluble and are important structural molecules eg keratin, collagen.
Globular proteins are folded into a compact spherical shape.
They are soluble and are important metabolic molecules eg enzymes, antibodies and
some hormones.
Enzymes
Enzymes are globular proteins which act as catalysts. They speed up chemical
reactions by lowering the activation energy, and remain unchanged at the end of the
reaction.
Part of the molecule is a specifically shaped active site, into which a substrate fits to
form an enzyme-substrate complex.
The induced fit hypothesis describes the active site moulding around the substrate
once it is in place.
DNA copying or replication must occur before a cell divides to ensure that daughter
cells receive a copy of the genetic code.
Mutation and CF
All of the mutation affect the CFTR protein in some way. That makes it faulty. Most common
mutation on chromosome 7, it results in the loss of an amino acid and results as incorrect
folding of the CFTR protein.
Mistakes in Replication
A mistake in the trna could produce mrna with an incorrect codon: this would only result in a
faulty protein on that one occasion, in that one cell. It is mistakes in DNA replication as cells
divide that leads to inherited conditions.