Poem & prose ...

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Poem & Prose

Last update: September 2012

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 Poem & prose .. Mosty encyclicals Contents

Poem & Prose

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TYPES OF POETRY ...................................................................................................................... 17
The Descriptive Poetry .............................................................................................................. 17
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The Reflective Poetry ................................................................................................................ 21
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The Narrative Poetry ................................................................................................................. 22
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The Lyric Poetry ........................................................................................................................ 25
............................................................................................................................................ 25
The Sonnet Poetry ..................................................................................................................... 26
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...Prose... .......................................................................................................................... 29
The Narrative Prose................................................................................................................... 29
................................................................................................................... 29
The Descriptive Prose ................................................................................................................ 31
......................................................................................................................................... 31
Argument Prose ........................................................................................................................ 32
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 Poem & prose ... Mosty encyclicals Preface

In the name of Allah, the most beneficent, the most merciful.

Dear Reader,
This booklet that is in your hands, is designed,
typed, printed and published by Mosty Encyclicals,
the personal hand work of Mostafa Abbas Sahan
Al-Ruaished, who is a registered member at
Beinulnahrain forum as “Heartless man”.
The writer dedicated special thanks to his sister
“Sabaa’ A. Al-Temeemy” for her participation, by
providing us a clear copy of the booklet to type
from; so this booklet is a typed copy of that one
with slight changes and additions.
This booklet is about the first semester of
Literature. It deals with the Poems and Prose
passages that you are going to study in the first
year of English, as the former years students did.
You’ll notice that every Poem and Prose has its
own general meaning, detailed meaning, the
poet’s intention, with the sense and structural
devices attached.

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 Poem & prose .. Mosty encyclicals The Types of Devices

These are three types of devices that are used in the poetries:
1. Structural Devices 3. Sound Devices
a) Contrast a) Alliteration
b) illustration b) Onomatopoeia
c) Repetition c) Rhythm
2. Sense Devices d) Assonance
a) Simile e) Consonance
b) Metaphor f) Rhyme
c) Personification i. Reverse rhyme
ii. Para Rhyme
iii. Rhyme Proper
1. Structural Devices
These devices indicate the way a whole poem has been built and become apparent as
soon as the meaning of the poem has been found.
a) Contrast: the juxtaposition of opposed images, ideas, or both. To heighten or clarify
a scene or a theme. Contrast of the most direct kind can be found in the poem
“Cargoes” where a direct comparison is made between ancient and modern times,
where there are three ships and the third differs greatly from the first two.
b) illustration / Imagery: the specific description of visible objects and scenes, especially
if the description is vivid and particularized. In “Break, Break, Break” there are
pictures of the fisherman’s boy, the sailor lad and the stately ships. It is by these
means that the poet stresses the fact that life goes on when someone dies or
suffers.
c) Repetition: Repeating words, phrases, lines or whole stanzas at frequent intervals to
emphasize a particular idea. Note the repetition of word ‘water’ in the lines of
Ancient Mariner, the poet makes us feel how vast the ocean is, by repeating the
word ‘water’ over and over again. At the same time he helps us to understand how
thirsty the sailors were. For them, water is something that is everywhere and at the
same moment nowhere.
2. Sense Devices
They are Simile, metaphor and personification. Simile and metaphor are very special
devices indeed. Their peculiar effect lays in the way apparently unrelated objects or
ideas are brought together. A poet often compels us to fix our attention on one object
while comparing it with another. It may be said that the quality of a poet often depends
on his ability to bring together objects and ideas which are unconnected.
a) Simile: a comparison between two distinctly different things is explicitly indicated by
the word ‘like’ or ‘as’. A simple example is Robert Burns’ “O my love’s like a red, red
rose”
 Poem & prose ... Mosty encyclicals O Rose

b) Metaphor: A word or expression that in literal usage denotes one kind of thing is
applied to a distinctly different kind of thing, without asserting a comparison. For an
example: if Burns had said “O my love is a red, red rose” he would have uttered,
technically speaking a metaphor instead of a simile.
c) Personification: An inanimate object or an abstract concept is spoken of as thought it
were endowed with life or with human attributes or feelings.
3. Sound Devices
a) Alliteration: is the repetition of a speech sound in a sequence of nearby words. The
term is usually applied only to consonants, and only when the recurrent sound
begins with a word or a stressed syllable without a word. An example is the
repetition of the /s/, /θ/ and /w/ consonants in Shakespeare’s sonnet 30
When to the sessions of sweet silent thought
I summon up remembrance of things past,
I sigh the lack of many a thing I sought
And with old woes new wail my dear time’s waste…
b) Onomatopoeia: it is formation and use of words to imitate sounds. For an example:
dong, crackle, moo, pop, whiz, whoosh, zoom. It’s a figure of speech in which sound
reflects the sense.
c) Rhythm: It is the pattern of sounds perceived as the recurrence of equivalent beats
at more or less equal intervals. The quickness of rhythm depends on:
1) Length of line: the shorter the line is, the quicker the rhythm would be.
2) Number of sound devices: the more sound devices are in the poem, the
quicker rhythm is.
3) Theme: sad poems tend to have slow rhythm, while happy themes are
usually presented via quick rhythm.
d) Assonance: is the repetition of identical of similar vowels -especially in stressed
syllables- in a sequence of nearby words. Note the recurrent long i in the opening
lines of Keats’ “Ode on a Grecian Urn” 1820:
Thou still unravished bride of quietness,
Thou foster child of silence and slow time…
e) Consonance: is the repetition of two or more consonants, but with a change in the
intervening vowel: live-love, lean-alone, pitter-patter. And W.H. Auden’s poem of the
1930s “O where are you going? said reader to rider” makes prominent use of this
device, the last stanza reads:
“Out of this house” – said rider to reader.
“Yours never will” – said farer to fearer.
“They’re looking for you” – said hearer to horror.
As he left there, as he left them there.
f) Rhyme: in English versification, standard rhyme consists of the repetition. In the
rhyming words of the last vowel and all the consonants following that vowel (if
there is any): late-fate, follow-hollow.

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 Poem & prose .. Mosty encyclicals O Rose

The poem: “The Sick Rose” The poet: “William Blake”

O rose, thou art sick!
The invisible worm
That flies in the night,
In the howling storm,
Has found out thy bed
Of crimson joy,
And his dark secret love
Does thy life destroy.
Rhyme Scheme: a-b-c-b d-e-f-e

The poem talks about a sick rose because of an invisible worm who lived inside it.

The poet is feeling sorry for a sick young lady who is compared to rose. This lady has been
fallen a victim in the hands of an untrue and unfaithful love. She is sick with her love for
missing her reputation in the hands of a not honorable man. Her love is compared to an
invisible worm because of their love relationship. That is why William Blake describes their
love as flying in the night; because it is a sin that cannot be allowed to see the light. This
selfish love is compared to a noisy storm that comes quickly and destroys what comes in its
way. This young lady was as pure and clean as a child, and full of joy, but now she’s destroyed
by this secret love.

The poet used the relationship between the worm and the rose to present his idea about
the selfish love to say that the selfish love destroys the pure love.

1. Contrast:
There is contrastive comparison between pure love and the destroyed secret love.
2. Illustration:
a) There is a description of the sick rose.
b) Secret and unfaithful love which is described as an invisible worm that destroyed the
beautiful pure love.

Metaphor:
a) The young lady who has fallen a victim in the hands of a selfish love, compared to a sick
rose
b) The secret love is compared to a worm that moves without being seen by the people.
c) The secret love is compared to a storm that brings pain and destruction.
 Poem & prose ... Mosty encyclicals Break, Break, Break

The poem: “Break, Break, Break” The poet: “Alfred, Lord Tennyson”
Break, Break, Break
On the cold grey stones, O Sea!
And I would that my tongue could utter
The thoughts that arise in me
O well for the fisherman’s boy,
That he shouts with his sister at play!
O well for the sailor lad,
That he sings in his boat on the bay!
And the stately ships go on
To their haven under the hill;
But O for the touch of a vanish’d hand,
And the sound of a voice that is still!
Break, Break, Break.
At the foot of thy crags, O sea!
But the tender grace of a day that is dead
Will never come back to me.
Rhyme Scheme: a-b-c-b d-d-e-d

This poem is about the sea and how the poet is not interested in all the beautiful things
around him because he’s sad and loosed someone that he loves.

The First Stanza: The Sea put sad feelings inside the poet. The poet talks to the sea, telling
him that the waves of the water and the break of the cold grey stones of the sea that are
scattered near the shore. The poet wished that he could speak aloud or express his feelings
just like the sea. He says that his mind is full of thoughts but he cannot express them because
his tongue fails to utter the words.
The Second Stanza: The poet envies the fisherman’s children because the can play and shout
out of joy, and he also envies the young sailor who is singing happily in his boat on the bay.
The poet is very sad because he cannot express himself like them.
The Third Stanza: The poet compares himself with his struggling thoughts to the calm stately
ships that are going to their haven to stop peacefully and quietly after their long journeys.
The harbor is described as under the hill in a quiet place that reflects a romantic scene. Then
he remembers the touch of his dead friends hand and the sound of his voice ringing in his
memory.
The Fourth Stanza: The poet repeats the first line of the first stanza again to show that the
sea will go on breaking, to express its rage at the bottom of the stones and steep rocks. He is
very sad because he feels that all the happy days gone forever and none of them will come
back to him.

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 Poem & prose .. Mosty encyclicals Break, Break, Break

The poet wants to express his feelings and his sadness for the death of someone he loves.

1. Contrast
There is a contrast between life and death and between the happy images (the
fisherman’s children and the sailor lad) and the sad images (the poet himself).
2. Illustration
a) The fisherman’s boy playing with his sister.
b) The sailor lad singing in his boat.
c) The ships moving smoothly to their harbor.
3. Repetition
In the title and in the fourth stanza (Break, Break, Break) to emphasize that the life will
go on.

1. Metaphor
(Cold grey stones) The color of the stones refers to the sadness.
2. Personification
(Foot of thy crags)

1. Alliteration:
a) The That c) haven hill e) Day Dead
b) Boat Bay d) sound still
2. Rhyme:
a) Sea Me b) Play Boy c) Still Hill

Poem & Prose

 Poem & prose ... Mosty encyclicals Cargoes

The poem: “Cargoes” The poet: “John Masfield”

Quinquireme of Nineveh from distant Ophir
Rowing home to haven in sunny Palestine,
With a cargo of ivory,
And apes and peacocks,
Sandalwood, cedarwood, and sweet white wine.
Stately Spanish galleon coming from the Isthmus,
Dipping through the Tropics by the palm-green shores,
With a cargo of diamonds,
Emeralds, amethysts,
Topazes, and cinnamon, and gold moidores.
Dirty British coaster with a salt-caked smoke-stack
Butting through the Channel in mad March days,
With a cargo of Tyne coal,
Road-rail, pig-lead,
Firewood, iron-ware, and cheap tin trays
Rhyme Scheme: a-b-c-b d-e-f-e

The poet is talking about three different cargoes that were brought by three different ships
in three different ages.

In this poem, we have three kinds of ships with their description. At the beginning, the poet
is describing two of the biggest and the most beautiful ships of the time.
The first one is “Quinquireme of Nineveh” sailing to Palestine and coming back home in a
sunny weather. It’s an old one because the sailors were using their hands rowing. The
cargoes of the ships are rare, precious and good. Like ivory, strange animals, fine or
expensive wood and good wine (sweet white wine).
The second ship is “Spanish galleon” which comes from Isthmus. It’s sailing in a wonderful
weather through green shores which are full of green palms. The ship is provided with
cargoes of precious and expensive stones that are used only by the kings, princes and the
rich people. The ship also belongs to the old time.
The third is the British Coaster which was dirty and different from the two precious ships.
It’s a small ship and belongs to the modern times. It is with an ugly appearance and moving
through a narrow channel in winter and in an unstable and changeable weather. It is
provided with cargoes of coal, fire wood, tin trays, pig lead and metal. So it has very cheap
and dirty cargoes but at the same time are very useful. It is a very gloomy image for this ship
because it is carrying bad cargoes in a bad weather.

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 Poem & prose .. Mosty encyclicals Cargoes

The poet wants to describe the three different cargoes and wants to say that the third ship,
with all of its cheap and dirty cargoes, is more useful than the first two cargoes.

1. Contrast:
There’s a contrast between the past and the present time represented by the three
ships. There is also a great difference between the first two ships and the third one.
a) The shape of these ships: The first two are stately ships while the third one is dirty.
b) In weather: The two ships are moving in a sunny and very beautiful weather while
the third one is moving in a very bad weather.
c) In cargoes: The first two ships are carrying rare and precious goods but the third
one has cheap and dirty goods.
d) In place: The first two ships are coming through beautiful places while the third
one is coming through a narrow channel.
2. Illustration:
The first ship (Quinquireme) which had come from Palestine, moving through a very
good weather and provided with a very expensive and precious cargoes.
The second ship (Spanish galleon) which had come from Isthmus, moving through a
very beautiful shore and provided with a very expensive cargoes.
The third ship (British coaster) which was dirty and full of cheap cargoes, moving
through the channel in a bad weather.

1. Metaphor
a) Sunny Palestine: means good weather.
b) Mad March days: means bad weather.
2. Personification:
(Mad march days). The madness is a human feature while the days are not human
things. So it refers to a bad weather.

1. Alliteration:
Home Haven Stately Spanish Coaster Caked
White Wine Mad March Salt Smoke
2. Rhyme:
Palestine Wine Shores Moidors Days Trays
 Poem & prose ... Mosty encyclicals Ozymandias

The poem: “Ozymandias” The poet: “Percy Bysshee Shelly”

I met a traveler from an antique land
Who said: Two cast and trunkless legs of stone
Stand in the desert … Near them, on the sand,
Half-Sunk, a shattered visage lies, whose frown,
And wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command,
Tell that its sculptor well those passions read
Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things,
The hand that mocked them, and the heart that fed:
And on the pedestal these words appear:
‘My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:
Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!’
Nothing beside remains. Round the decay
Of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare
The lone and level stands stretch far away.
Rhyme Scheme: a-b-a-b a-c-d-c

The poem is about the statue of Ozymandias who was a powerful king.

The poet says that he had met a traveler from an ancient land. This traveler had seen two
great trunkless legs of stone, standing in the desert. Near them there was a shattered head
which was partly buried in the sand. The face of the statue reflected the Character of
Ozymandias. He was arrogant, insulter and commanding character. The sculptor was clever
and a real artist, for he was able to engrave in order to immortalize the character of
Ozymandias on the stone. This poem gives us a moral lesson, although Ozymandias was a
great king but nothing remained after his death except the ruins of his work.

Man must not be proud; because he is a mortal being. Nothing remains after the death, just
our good deeds.

The colossal broken statue of the great king is observed against the background of the
empty desert.

Metaphor:
(The hand that mocked them and the heart that fed). The poet in this line describes the
broken statue and the character of the king who had died long time go.

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 Poem & prose .. Mosty encyclicals Lucy

The first part (the hands that mocked them) is the sculptor’s whereas the second part (The
heart that fed) is the king’s.

1. Alliteration:
An antique The Them Cold Command
Two Trunkless Half Whose That Those
Stand Sand Said Stone Hand Heart
2. Rhyme:
Land Sand Command Kings Things
Stone Frown Appear Despair
Read Fed Decay Away
3. Rhythm:
We have slow rhythm (sad idea fearful things) to refer to the king who was powerful
and now he is just pieces of stones (statue).
4. Assonance:
Line Ending Stone Frown Appear Despair

The poem: “Lucy” The poet: “William Wordsworth”

She dwelt among the untrodden ways
Beside the springs of Dove,
A maid whom there were none to praise
And very few to love:
A violet by a mossy stone
Half hidden from the eye!
Fair as a star, when only one
Is shining in the sky.
She lived unknown, and few could know
When Lucy ceased to be;
But she is in her grave, and, oh,
The difference to me!
Rhyme Scheme: a-b-a-b c-d-e-d

The poem is about a beautiful girl called Lucy and died alone and unknown.
 Poem & prose ... Mosty encyclicals Lucy

She lived in unknown place where no one had lived or passed in. Lucy lived in a strange
place in the beautiful nature. Beside the streams of water, maid-unmarried Lady or a
beautiful lady lived alone without anybody to admire or notice her rare beauty. She was very
beautiful but alone and there was not even one to love her.
The poet calls Lucy a violet which stands behind a stone, half covered with it while it is not
easy to find such image in the nature; it is a very beautiful and rare image.
There is a Metaphor when the poet compared between Lucy and the flower. And the violet
is a beautiful flower but it has a short age, it dies after a short time and Lucy is also going to
die in young age.
We have Simile here; Lucy is like a star which is the first one in the sky before the first
absence of the sun. It is the first shining star and it is alone. It is difficult to notice it because it
is not night (complete night), Lucy is the same. She is beautiful and alone but it is difficult to
notice her.
The poet is going to express his sadness concerning the death of his young lady, the poor
lady who lived and died unknown and nobody knew about her death. She is dead in her
grave.

1. Contrast:
There is indirect contrast between life and death. The poet describes the life of Lucy and
his sadness for her death.
2. Illustration:
We have an image of a very beautiful girl lived and died unknown. The poet presents
his idea and his sadness through this example.

1. Metaphor:
There is a Metaphor when the poet compared between Lucy and the flower
2. Alliteration:
Half Hidden is in
3. Assonance:
Stone One
4. Rhyme:
Ways Praise Eye Sky Be Me
Dove Love Know On

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 Poem & prose .. Mosty encyclicals The Ancient Mariner

The poem: “The Ancient Mariner” The poet: “S. T. Coleridge”

The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,
The furrow followed free;
We were the first that ever burst
Into that silent sea.
Down drop the breeze, the sails dropt down,
‘Twas sad as sad could be;
And we did speak only to break
The silence of the sea!
All in a hot and copper sky,
The bloody Sun, at noon
Right up above the mast did stand,
No bigger than the Moon.
Day after day, day after day,
We stuck, nor breath nor motion;
As idle as a painted ship
Upon a painted ocean
Rhyme Scheme: a-b-c-b d-b-e-b

This poem gives us the description of the ship and weather after the sailor shoot the
albatross bird and this brought a curse on the ship.

The poem is divided into five stanzas:

In the First stanza, the poet is talking about the beautiful weather in which the ship is sailing.
The ship was moving quickly in a beautiful motion, this ship was the only one that reached
that place in the sea because it is a far place into that sea which is a silent sea because there
are no other ships beside them.
In the Second stanza, everything changed. The weather changed from beautiful weather
into a completely silent weather, this means that there is no wind, and if there’s no wind, the
ship cannot move. The sailors tried to speak, but this speech was not for the sake of
communication, but to remember that they are still alive.
In the Third stanza, the poet is speaking about the type of suffering that they were living in.
the sun which is supposed to be the source of life and light changed to be the tool of their
punishment, the sun became so hot to the extent that they felt that the sky became the sun
itself. The sky was carrying the red color which is the color of copper but on the same time
the sun was as hot as the sun during the noon or the midday.
In the Fourth stanza, the poet talks about the passing to time and that they were kept in this
situation for a long time and because the ship is not moving; it became just like a picture
 Poem & prose ... Mosty encyclicals The Ancient Mariner

which means it became something dead and not alive. Anyone who looks at the ship in that
status will feel that he’s looking at a picture for a painted ship.
In the Last stanza, the poet talks about the degree of their suffering. Those sailors were
surrounded by water from all sides and the ship itself was in water but at the same time they
were so thirsty and they could not find any drop of water to drink.

The poet wants to give us a message, that the life of anything found on earth has its
importance, even if it’s the life of animals. Human beings are not supposed to kill for the sake
of enjoyment but only when they’re in need or danger.

1. Contrast:
a) The motion of the ship which was c) The sailors in the middle of the
travelling so quickly and with the sea but they couldn’t drink any
complete lack of the motion. drop of water and stayed thirsty.
b) The life and the death.
2. Illustration:
a) The ship is motionless. c) The sun stands directly above the
b) The sailors drop down. most.
3. Repetition:
There’s a repetition in the last stanza by the word (Water, water…). The poet makes us
feel vast the ocean by repeating the word (water) over and over again.

1. Metaphor:
There’s a metaphor in (the furrow followed free)
2. Simile:
a) (Twas sad as sad could be)
b) (As idle as a painted ship, upon a painted ocean)
3. Personification:
There’s a personification in (Right up above the most did stand)

Rhyme:
Free See Blew Flew
Be Sea Burst First

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 Poem & prose .. Mosty encyclicals Winter

Poems which describe people or experiences, scenes of objects

The poem: “Winter” The poet: “William Shakespeare”

When icicles hang by the wall,

And Dick the shepherd blows his nail,
And Tom bears logs into the hall,
And milk comes frozen home in pail,
When blood is nipp’d, and ways be foul,
Then nighty sings the starring owl,
Tu-who;
Tu-whit, to who-a merry note,
While greasy Joan doth keel the pot.
When all aloud the wind doth blow,
And coughing drowns the parson’s saw,
And birds sit brooding in the snow,
And Marian’s nose looks red and raw,
When roasted crabs hiss in the bowl,
Then nighty sings the starring owl,
Tu-who;
Tu-whit, to who-a merry note,
While greasy Joan doth keel the pot.
Rhyme Scheme: ababcc-ddeeeecc

The poet describes the winter season in his country.

The poem gives us different pictures and images for the winter season.
In the first line the poet talks about the coldness of this season by referring to the snow
(ice) which comes in that season. He says that in winter; most of the countryside is going to
be covered with the white color which is the color of the death and the coldness.
The full image or picture which is presented in this poem is talking about dick. He’s working
as a shepherd. This job keeps him always outside the house that is why the body is about to
be frozen and the shepherd is breathing on his nail in order to make them hot.
The second character is (tom) that is bringing wood from outside to be used in cooking or
heating. So this character experienced both the coldness of the outside and the hotness of
the inside. In these points, Shakespeare wants to say that in that place we have two faces for
life, the cold severe weather, and the second one is hot and nice.
 Poem & prose ... Mosty encyclicals Winter

The poet goes on talking about this coldness by referring to the milk that came from the
cow. He says that even this milk which just came from the animal, has turned into ice and this
refers to the cold weather.
Even the blood inside the bodies of those who are working outside, it’s about to be frozen
because their bodies changed into blue color.
Of course in winter, even the streets are going to be dirty, and this is the way that made.
And the only bird that remained outside is the Owl. The owl in English history is connected
with bad luck but during winter the ugly owl became the music for those who are working
outside.
The poet refers to another character that is called (Joan). This character is different; she is
working inside the house. Her job is to cook, that’s why she is always near the fire and she’s
unable to feel the coldness of the outside.
There’s also an old man comes to the house. He’s coughing because he is sick. This character
gives us the contrast between old age and youth.
Then the poet talks about the bad weather in which those people were living and how the
wind is high during those days.
In winter, most of the animals are going to a period of sleep (hibernate) just like the bird;
because they cannot fly in the cold weather and there’s no enough food for them. This point
reminds the reader of the harshness of winter and how it’s difficult for people to live in such
weather.
Then the poet refers to another character, which is called (Marian), she is also working
inside the house which means that she can’t feel the coldness of the outside. These two
groups are preparing food which is (Crabs) that are spoiled in oil. The crabs are hissing in oil.
The poet ended with a repetition of the action of Joan who was cooking.

The poet wants to say that in winter there are people who are suffering too much because
of the coldness. So if you enjoy the hot of fair, you should remember that there are people
who are suffering out there.

1. Contrast
There is contrast between the cold and the warmth, and there’s also a contrast between
the old age and the youth.
2. Illustration
We have illustration in many images:
a) Frozen drops of water hanging by the wall.
b) The shepherd trying to warm his fingers by breathing on them.
c) Tom, bringing wood from outside.
d) The frozen milk that came from the cow.
e) You can’t feel your fingers because of the coldness.
f) The streets are dirty and empty.

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 Poem & prose .. Mosty encyclicals Winter

g) People can’t hear the priest’s sermon because of their coughing and the noise of the
wind.
h) Birds have to sit on their eggs to warm them.
i) The noses usually become very red as they are bleeding in winter.
j) People sit silently near the fire.

1. Metaphor:
We have metaphor which is presented in (blood is nipped), it means that you can’t feel
your fingers out of cold
2. Personification:
a) Owl sings: means that it makes sounds, or it refers to voice.
b) Milk comes frozen: means that the cold weather makes the milk frozen.

1. Alliteration:
a) Red Raw c) Sings Staring
b) When Wall d) Sit Snow
2. Rhyme:
a) Wall Hall c) Foul Owl e) Saw Raw
b) Nail Pail d) Note Pot f) Bowl Owl
3. Assonance:
a) Blow Saw b) Snow Raw
4. Onomatopoeia:
a) Tu-who - Tu-whit - Tu-who (refers to the singing of the owl)
b) Hissing (refers to the hissing of the crabs)

Poem & Prose

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 Poem & prose .. Mosty encyclicals The Dead

Thoughtful poems often contain a great deal of description which the poet comments on or
from which he draws conclusions. Sometimes these conclusions are directly stated; at other
times are implied.

The poem: “The Dead” The poet: “Rupert Brooke”

These hearts were woven of human hoys and cares,

Washed marvelously with sorrow, swift to mirth.
The years had given them kindness. Dawn was theirs,
And sunset, and the colors of the earth.
These had seen movement, and heard music; known
Slumber and waking; loved; gone proudly friended;
Felt the quick stir of wonder; sat alone;
Touched flowers and furs and cheeks. All this is ended
There are waters blown by changing winds to laughter
And lit by the rich skies, all day. And after,
Frost, with a geature, stays the waves that dance
And wandering loveliness. He leaves a white
Unbroken glory, a gathered radiance,
A width, a shining peace, under the night.
Rhyme Scheme: abab-cdcd-eefgfg

It is a reflective poem from the title we can notice that it is about death. The poet presents
his idea about the death through this poem.

There are two parts in this poem, the first part is about the soldiers before death and the
second part is about them after death.
The first part’s all verbs are in the past tense which refers to the past time. While the second
part’s all verbs are in present tense which refers to the present time.
In the first line the poet talks about the heart’s feelings and emotions of those soldiers who
were full of life as any ordinary human beings when they were alive. During their life, they
made friendships and maybe some of them had fallen in love. They touched beautiful and
smooth things like flowers, chelas and fare. All of these experiences are felt by those
soldiers. Sometimes they listened to music and felt so happy to the degree of dancing. There
are days in their lives which were full of sadness and pain, so those people have the right to
be alive just like any other human being. No one has the right to send them to death, or to
end their lives. They are created by god and god is the only one who can put an end for their
lives.
 Poem & prose ... Mosty encyclicals The Dead

The poet is trying to convince the reader that at any time and any place, that war is the same
thing every time in occurs and human beings are so precious at they are not supposed to be
sacrificed for the sake of something unimportant. At the same time when we find people
who are in war, we should respect and feel proud of them.

1. Contrast:
There is a contrast between life and death. And there’s also a contrast between the past
time and the present.
2. illustration:
There is an illustration when the poet presented certain ideas, when he described the
soldiers’ condition when they were alive and their condition when they’re died.

Metaphor:
a) Frost » refers to death.
b) A shining peace under the night » means that they had made peace to end the war

1. Alliteration:
Hearts Human Heard Had
Washed With Stir Sat
Sorrow Swift Water Winds
Them Theirs Glory Gathered
Movement Music
2. Rhyme:
Cares Theirs Friended Ended
Mirth Earth Laughter After
Known Alone White Night

They’re the Poems which tell a story. They tend to be longer than other types of poetry but
it is comparatively easy to recognize the poet’s intention.

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 Poem & prose .. Mosty encyclicals Lord Randal

The poem: “Lord Randal” The poet: “unknown”

‘O where have you been, lord Randal, my son?

O where have you been, my handsome young man?
I have been to the wild, mother, make my bed soon,
For I’m weary with hunting and fain would lie down,
Who gave you your dinner, lord Randal, my son?
Who gave you your dinner, my handsome young man?
I dined with my sweetheart, mother, make my bed soon
For I’m weary with hunting and fain would lie down,
What had you for dinner, lord Randal, my son?
What had you for dinner, my handsome young man?
I had eels boiled in broth, mother, make my bed soon,
For I’m weary with hunting and fain would lie down,
And where your blood hounds, lord Randal my son?
And where your blood hounds, lord Randal my son?
O they swelled and they died; mother, make my bed soon,
For I’m weary with hunting and would lie down,
O I fear you are poisoned, lord Randal, my son?
O I fear you are poisoned, my handsome young man?
O yes! I am poisoned; mother, make my bed soon.
For I’m sick at the heart and fain would lie down.
Rhyme Scheme: a-b-c-d

The poem is talking about the story of Lord Randal who went hunting and came back sick
and poisoned.

The poem was arranged in the way of questions and answers. We have two voices in the
poem, which means that there are two people who are speaking. The first voice is for the
mother who was worried; because her son was sick and she wants to know more
information from him. While the second sound voice is the voice of the Lord Randal, her son
who was answering her questions about his journey.
The poem opens with a question from the mother asking about the place in which he was in.
Lord Randal answered that he was hunting in the forest (wood) and now he is sick or tired
and he wants to get some rest.
The second question was the mother asking about the person who prepared the dinner for
Lord Randal. The son told her that his beloved prepared his dinner. And now he’s tired and
asking his mother to prepare his bed for him.
The other question is about the blood hunts (dogs of hunting). The son answered that his
dogs were poisoned and died. From the answer we understand that Lord Randal himself is
poisoned too.
 Poem & prose ... Mosty encyclicals Lord Randal

The last speech said by the mother was not a question, she was saying that her son was
poisoned and was about to die.
In the last lines, Lord Randal admits that he is not tired but poisoned, and he is sick in the
heart because he has been betrayed by his beloved.

Human beings are not supposed to trust people easily, but they need to know them closely
(very good) and then decide whether you give them your trust or not.

1. Contrast:
There’s a contrast between Lord Randal’s sweetheart and his mother, the mother loves
him and the sweetheart poisoned him.
2. Illustration:
There’s an illustration through this story. The poet waned to say that we shouldn’t trust
other people easily because as we see, Lord Randal’s sweetheart killed him.
3. Repetition:
There’s a repetition in mother’s lines to emphasize the idea that the mother really
wanted to know what had happened to her son.
There’s also a repetition in Randal’s lines to say that he was sick and going to die.

Metaphor:
There is metaphor in (at the heart) which presents that he was feeling sad about his
sweetheart because she is the one who had killed him.

1. Alliteration:
Wild Wood Mother Make
Boiled Broth Weary Would
2. Rhyme:
Soon Down Son Man

3. Assonance:
There’s assonance in: Man – Son
4. Rhythm:
We have quick rhythm just like the song. The repetition helps the quickness.

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 Poem & prose .. Mosty encyclicals To-

It’s usually a short poem like a song which is usually the expression of a mood or feeling.

The poem: “To-” The poet: “Percy Bysshe Shelly”

To music, when soft voices die,

Vibrates in the memory-
Odours, when sweet violets sicken,
Live within the sense they quicken.
Rose leaves when the rose is dead,
Are heaped for the beloved’s bed;
And so thy thoughts, when thou art gone
Love itself shall slumber on.
Rhyme Scheme: abccddee

The poet is expressing his sadness for losing a person, therefore, he advises the people to
think and help.

1. Contrast:
There is an implied contrast between life and death. It is clear when the poet mentions
the death of the soft voices, the death or the sickness of the violet and the death of the
rose and then he mentions the vibration that odors and the heaping of rose leaving
which give life to the dead things.
2. Illustration:
There’s an illustration in three positions, the music which is still vibrating in the memory,
the odours which remain after the flower’s death and the rose that leaves which loves
the flower’s heart and stay within.

1. Simile:
There’s a simile (and so thy thoughts) which means (like your thoughts)
2. Personification:
There’s a personification in:
a) (soft voices die). Because death is for animated things.
b) (Sweet violet sicken) because the real sickness is for animal or human beings.
c) (beloved’s bed) because rose leaves don’t have a bed in reality.
 Poem & prose ... Mosty encyclicals To-

Alliteration:
a) Sweet Sicken
b) The They
c) Beloved’s Bed
d) Thy Thou

It’s a poem of fourteen lines which follows a very strict rhyme pattern. It’s usually divided
into two parts, the “Octave” is the first eight lines, and the “Sestet” is the following six lines.
There are three main types of sonnet:
THE PETRACHAN SONNET:
This is the strictest of the three types since only two rhymes are permitted in the Octave and
not more than three in the Sestet. The octave is rhymed a-b-b-a a-b-b-a . And the sestet is
rhymed c-d-e-c-d-e (if three rhymes are used) and c-d-c-d-c-d (if two rhymes are used).
Example: the poem: “On the Grasshopper and Cricket” for “John Kates”

THE SHAKESPEAREAN SONNET:

Though this type of sonnet is also divided into octave and sestet, it has a much simpler
rhyme pattern. It is really a poem consisting of three stanzas, and each one of four lines in
length (these are called ‘quatrains’). The sonnet ends with two rhyming lines, called a
rhyming couplet.
Rhyme Scheme: a-b-a-b-c-d-c-d-e-f-g-g
Example: the poem: “Time” for “William Shakespeare”

THE MELTONIC SONNET:

This has the same rhyme scheme as the petrician sonnet but differs in one important
respect; there is no break in thought between the octave and sestet.
Example: the poem “On His Blindness” for “John Milton”

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 Poem & prose .. Mosty encyclicals On His Blindness

The poem: “On His Blindness” The poet: “John Milton”

When I consider how my light is spent,

Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide,
And that one Talent which is death to hide
Lodg’d with me useless, though my Soul more bent
To serve therewith my Maker, and present
My true account, lest he returning chide,
Doth God exact day-labour, light deny’d,
I fondly ask; But Patience, to prevent
That murmur, soon replies, God doth not need
Either man’s work or his own gifts, who best
Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best, his State
Is Kingly. Thousands at his bidding speed
And post o’er Land and Ocean without rest:
They also serve who only stand and wait.
Rhyme Scheme: a-b-b-a-a-b-b-a-c-d-c-d-c-d

The poet is describing his situation after losing his eye sight.

The poet was a religious poet who has believed in God, and he was a great poet. The poem
is written after his blindness which is a period (hour) of suffering and darkness and
loneliness, which made him feel that he is useless and without any benefits.
While thinking about the reason behind his situation, the poet thought that God had
forgotten him in his sadness and suffers. As if there are two voices in his mind. The first voice
is asking him to be away from God, which is evil voice saying that you are important but God
doesn’t care about you. While the second voice in his mind is the voice of his good side which
reminds him of the fact that God is the greatest power founded on earth. And all human
beings are supposed to love and worship God without asking him for anything in return.
God has many angels and good people who are worshiping him without asking him for
anything and the good side and the good voice also reminds the poet that he was created by
God, and he has to thank and worship God all his life.
At the same time, God never forgets his creatures. Even if they are weak (cannot move) or
blind, just like Milton. So the poem ends with Milton as a faithful believer in God.

The poet tells us about his experience when he was blind because he wants to say that God
is founded everywhere and at any time for any human being without any discrimination
(without any difference).
 Poem & prose ... Mosty encyclicals On His Blindness

Contrast:
There is an implied contrast between the evil voice which tells him (that one talent which is
death to hide Lodg’d with me unless) and the good voice which reminds him (God doth not
need either man’s work or his own gifts)

Metaphor:
(that one talent which is death to hide Lodg’d with me unless) the poet used certain
thought to present the evil voice, when he was trying to make the poet away from God.
(God doth not need either man’s work or his own gifts) also he used certain thought to
present the good voice.

1. Alliteration:
a) Days Dark c) Not Need
b) World Wide d) Bear Best
2. Onomatopoeia:
Murmur: refers to the whispering.
3. Rhyme:
a) Sent Bent Present Prevent d) Meed Speed
b) Wide Child Hide Denied e) State Wait
c) Best Rest
4. Assonance:
a) Bent Present c) Spent Prevent
b) Hide Denied

Poem & Prose

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 Poem & prose .. Mosty encyclicals Wuthering Heights

...Prose...
Q1: What is the difference between Poetry and Prose?
We have seen that it is often possible to enjoy poetry without understanding its meaning.
That is you may pay rather closer attention to the music of a poem than to what it actually
says. In prose, however, there is no rhyme and meter to obscure the meaning. A writer may
express himself more directly because he does not have to make the language he uses fits a
rigid pattern, thus we read prose primarily for its meaning. Just as with poetry, enjoyment of
prose is often directly related to the way a writer expresses himself but no matter how
pleasurable the way of writing may be, the meaning always comes first. [See page 33]

Q2: Define Prose as a literary genre?

The word (Prose) is used to define any sort of writing that does not fit a recognized poetical
form. But not all prose is a like, there is almost endless variety in the way we express
ourselves in writing. We should hardly expect a novel to be written in lexical terms, or a
scientific text-book to contain lengthy descriptions of the countryside. In each case, the style
of the way that it has been written in, must be adapted to suit the subject matter.

The Narrative Prose is the Prose that describes an action or series of actions to tell a story.

by: “Emily Brontё”

It is about how the narrator who is the servant discovered the death of her master and the
expressions she saw in his face. The whole passage is a description of Mr. Heathcliff’s death.

In a raining day, the narrator saw her master’s room windows open because of the rain
which was entering the bedroom. She thought that her master was not in his bed, so she
decided to go and check. When she opened the door with another key, she was shocked by
seeing her master lying on his bed, gazing at her. In the beginning she did not think that he
was dead, but then she became sure that he is dead when she saw the bed clothes where
very wet by the rain and one of her master’s hands was wounded by the swinging windows
but there was no blood coming out of his wound. When she was sure that he was dead, she
tried to close his eyes but they refused to, as if they were sheering her offer. There was a
look of exaltation of Heathcliff’s face
 Poem & prose ... Mosty encyclicals Wuthering Heights

The writer wants to show or describe the expressions of exultation which are on the face of
Heathcliff, to indicate that he was happy with his death. He was so cruel in his life that the
servant was afraid from him, even when he was dead.

Q1: What attracted the narrator’s attention to the bedroom?

The swinging open window and the rain which was entering the bedroom attracted the
narrator’s attention.
Q2: How did the narrator gain an entrance to the room?
She gained an entrance to the room by using another key (spare key)
Q3: “I could not think him dead” Why not?
Because he was so cruel in his life and was arrogant hard hearted man.
Q4: What expressions did the dead man have on his face?
There was a look of exaltation on his face.

In the Narrative passages, we usually have all underlying (strong) told by a certain narrator,
may participate in the events and he may be separated.

1. Unity: in each narrative passage, we have a main event. All the narrative and information
should have a close relationship with the main event; therefore, unity is showing how
everything that happens in the story contributes to the main event.
Example: Emile Bronte in Wuthering Height’s arouses our curiosity, with a small detail;
the master’s window swinging open here, although we are led up to a climax.
2. Contrast: it occurs when opposite pictures are placed side by side in the passage.
Contrast is used for increasing the interest of the reader.
3. Description: it is impossible to have narrative passage without description. But here, the
description is always adding something to the story and influencing the course of
events.
Example: We have already seen how the description of the swinging window leads to
the discovery of a dead man in Wuthering Heights. The whole passage relies heavily on
description for the atmosphere of mystery and horror which is created.
4. Dialogue: it is a conversation between two or more characters in the story.

1. Style: it is the way that the writer handles all the devices and arranges his words. It is the
style that makes one piece of writing different from the other.
2. Use of words (Metaphor, Simile): the way an author handles the words does not only
give his style writing a definite quality, but adds color to his narrative and enables the
reader to imagine more readily what is happening.

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 Poem & prose .. Mosty encyclicals Diary

For an example: in Wuthering Heights, the repeated word “sneer” adds to the horror of the
description of the dead man, Heathcliff’s expression is devoid of all calm he has a frightful life
like gaze, in a sense he has continues to live even though he is dead.

The Descriptive Prose is the writing that describes scenes, objects, people or even person’s
feelings in such a way that we can imagine them vividly.

by: “Dorothy Wordsworth”

The passage describes the memories of the speaker about an inn which he was staying in
once a time ago.

The narrator was talking about a place which he stayed in for a long time, this place was the
inn. And the characters are the land lady, the narrator and the maid. The narrator speaks with
the land lady in the kitchen and he tells her that he wants a room of three beds. At the
beginning there is the description of the parlor which looks damp and cold, but the woman
says that the beds are well heated. The narrator does not like the land lady’s manner; she
doesn’t like to be questioned, she is an unpleasant character. On the other hand there is the
sixteen years old servant who always tries to serve with a smile on her face. She is pleasant
and with cheerful manners, wearing shoes and stocking and had her hair tucked up with a
comb. The kitchen was crowded with furniture (Metaphor) it means that it was arranged
without order. We have drawers, cupboards, dish covers, pictures, pans and pots. These all
were very clean, but the floors, passage, staircase and everything else was dirty. And there
are two beds, above one of them there is a shelf with some books.

The central purpose is to create an atmosphere of opposite pictures at the same place (inn).

Q1: How did the parlor appear to the writer?

The parlor appeared damp and cold.
Q2: What opinion did the writer form of the Land Lady?
He said that the Land Lady is not a welcoming lady, her manners are not good and she
doesn’t like to be questioned and her face is frown.
Q3: Why did the servant make a favorable impression on the writer?
Because she answered their needs with a smile in her face and have done them soon. She
was the opposite of her Land Lady.
 Poem & prose ... Mosty encyclicals Psychology and Education

Q4: State briefly what did the writer notice in the kitchen?
The writer noticed that the kitchen was crowded with furniture, drawers, cupboards, dish
covers, pictures, pan and pot, arranged without order. There was a contrast between those
things and the dirty floors, passage and the staircase.

1. Unity:
There is no underlying (story) to hold it together unless you first discern the central
purpose that underlies it.
2. Contrast:
Always gives added interest and color to the object that is being described.
Diary is made all the more lively by her account of the people there. The unpleasant
Land Lady is contrasted with the cheerful servant girl.
3. Association:
This occurs in the course of an author when he may sometimes fix our attention on one
object and then go on to describe it in an oblique way by referring to another.

1. Style:
The way a writer expresses himself depends largely on the nature of the object he is
describing and the atmosphere he is trying to create. The writer’s central purpose
dictates the style to be employed.
You will observe how simple and direct the writing is in Dorothy Wordsworth’s Diary. At
the same time the writer pays considerable attention to the details. Notice especially
how in the last few lines (I examined the kitchen) all facts noted are expressed in a plain.
2. Use of words Metaphor and Simile

The most difficult type of prose to read is that which deals with ideas and facts. When
reading a story or a description it is relatively easy to visualize what is going on. We see and
imagine rather than think; because argumentative prose requires us to think. It needs to be
read two or three times, if it is wanted to be understood fully.

by: “Frieda Fordhan”

The importance of deepening the understanding of oneself for the teachers, and about the
importance of correcting the relationship between the teachers and the students.
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 Poem & prose .. Mosty encyclicals Psychology and Education

At the first, the writer talks about the importance of the relationship between the teacher
and children, for the former would effect. The personalities of the children as a result for the
children’s trust and believe in their teachers. The importance of this relation is more than any
other teaching method. The second point of Frieda discuses how to change the teacher into
an educator. The difference between them is that teacher’s care only for giving knowledge
while the educators care for knowledge and personality. They need to have good
personalities to effect at the children in the right way.

The writer wants to indicate the importance of the relationship between the teacher as an
educator and the children in producing a satisfactory men and women in future.

1. Unity and Balance

Each sentence is logically deduced from what has gone before and adds something new
to the main idea. In this way the argument is gradually built until it reaches its
conclusion.
The usual pattern is as follows:
- Statement: The main idea.
- Development: Proving the statement by the reference to the facts or by logical
deduction from what preceded.
- Conclusion: The main idea is often re-stated here. But since it has been (proved) is
obviously differs in meaning and implication from the initial statement.
For an example: in the passage (Psychology and Education) each sentence develops the
main idea, which is that educators must deepen their understanding of themselves to
develop children personalities.
2. Contrast:
It is often employed in argumentative prose to give more power to the main idea under
discussion. A reader may grasp a point more clearly if he has been given its opposite.
For an example: there is a contrast in (Psychology and Education) between teachers
who care for knowledge and educators who care for children’s personalities.
3. Illustration:
The writers always give examples drawn from everyday life to make their idea more
concrete so that they will be readily understood by the reader.

Style and no use of words (Metaphor and Simile)

Poem & Prose

 Poem & prose ... Mosty encyclicals Differences between Poem & Prose

1. Poetry is enjoyed without understanding its meaning, while Prose is read for
understanding what its meaning.
ِ‫ تيًُا يستًتغ انقاسئ تقشاءج انُثش تؼذ فهى يؼُا‬،ِ‫انقاسئ يستًتغ تقشاءج انشؼش دوٌ يؼشفح يؼُا‬

2. In Poetry, enjoyment comes from the music which springs from the choice of word
(diction). While Prose much attention is attached to meaning.
ًُ‫ تـُشفق انًتؼح تانًؼ‬،‫ تيًُا في انُثش‬.‫ تاتي انًتؼح يٍ انًىسيقً انتي تأتي يٍ اختياس انكهًاخ واالنقاء‬،‫في انشؼش‬

3. Poetry is more concert and specific than Prose

‫انشؼش يُظى ووحذد اكثش يٍ انُثش‬

4. Poetry is more compressed and intense than Prose.

‫انشؼش يشكـّز وحاد اكثش يٍ انُثش‬

5. In Poetry, the poet may omit many details which may seem necessary in Prose.
.‫ انتي تثذو ضشوسيح في انُثش‬،‫ قذ يحزف انشاػش انكثيش يٍ انتفاصيم‬،‫في انشؼش‬

6. A regular recurring rhythm is used in Poetry although there is rhythm in Prose too.
.‫ وهُانك ايقاع في انُثش ايضا‬.‫ يتى استخذاو تكشاس االيقاع‬،‫في انشؼش‬

7. Poetry is composed to be sung and written to be read aloud.

ِ‫انشؼش يُكتة نكي يتى غُاؤِ ويقشأ تصىخ ػال‬

8. Poetry is the language of passion, while the appeal of Prose is more to reason (mind).
In other words, Poetry is a call to the emotions and imaginations.
‫ تكهًح اخشي اٌ انشؼش هى َذاء نهؼىاطف وانتخيالخ‬.‫ تيًُا جارتيح انُثش تكىٌ اقشب نهؼقم‬،‫انشؼش هى نغح انؼاطفح‬

9. Poetry is written in lines but Prose usually is written by sentences. This is the reason
behind the magic of Poetry. The reader feels to be attracted to the lines because it’s
loaded with meaning.
‫ حيث اٌ انقاسئ يشؼش‬،‫ وهزا هى انسثة وساء سحش انشؼش‬.‫ تيًُا انُثش يكتة تكهًاخ‬،‫انشؼش يُكتة في سطىس‬
‫تاالَجزاب تجاِ انسطىس ألَها يحًّهح تانًؼاَي‬

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