You are on page 1of 47

Learning Outcomes.

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:


1. Explain the various communication models and how they
help in understanding the communication process;
2. Identify the variables involved in the communication process;
3. Discuss the value of communication in enhancing one’s
personal and professional relationships;
4. Determine the principles for effective oral and written
communication;
5. Evaluate the differences between oral and written
communication;
6. Point out the ethical issues involved in communication; and
7. Recognize the importance of a code of ethics in
communication.
Pre-discussion Activity
Recall the first time you engaged in a public
oral presentation. What were the different
factors that you considered at that time?
Relate how challenging it was for you
especially when viewed by different kinds of
audiences. Share your experience with your
seatmate.
What is
a model?
A model is something
that is copied or used as
the basis for a related
idea, process, or system.
Why is it important that
you know the
communication
models?
You will realize their importance
because they will help you
understand how a communication
process works. It is only by knowing
the flow of communication that you
will be able to make the
communication process effective.
A model is often abstract. It is
a representation of a real
world phenomenon applied to
different forms. The interplay
of variables in the model is
represented graphically.
Four Conceptual Models of Human Communication

1. Aristotle’s model
2. Lasswell’s model
3. Shannon-Weaver’s model
4. David Berlo’s model
Aristotle’s Communication Model
Lasswell’s Communication Model
Shannon-Weaver’s
Communication Model
Berlo’s Communication Model
Define: Define:

Language According to mode:


1.
2.
3
1.
According to context
2.
1.
Models of Types of
Communication Communication 2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
COMMUNICATION 5.

According to purpose/style
1.
2.

Language
First language
acquisition vs.
vs. Second
Language
Language
Learning

Differentiate briefly: Differentiate briefly:


General Principles of Effective Communication

1. Know your purpose in


communicating.
- Are you communicating basically to inform,
to entertain, or to persuade? While you may
have more than one purpose, there is still a
more dominant objective or reason why you
communicate.
General Principles of Effective Communication

2. Know your audience.


- In both speaking and writing, you should
know your audience as it will dictate the
speaking or writing style you are going to
employ. Consider the age, educational
background, profession, culture, and
other salient features of your listeners or
readers.
General Principles of Effective Communication

3. Know your topic.


- You communicate essentially because you want
to share something. In speaking situations,
speakers are invited because they have
something to share. This also applies to writing.
You write because you wish that other people
learn something from you. You may then utilize
several or multiple communication techniques to
easily catch the attention of the audience.
General Principles of Effective Communication

4. Adjust your speech or


writing to the context of the
situation.
- The environment in which your speech
or writing is to be delivered determines
the kind of language you will use.
General Principles of Effective Communication

5. Work on the feedback


given you.
- Once you receive comments from the
listeners or readers, work on them. Take
kindly to criticisms. In the long run,
constructive criticisms will prove
beneficial to you as you learn to address
them.
Principles of Effective ORAL Communication

1. Be clear with your


purpose. You should
know by heart your
objective in communi-
cating.
Principles of Effective ORAL Communication

2. Be complete with the


message you deliver.
Make sure that your claims
are supported by facts and
essential information.
Principles of Effective ORAL Communication

3. Be concise. You do not


need to be verbose or
wordy with your state-
ments. Brevity in speech is
a must.
Principles of Effective ORAL Communication

4. Be natural with your delivery.


Punctuate important words with
the appropriate gestures and
movements. Exude a certain
degree of confidence even if you
do not feel confident enough.
Principles of Effective ORAL Communication

5. Be specific and timely


with your feedback.
Inputs are most helpful
when provided on time.
Principles of Effective WRITTEN Communication
The 7Cs

1. Be clear. Be clear about


your message. Always be
guided by your purpose in
communicating.
Principles of Effective WRITTEN Communication
The 7Cs

2. Be concise. Always stick to


the point and do not beat or
run around the bush. Be
brief by focusing on your
main point.
Principles of Effective WRITTEN Communication
The 7Cs

3. Be concrete. Support your


claims with enough facts. Your
readers will easily know if you
are bluffing or deceiving them
because there is nothing to
substantiate your claims.
Principles of Effective WRITTEN Communication
The 7Cs

4. Be correct. It is important that you


observe grammatical correctness
in your writing. Always have time to
revise and edit your work. Even
simple spelling errors may easily
distract your readers.
Principles of Effective WRITTEN Communication
The 7Cs

5. Be coherent. Your writing becomes coherent


only when you convey a logical message.
The ideas should be connected to each other
and related to the topic. Make sure that you
observe a sound structure that will present a
smooth flow of your ideas. Use transitional or
cohesive devices so that the ideas cohere
with one another.
Principles of Effective WRITTEN Communication
The 7Cs

6. Be complete. Include all necessary


and relevant information so that the
audience will not be left wanting of
any information. Always place
yourself in the shoes of the audience,
who is always interested to receive
new information.
Principles of Effective WRITTEN Communication
The 7Cs

7. Be courteous. The tone of your


writing should be friendly. Avoid
any overtone/undertone or
insinuation to eliminate
confusion and misinterpretation.
Ethics of Communication
Communication ethics emphasizes that
morals influence the behavior of an
individual, group, or organization thereby
affecting their communication. It is
important to note that one’s behavior
should be regulated by honesty, decency,
truthfulness, sincerity, and moral
uprightness.
Ethics of Communication
To achieve ethical communication:
1. Establish an effective value system that
will pave the way for the development
of your integrity as a person. One’s
behavior and decision-making style
affect, in turn, the operations of an
organization.
Ethics of Communication
To achieve ethical communication:
2. Provide complete and accurate
information. Whether it is needed
or not, the data you provide
should always be contextualized
and correct.
Ethics of Communication
To achieve ethical communication:
3. Disclose vital information
adequately and appropriately.
Never conceal or hide information
that are necessary for the
purposes of transparency.
Ethics of Communication

Observing a code of ethics is


essential as it determines the
kind of behavior that is proper
and desirable over one that is
displeasing and offensive.
Ethics of Communication
A code of ethics sets the standards
to be observed by a person or a
company that will create a good
reputation or a positive image not
only for an individual but also for
the organization.
Ethics of Communication
It will, therefore, pave the way for the
attainment of the desired results
leading to the success of an
individual or the entire company.
Success in decision-making will
likewise impact the company’s
reputation.
Comprehension Questions
Check your understanding of the input by answering the following questions:
1.What are communication models? Why do
you think they were introduced?
2.How does one model differ from the
other/s?
3.If you were to choose a conceptual model
for communication, what would you prefer
and why? How can you be guided by any of
these models when you communicate?
Comprehension Questions
Check your understanding of the input by answering the following questions:
4.How do the principles of effective oral
communication differ from those of effective
written communication? Do they have
similarities at all?
5.How can one observe ethics in
communication?
6.Why is it important to have a code of
conduct or a code of ethics?
Task 1.3.1
Effective Oral Communication

View on YouTube the speech of President Rodrigo Duterte


at Philippine China Trade and Investment Forum Beijing,
China on October 20, 2016.
Do you think the five principles of effective oral
communication were followed? Which ones were followed?
Which ones were not? Why or why not?
What advice would you give to make the speaker more
effective? Write your thoughts in four to five to seven
paragraphs.
Task 1.3.2
Effective Written Communication

Read the translated English version in 2015


President Noynoy Aquino’s speech on the
Mamasapano incident on pages 45-53 then
write your reaction to it. Do you think the
speech followed the principles of effective
written communication? Why or why not? What
advice can you suggest? Write your answer on
the space provided after the speech.
Task 1.3.3
Ethical Communication

Form yourselves into groups of five


members. Role-play a situation in the
workplace where ethical communication
is put into question. Make sure that
someone explains the situation first
before the group makes the
presentation.
Task 1.3.4
Code of Ethics

The code of ethics in the workplace


should be carefully thought out since it
will guide the employees in assessing
what is right and wrong for the business.
If you were to put up your own business,
what values would you incorporate in
your company’s code of ethics?
Task
Deepening Activity

Form yourselves into groups of five members.


Presume that you are doing business with a
company that does not observe ethical
actions. Role-play a situation in which your
group responds to one unethical issue.
Think of ways on how you can improve the
ethical climate of the company then share it
with the class.
SYNTHESIS
1. The communication models explain how the communication how the
communication process works. Some of the well-known conceptual
models are Aristotle, Shannon-Weaver, Lasswell, and Berlo’s
models.
2. For oral communication to be effective, there is a need to be clear
with the purpose, complete and concise with the message, natural
with the delivery, and specific and timely with the feedback.
3. For written communication to be effective, the 7 Cs, namely, clarity,
conciseness, concreteness, correctness, coherence, completeness,
and courtesy should be observed.
4. A code of ethics is important for any organization. Without it,
confusion, misunderstandings, and conflicts arise within the
structure since there are no standards to be observed.
Reference
Madrunio, M. R., & Martin, I. P. (2018).
Purposive communication: Using
English in multilingual contexts.
Quezon City: C & E Publishing.

You might also like