Introduction :

Direct cotton dyes have inherent substantivity for cotton, and for other
cellulosic fibres. Their aqueous solutions dye cotton usually in the presence
of an electrolyte such as NaCl or Na2SO4. Direct dyes do not require the use
of a mordant and, as their name implies, the dyeing procedure is quite
simple. The goods go into the bath followed by the dissolved dyes. The bath
is then gradually heated, usually to the boil, and additions of salt promote
dyeing. Many direct dyes are relatively inexpensive. They are available in a
full range of hues but are not noted for their colour brilliance. Their major
drawback is their poor to moderate fastness to washing. This limits their use
to materials where good washing fastness is not critical. The light fastness of
dyeings with direct dyes on cellulosic fibres varies from poor to fairly good,
although some copper complex direct dyes have very good light fastness. As
usual, the deeper the colour of the dyeing, the lower the fastness to wet
treatments, and the higher the fastness to light. Various aftertreatments of the
dyeings improve the fastness to washing. In some cases, however, such
aftertreatments decrease the light fastness. They also invariably cause a
change in hue that makes shade correction and colour matching more
difficult. Cotton, and other cellulosic fibres, are dyed with direct, sulphur,
vat, reactive or azoic dyes – more types than for any other fibre. Each of
these classes of dye has its own application methods, dyeing characteristics,
cost, fastness properties and colour range, and therefore its own particular
advantages and disadvantages. Within each group, application and
performance properties vary considerably so the choice of which dyes to use
is often not easy. Direct dyes generally cannot meet today’s more stringent
washing fastness requirements for apparel and linens. In recent years, their
share of the market has gradually declined in favour of reactive dyes. The
latter have very good washing fastness on cellulosic materials and often have
bright colours.

Objects :

• Cost saving .
• Comparative low time required to produce supply garments .
• No possibility of shade variation .
 • Easy Process .

Recipe :

 Shade ……………………5 %
 Wetting agent …………..1 g/l
 Sequestering agent ……..1 g/l
 Levelling agent ………...0.5 g/l
 Soda ash ……………….3 g/l
 Gluber salt……………. 4 g/l
 pH……………………. 10-11
 Temperature ………….70  c
 Time ………………….30
 M:L ………………….1:30
 Sample Weight ………5 gm

Calculation :

10% x5
Dye = 2%
=25 cc

1x150
Wetting agent = 1000
=0.15 cc

1x150
Sequestering agent = 10000
=0.15 cc

0.5 x150
Levelling agent = 1000
=0.07 cc

3x150
Soda ash = 1000
=0.45 cc
 4x150
Glubar salt = 1000
=0.6 cc

Dyeing Curve :

Sample
Procedure :

 Set the dye bath with substrate at room temperature

 Add dye solution with other auxilaries ad raise the temperature at 9 c
 Run the bath for 15-20 min and add salt step according to dye bath
concentra tion
 This is better to add salt afe reaching the temperature to build point
since at tis period the maximum penetration is achieved all over the
substrate.
 Run the dye bath for 30 to 5 minutes at 90-95c for complete the
dyeing cycle
 Cold down the bath temperature to 60-70 c
 Drop the bath and rise
 Carry on the aftertreatment process to improve wet fastness

Precaution :

i) All chemicals should be measured very carefully.

ii) Temp should be increased very carefully.
iii) Water should be added very carefully.
iv) Time & Temp should be maintained very sincerely.

Conclusion :

Direct dyeing is the most popular dyeing process in Bangladesh. It is not

expensive dye. Our teacher is very helpful to complete this experiment. She
helps us to learn about direct dye. We learned a lot of things about direct dye
from our teacher. So we can say that we have done this experiment
successfully.