Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • UNICEF: The State of The World's Children 1992

    Uploaded by

    UNICEF
    626 views115 pages
    The State of the World's Children 1992 is offered, from the particular perspective of UNICEF’s experience in working with some of humanity’s most acute problems , as a contribution to the debate on the new world order which is struggling to be born. The report submits 10 specific propositions which, taken together, add up to a proposal that ending the extreme poverty of one quarter of the world’s people should be a top priority on the agenda of the new world order. The report urges world leaders to honour their commitments to children undertaken at the 1990 World Summit for Children. It also stresses the importance of mobilizing all possible social resources behind the commitments that have been made and calls on all concerned organizations and individuals to become involved in keeping the promise. To learn more, please visit: http://www.unicef.org

    Original Title

    UNICEF: The State of the World's Children 1992

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    The State of the World's Children 1992 is offered, from the particular perspective of UNICEF’s experience in working with some of humanity’s most acute problems , as a contribution to the debate on the new world order which is struggling to be born. The report submits 10 specific propositions which, taken together, add up to a proposal that ending the extreme poverty of one quarter of the world’s people should be a top priority on the agenda of the new world order. The report urges world leaders to honour their commitments to children undertaken at the 1990 World Summit for Children. It also stresses the importance of mobilizing all possible social resources behind the commitments that have been made and calls on all concerned organizations and individuals to become involved in keeping the promise. To learn more, please visit: http://www.unicef.org

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    626 views115 pages

    UNICEF: The State of The World's Children 1992

    Uploaded by

    UNICEF
    The State of the World's Children 1992 is offered, from the particular perspective of UNICEF’s experience in working with some of humanity’s most acute problems , as a contribution to the debate on the new world order which is struggling to be born. The report submits 10 specific propositions which, taken together, add up to a proposal that ending the extreme poverty of one quarter of the world’s people should be a top priority on the agenda of the new world order. The report urges world leaders to honour their commitments to children undertaken at the 1990 World Summit for Children. It also stresses the importance of mobilizing all possible social resources behind the commitments that have been made and calls on all concerned organizations and individuals to become involved in keeping the promise. To learn more, please visit: http://www.unicef.org

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 115

    THE STATE

    OF THE WORLD'S
    CHILDREN
    1992

    United Nations Children's Fund


    (UN ICEF)
    THESTATEOFTHEWORLD~CHUDREN
    1992
    ~I' ..,~r
    OXlfllf'. /'10 II co UK
    ... s.-,~

    ()qonI, ,,,"- Y.... T _ lWII:; ~ ~


    .II....... ,......,.....,.,... S',: . "- ~
    T..,..,,........ o... w _ c.,.T_M' ...
    ~- eo o.J ...,.,.... '" HtI..... am;",
    ~ N.....

    Cb/o>rtJ If " ""'" - " '" 0TPri u-......o 1_


    ' ..bIu/oN ,~ "'" U",'/M Suun /Iy (),;J1lnJ U~iwmry
    I.... ~ N.. \......

    Il.,)t pan
    /-0 '"
    <f nr SIoor of ..
    ' ,."......... 4' .11''''''
    _., Cli/rIr,.. ""'0' /It
    (t
    ~,.,..,. c
    n.._ 'II........ ~ 1"1
    . ' :crill " ''' ,!" a-
    J. e:w.t. _c...." -
    '1J' OlJl111111
    1SB.'i " '''ltll~S

    !SSN OlU-l lfX

    n..1-,,~e--.... '• ....-


    • lt" .~.
    n.. _".... -,,", ~ -01t/tftJ
    N.. Y...... o.p.I u...., N!I' Pr- 1" /JX1CI':F ~
    1tbo. ,."",.. R.awo. ! r . . I MIl.
    1.a.;u.", _1lo ', 'C _ _ p" ' •
    l. r.wJw,o • e- _ ~. I..... "'. . _ .
    1'<nodIinJb, 1. /Pr.'te:Jo:Jo:
    HQ 192.1.•~7J 8,I~lSS0 JU 1' 1'tJ91 124

    UN/( ,1!F, UN!CH' ' ' - J U.N. '''-. N.. 1'. ....
    N.Y. 100/1 U-tA.
    IA1CIiY, , ...... "" ,~ CH. 11/1
    a-w '" So . " ...
    e- ...,- . aooc__ Crdorc. . - - IJ.L
    a-., _ QoIIoo( t:J::
    T_ _ <- ~--' '''''''''' 1lL
    " - "..... ... In ' iii. IlL

    ~ _"""J;r /r.o.7a:J:- _oq,.JU _ ...


    /'na, ". t' 6' L Aa - , I' Oh •• ..., CIow,
    a.-
    _
    Jr, "
    (J#1 .J84JI ,~
    6 J. (kwOXI0
    0l91·lHZIl
    "''II; U K..
    THE STATE
    OF THEWORLD'S
    CHILDREN
    1992
    o
    James P. Grant
    Executive Director of the
    United Nations Children's Fund
    (UNICEF)

    ' lm..lSll ~ 1I 1'01l UNICEf

    Oxford University Press


    CONTENTS

    THE STATEOFTHE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992


    Introduction: n., p<>Iitical on<! =>nomk chan&<:s of rttCtIl ~ ha"" made it
    dear that .. J><W " vrl d order II evolving. UNICEF "'bmil:$ ten
    Agenda for a propositions for the qt'I>da Qf lila! ~ ordtt - from the point of
    new order view of .. world wide 0fll0JIizati<m wlUch comes in'o <biIj' <:<>Dl.lI<I
    wiIh lOnle of h\lIrlanily' s most ocute problems.

    I. Keeping the 'n.. 1990 W'orlo:/ S""""il/<1T CAildml mad, a 8=" prom;'" to tho
    childrm of tho 11'900. It ..... . promise, lIIIKI!IK other Lhi..,., l<>
    promise dnWcaIJy n>d~ clIild deatho ""d ch~d malnutrition, and to cmure
    tha t ..u children have at I....' .. b3o.k oduntion, by <he end of W
    """tory. ThaI prom;'" ",,,,n now be ktp<..

    Prof. l:tiO" fo< the growing minds and bc>di<'< of childrcn ohouId h" ..
    2. First call .. firs' call on the raoun:a of th< adult W<>tld _ and childrrn Ilhould
    for children be . ble ro count on that commilm<11t in good limeo .... d in bad .

    Th. ril"ort prot.... the ti_ an<! the t.akh m millions of !he
    l<>
    -"
    3. Fewer deaths,
    world', childrtn io in . ynngy with, n<>I oppositi<>n It>, 1be off""" to
    fewer births oIow population 1lfOWlh.

    4. Investing T<J<by'. < ""'$en"" on .. '1tI3fkrl (ri"'ldly' "ll Pl'OKh to d"",lopmen,


    dItluld be """"",panied by .. <'tlff'OSp<lBding COI1$M$UJ on the -.l
    in people to guo.nm'" bIl' i< ,," -ntmenU in poop," and paItkularty in the
    IIea1Ih and educatio n of child=>.

    -"
    Irn.. ....... in irnematiorud aid shoold he: based "" I . ",..ined and
    5. Aid and need
    IIIClISWlIble cornmiunem to mectiJl& minimlll1l human needs .

    - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
    6. The economic M1ion by th< ind~ nali""" 10 Iig:h= 'he hurd... of deb<
    ond 10 <>pm ~ io .... ntill if «onomic ... fontl in <he:
    environment u
    lkvdol>in& world lO ....cceed in allowing in P<OPk w tun a
    docen' ~ving.

    7. Disarmament Dmtiliurizltion in the developing wo,ld. .lltd ~u «d miliwy


    ' p<ndins in <he: ind~ world , ohOll!d be linlo:d '" incn:ues in
    lh< I'<OOW'C<::S . .'lIiIobl< fOl" dcvclopm m, ond 1M =oIution of
    """"""" global probl......

    8. Setting Mos' of Africa", deb'" ohould be fOl"gh-m and int<mal «<>nomic


    n:fonn should be gi>-cn • <:han"" to .ucceed by inc:n:ucd e><lemal
    Africa free IUppon.

    9. The apartheid A ocw world <:>nI<r ohouJd op""",, lh<: opo rth<id of ~nd.. .,
    vigorously .. the apmheid of nee.
    of gender

    10. Planning The wcll informed plannioa of b irth< ........ of th< mOlt rifocti>"I:
    . nd leos' e:<pcn.ivl: ~ of imp roving tho quality of life on oorth.
    births
    -~
    Fluio indi...ton, nutrition, t-lth, roOClllWn, d<mognphio
    Statistical
    iIl d;""",... economic indica''''", W<lmm, le$o populout wun\tkt;, "'"
    tables "'~ of progrnI.
    PANELS

    The year 2000 goa ls :


    one lor ai, allor one 1 Reducing povltl'ty:
    WOtld ~l Repor1 9
    Mexleo:
    kaepi'og the prWioo 2 Educ811on:
    llChooI Sla;.*lg powur 10
    Im rnunlzllltl on:
    stJ a bErg8io 3 South Korea:
    rTIOl'lI ed.Jca1ion per doIar 11
    -
    Eastern Europe :
    baoslIiol , with a tunan lace 4 a Baby-friendly ho spi tals :
    seve
    rriIIion &vas to 12
    The United Slales:
    !he rise Mel rise of dild pQYBrty 5 -...."",
    Clllna :
    13
    Wer on ch ildren :
    Ihe 2OIt1 CEIllu'y's shame 6 ctilcieo rs vaccne
    Super-shots:
    i1iliatM! 14
    Ce8re:
    shoIWlg ~ ( 3 l be dor'e 7 HepllUtls B:
    the SEMlldh vacc::ilo 15
    Resh Uffling the pack :
    Ht.man ne.lllop '160 ,t RaporI 8 Facts for life:
    " ::: ;00 lor rriIons 16
    TEXT FIGURES

    Fg.

    Fg.
    1

    2
    r_;, ......""'fI"O"laity.byregict>,
    ~ d*:I "..nNilicn: PBSl
    ' 975·2O(X)
    11l6O- 1990

    t....,. on:l U>.nI ~ ~ <:nrJlrie&. _lnl tr\f M'oIlricas.

    Filii. ~ m-., ~ C<:N«39". c:I'*;hn ..... """ _ . .. "'" ',-'1/ DllI.Tl:rioa. 11ll31-1190
    F ~ DeaIhJ~""" SIi~ .Irom""","",, _ _ di ', , ' ...
    <>:U1II1M, 1991

    " s E$lmated ...... '" ORT to InJlII $'1..- .. ' ..... " ~ IIQOd ().4 - - . 1964 -1968, by I'IKJ "9'"'

    ~-
    l.li"o:l!r.!Mlr'rlOI'IaiI'I rate ~....,; lOLOIlMiiIy rate (mlI. 1960. lQll(l rw;I 1999.... ~ ~
    " ,0 ""'" rod pmwy rd ...... 001 e<U::loIO\ ... a petOOn\IlglO '" tOlal_
    "'
    ~ en ~ _
    lI'J'II!ff"ffli " " " " ' _, ~ lle'>dc« '11 ~ 1968
    PeroenIage '" Q!lnIr~ ~ ~ lCGEllllooaled to h """"'Y, detII~ , neaJm ..,
    "' ,
    0
    ~ am Old ~ III ~ '" CGE. by """""" 1_
    ChM>r}es n ~ mal__ ond <:t*l heollIh ~ e-... 19t& 11l9Sl
    " _ n pm-.y oct>ooI, by "'Il""', 1996-1_
    (i(:m(Jo ..

    " "
    F",. 11
    ~

    P8roIInlago '" l cllll bI-_ rid mft._ 1lId aIDcaIed to - . " " " _ -. 1_
    ',. " Ilaslc_ *~ .. ~ ol lOllll . " _ d<>"a (:(U"I!I'JM" 19B9

    ra <blCII' ord ~ <:oo.n!riee, USS ~ 19E1O-1989

    "'
    No!"""" 1nrOl!<n _

    F'II' 14 Po!roontage '" """"" g<MlIM'l8I"II ~ lIlIocaled to <lOl<I'lCe• .,.; ootiIII _ ... _ _
    ~ . 1 9n...-.a 1009
    SUMMARY OFISSUES

    The IX*t>caI a"ld ecoo 100 ,.:; ....... iQ8S Q! th!t las1 l/Yee ~ t>aw IT*M il . - . IhaI .. rew WQI1d erda' ..
    emergO>g. 1'Ns ~ ·s SWte 01 the Wa"<r a Chilhit1 raport....n ICI a.>ntrb.tt ~ to!he;lQ9i'lda dIM! rew order
    flQm 1he pe<specI'...e oIa ~ O'gIf'OZldion IOhk;h <XmllII i'll<l <;laily ~ 'N!th some of the ll'eatoot
    !airQs 01 n Old.

    1 .....
    Th9IIt1o prQrnisu oI1he WOI'o:J s..rm.
    let Cttillr1 sI'IcUd be ~ Ilnd 1M! II new world Of'do!t st>ouId
    Dring "" Bnd to 1TDnutnti<Jn, ~ disease, Bnd _ eracy a'l'OIlI so mBrl\I "*"'" oIlhe """""'$

    FIICI. A 'lLfWl\II' at..".", jOlP,J ~ <Ii> - r ~ mont .... "" "'"' ~ w>a _ p«mI>t)IIfIt
    6 - . ~ t.I d fII cases 01 ~ _ -¥ dB8th NIl ctJuMd by h a""'liplIdSc:
    .......... wflICtI<m ""'" be ~ or lIWIedIII "lOY /owc:osl.

    - 1h:l! !!1e .... ....:,..!e c! '!lrst ell! V~· - =,*" ~~ p:.:t:;:etlc::1 *~;ro-"'n.i~;;1d:1"oros

    2 oIll'01l )'OISlIl 01..91110 have II i\rsl C8III CO lOcieties' _


    new world order.
    •_ bo,looma on ""'""'P'1IC1 aItIc 01 a

    FOCI: ~"""'1"""""" of lho ~ lOOtt, II>e


    ll60Wl ~ i'l/O nsi'lIl_ Of r:Nd ~ llfId aoIIi'Ig _
    '"'*
    011M ~".,.,.." _ l/le <*:f aioiI aN Il/6ll1 /laS
    of _ ......,.... I'l trIIWI)' ~lIO'lS rlihe
    n<1l$l , r , _ . the bel< af rtG ....... ~ " . . . - JfIBI file riJ,ng!llJlMlal dIM 19l1Os /ISS IlIWI
    ~ by II S/IarJl ~ 1'l1J>iJp'cp::Irli:)ol 01 CIlitnrl M'lg II fJIA'fJfIY.

    ThaI ~ the issues Ii rnaIrlItriIlcln ~ Osoaase. lind wid8spreed ilile<ac:y ..... not ca-oImmed ""

    3 (I rew WCf1d otdIlf' fMlIve9. Ihen il wiI be Io9Y IYliJCI' rroe diIIicUl to rlld""" the lllI8 01 pop<Jation
    (1tIWlIl ard make ltollnVl!lili<lr1 to ~ ~ ""","","Ie ~.

    Fact ~ cH<J _ gi>oe$ ~ mont CO'4Iw"",;, ~ ~. M:>sf oIlh11 ~ Ila/IO'>S ""'/lOW


    l>"Ilri>sI fJf ~ h SllI9O«""'" _ </!Iot>a.. child _ .... _ l O i l n mt.Cl'I3teIJptfr _ _
    i1 bi'lPJ.-. £:IoJov _ ",""I'><NI be _ W~
    ...... !>Of_, oo'.trtfslO_poo:Ua_ll"""l/l.
    1he-._-. ale""" 0 1 _ of oIIIdArl wiI !ll&obll

    lhal me growing cu_osus arOUl'ld ltoI 0TipclrIar'ce 01 f1WI<tI! ~ pcIiciIls _ be

    4 00'lC0 i iflllIli9d bv II ~ oon&IlI'ISU!l on lNl ~ 0/ QtM'!rl'Vl\ef'110 go.a'lI<lleEI b8sic


    ;""6SlI1" ~1I '" peoplo.

    Fact l l ' l - - .
    Wd>
    ~1IbaA
    as pTTIIlfy - . ...... _
    l a a f ~~ il th!t .....
    ~ ~o;Zl~ t>' IhII P<'O' rrwP*r.
    ,_11/_" rJtto'<X.fJti '" OB9C"","",'&ltS

    lhal increases In 1n18r'l\alional l'id - be based on 1\ aJSl8i'llldend..-..ablll tXli"'''''OlI~ 10

    5 """". ~ mininulll'un&r1 _ 80d lor ~. In liIIIClAIl.,... Ihe prh:;pIo oI a lWst CIlII 10I

    Faol: t_!tMn ltl" d IJ# lIid is JJb:;aJoo 10"""""'" !I'll Dai: . - d I1IIJ poor br - . . JriMrl' M.--.n. "*-
    ....rw~. _ Wr#f p/IrrirIg.
    Thal intOOllllkloal aetJon 00 delli, aid. and trado ~ atlII\Il ~ etMr/lfVT'lIlI' In wt'Iid'IllCOnOn'ie

    6
    FIlCl'
    I'fIb-rn .. 1ho ll8' !'~ ill 'Ml'Id cor> S<.a:OOd .. allOwing ils peopl&10""" a decOOllMrg.

    TIM ~ (Je/)/ CtI$i$ "-'S rtI8t !Ill f)OOt WCtICl IS ""'" ttJ;ISb•• og sse 0lkvI , .r- ro me rJCfI ""Iicr>s.
    PrcldGlb lilm tI !Ill ~ _ a:>sn /1lII poot _1I1i.<ltlw $5D Il6>rr II ~ r> bol ~

    TlIalIl proosss of ~ !ItIDIAd bego in the OOoalopi"ll world and th!ll. ... SI8P with Itral
    7 process, la11n9 day expencit.... ... die FdJslriIlized nations SI'"<>.Ad bII linI<8d to "II' aca ~
    i .... rl l'll8maWnalllld lor de\ I ';:.o'''~ ..-.d lor the "*"ubon 01 common gIobaI .. cUto, ...

    Fact: 1!>II ....,...,,!lOW sptIfl/. M !IlI WCtICl'. motrl>')' _ !M CQ ' ll>o led ..... ..."..,.... at me """"'" flBIt of
    />m¥Ity, The pools 0I!hf 'NM:! Slnml IrJr ~ _~ <bs/J(; ""*"::1IOnS i1 ~ Ind ~ find 8
    _ """ - Icr '" <>'tim - <:cUd D8 /I1IlI 1>y ~ Itl" at ~ _ _ .. me '*" "•
    ';'11 wrxk11!1f>(1
    1" "' /t>fI ~ ~
    - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    Tl\IIl the "'-'" 01 A!rica's debt 00 """"* on and that the <X>"ltinenl be !r'"'IO oulI\cief1l _
    '*"" .,_
    8
    FOd: _
    lll.lJPOIllO ,elam to .. .-.--l in 'egeneraq !he """""""'" of <l!o. ' , WI_.

    l<Xl9y " crV)i ~ '" fJ6Y IItXL'I tnt t!>rd of !Ill _ <b> at il:r delJI:t. bm _ 8 808OItli", II
    ~ at ", iii eow-t ..,qp rd COSIi1g rho co. ..'" """"..-.' '""'" rn.. it$ 1ot8I...,.idi'O M thItt".Jth_
    "'" ........ of ftS petpI1.

    9
    FllCI: I.Icre ~ a mI;::rI 0i1s .- fl/ldl)'OW ~ b«:aJw lhIJy ..... 1xm BmIo; me C3lJS8 a t _ iS lfJe_ ct
    """.'.WIOI'
    Thellhe responsille piar'o'WIg 01 bitre is OM 01 the mD6I 6IlocIMl and - _ _ ways at

    10 ~ the ~ 01 ~ 00 """" • both row end in Ih8 Mt.re • and Il\IIl OM of lh& grmtasl
    I,listal<ai 0/ 0l.I' tims is the lBik.nIlO rBllige!hal potootiaI.

    F8cl: 0.... ~()OO a,gsI ........... _1JOft>"lO/1 00(11 day. ~ "..", CIIbm do """"" , - bI!caI.<w lhIJy_ _
    bQ7l too Ill:lCr' ..,. II ~ Ili'lI'I or oecause lhIJy wn Ixm ro roo
    mt1tt&'s """ ...... ~ to !ii'u Iltlh SiW','.
    0.... .00.000 IaIll:I WO'1J!O'l cit.....-y _ /loICaL<'lo> If>8li <A:> '"" """" !Ill ~ or ftIIIl7*WlI or !lll ,;glll to. .
    JI'Ie"'- 1¥>d ~ of lrlei" PlY"""'"'" '" _~ CQid """"""" hi rif,l. Ihtt tlllfI at _ _ /,IfOI'I1Il
    _1aII1>y~~
    -~
    - - - 1- - -
    THE STATE
    OF THEWORLD'S
    CHILDREN
    1992
    James P. Grant

    Agenda for a new order


    Keeping the promise
    First call for children
    Fewer deaths, fewer births
    Investing in people
    Aid and need
    The economic environment
    D isarmament
    Setting Africa free
    The apartheid of gender
    Planning births
    Z<{ :f " n ~5~ i~t
    lll!ilit~i!~l!li~~i' I,!1 .a.H·J~:... !~"
    .-p
    !! !i'l~..:p2, ... ill~5[fIi~
    1,:, l " ,'" H.;J 1 I~ t[~~· <.C!;.:, ~ ~
    Ii; "'"" ~ ~ tp i5 ~ en
    ~!t-';
    I~i< ...P's:& a, 'd
    a.!l' ...;; Ja,' :f:;'~ iii
    [!If!~lI;~~I~ii~!I[1 ~H;; l;j
    !"ill';I!kll~ilt t!! fll~~ ,.h:~.·
    ~ fl ,. ~ "f"i1;'l"~ Ii]
    tll!·!!i ·!I I·I"~I~II, §" ~ a -.1 1.,"
    oil _"~2
    , " e s ee 'f"· ,~ • [ S,&.ia.,;::
    ...
    • ' . '. • l';§,lj
    • 0 . " =-5' , Z5.g ~
    '1 i.
    !l-!('
    "r
    'Hrc .,g""c 'ci - Q'il'§
    ij"lI"
    'I"·">' fit at!! ~
    ·i[, ·rl,r'·••. I· l lr~.,~' @
    o
    .I,~ .,I l·tlil~
    i -I.'
    ! l .,'Il
    3 ... . "
    - ,I. , " • ~ !f B.~ :2'~~~§
    ·Ill. '~,;dN! ~ m ~ "'. . ~l S'
    [o[
    e<;. ~,>jl~
    ~
    _ ' 0
    n
    '.1. ii"" li lll t:! ;,""-' §
    ~ '" if Il a'
    @

    i~
    Agenda for a new order
    This report is issued a l a time when the living through a revoludon. If so, it is a
    world or der which has dominated the PQliti- revolution significantly differenl from 1'1:\'0 -
    cal and economic life of the 20th century is lutions past. It is different, first of aU, in
    visibly dying. It is offered, from me paru cu - that irs principal agcm is not violence hUI
    lar perspective of UNICEFs experience in communication. And as ends arc often
    working with some of humanity'. most inherent in means, it is also diffel'l:J\l in that
    acute problems, as 11 contribution 10 the it ill a revolution which appears to be trans-
    debate on the ot:'W world order which ill ferring power nOI 10 the few but 10 the
    struggling to be born. many.
    In the blink of an historical C)"C, the These arc profound differences In the
    world has witnessnl the beginning of the process of historical change, differences
    end for apartheid, the liberation of Ce ntral which gi\'e a new meaning 10 the idea of
    and Eauem Europe, the Cl'lding of the 40- the oomrnunieations revolution. For in the
    year cold war, lhe beginning of significam many coumne!< "'heR' poli tical and ec0-
    reductions in arms expenditures, the virtual nomic change is now unfolding, it is the
    abandonment of the idea of state econo mic power of communication that is allowing
    monopoly , the narrowing of ideological the judgements , pro\'olting the comparisons,
    divid"", th" . rn:ngthcning of the economic heighlening the frustrations and posing the
    heartbeat of Asia, the tum away from dina. alterTUltivn. Mtv- y",,~ of somewhal ~pty
    tonhip in vinualll' every republic of J.arin talk abou t the global villagc, it is as if the
    America, and a new impuJ5<' toward. first \il1age rnttting Wef'C being held and
    democracy, pluralism, and eccncmtc re- people were voting almost unanimously to
    form in Africa. reject the political and economic aUl<x raeics
    which have deprived them of choice with-
    n" period o f history mal is most diffi.
    OUI meeting their needs.
    cult 10 understand is always one's own, but
    the suddenness and SC1IIc of ~ changes, Then: have been unpleaslll11 rnnindcn of
    in a landscape previously considered glacial the \'Ulnerabilily of this precess of change ,
    in its rate of progress, suggests that we are bUI recent e\'enlll in the Suviel Union, and
    THE STATE OFTHE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992

    particularly on the strn'tS of M OSI.' Q\\' and Despile an imcmational agenda that is
    51. Pctcrsburg in August of 1991, ha,.., sent crowded with pressing political, economic,
    a message of courage to people< aU over the and environmental problems, there is there-
    world. in many capital cities today, meee is fore mere cause for hope on the human
    an almost umgiblc sen$(; that some vital bal- horizon than perhaps at any other time in
    encc mlill' 1:><: shifti ng, tha t the contour! of this ~n!UI)'. It may be that the } 'eal'll ahead
    Iile possible mal' be: changing, that people will sho"" such optimism not to have been
    lll'l." finding a new confidence in their own justified; hut wh at is not in doubt is that a
    rights and abilities to participa te in the man- new order is emerging in our times.
    agemen t of their own alTairs. And h may
    a1ro be, although it shoul d be said only len_
    tatively, that thCTC is a new ncrvOUSJlC$l, a
    nev.' he<;itam:y, amo ng those who might be A new order for children
    tempted to suppress those rights.
    This repo rt s('Cks 10 conlribute III the
    This advance for democracy is not excju- agenda of thai new order from the pen;pcc-
    rive of a worldwide o'llani~alion which
    si':dy led by, or ccnrsec to, xeecm end
    Central Europe. Ten yean ago, mOSt of thc comes ;mo daily con tact with some of the
    22 rep u blics of Central and South America greatest fll.iling$ of the old_
    were gripped by dietll.torsrups; today, all but Those failings were the cemral issue of
    one ha\'!: an elected govcmmcm, 1\ also me WorM SummJi fur Children held in late
    appear> that Afric:iI may no\\' be embarked Scpu:mbc:r of 1990 al the United Nations
    on a gradual political trlInsformation. 'The headquancrs in New York.. 11>c timing of
    shock W3 \'<:S from Eastern Europe and the !he S"",,,,il, which brought lDgt:ther IS9
    Soviet Union afl' rc\'crlxniting through tha t nations, more than 70 of them represemed
    contincm " i!h a parti~..nar resonance because b)' their Presidents or Prime Ministers, could
    tocy are coincidin8 "ilh the sudd en llJ1d not haye bttn more propitious. The ou!-
    painful Ializaoon of the moral and fmancial come - an ~ programme for, among
    Inadequacies of many of its elcisting em- oiher things, ending mass malIIUuitiOIl, pre-
    nomic and political systems. Simulumeousl)', ''CI1lable disease, and widespread illileraey
    the ending of the roId w"r is raising new bc:fore the end of the d=.Ide - amoumcd 10 a
    hopes that the destinies of many nations in dclailed description of a IIl'W enter for the
    Africa, omd in other pam of the dc'doping world's children (panel I ). 1bc e~nte
    ..-orId, may """,' be: detached from the super- of this agreement, at a time when the exist_
    power rivalries which have so distorted ing ",-orId order is rapidly changing, means
    international relationships in the POSI-"'l!1' that then: is today a bcucr chance than ever
    era. Those ri'"lIl1ies have had mueh to do bc:fore offmding a place 0 11 the world's polil-
    ",ith !he llVt:I'-miliwi7.a.oon of the developing ical agenda for the right.s of duldrcn and for
    world and "'i th the perpetuation of the kind mttting the minimum needs of all families.
    of regimes which, in so many counnics and
    fOT so many decades, have denied human It is therefore obligatory, al this tim~, for
    rights and crushed human hopes. all individuals and org:ani7.ations charged
    ,
    ...i m lucb issua 10 emer
    rqpoo$I1JiIi{}' {Of Coouvy to widely held opinion, this
    lIS CuDy lIS pos!ibk inlO tho: dcbal<:! WI lie IJ'l:IlI cause is far from bcing hopcksa, We
    ahead. For • new pace in work! hUtory is lui,.., a1rcad)' In''''~ thn:c quan~ of lhc
    being turned, and if the needs or the poor- " 1Iy tQY.wds a world in which C"o'CI')' man ,
    CSI quartcr O{ mankind, an d o{ Iho: childrm WIlman, and child lin ad cqua te food, dean
    ....lto an: the JIl()$1 ,'IIlnerable or all, llrl: water, basic health cere, and al least a
    again rd~atcd to ihe (ootnotC'l of thaI primary educa tion. And then: is 00 techno-
    page, then the new wo rld o rder which is logical or financial N rner to preven t the
    writte n there will be: neither " 'orth)' of illl completion of thaI jnumcy in our times,
    timn ncr capabk: o{ mcctilli me ehal1cllics
    of the future, Reaching these qt:-o/d goal, is not a d is-
    eeee cause and don not stand as a
    dislrKtion. from tho: eew challenFs of our
    Amid the many voices and Iho: many
    danlorous issues thai wiD compete {or pri-
    times. CRating the conditions in " irich
    people can lIIC'Ct tbcir own and thriJ {:mti-
    ority in Iho: debatcs 10 eeese, !his year's
    lies needs for adequate nutrition, beahb
    S_ '" W WlIrld', CAildmo rcpol'I is ~ and education is lID e:uc:ntial under-
    Ihrrdon: • pka for Iho: ino;:hWon of the
    pinning of cfforu to meet those ~
    mucs wtlidI lend to be ipoml and W
    voices wbic:h a~ normally silenL II is a
    dWJc:nFs. As that mvcstmCl1t liber.les pee-
    ple's productiYity, 10 it hdps ID 5Iimulate
    Plc:a> particularly, {or me inclusion of ml*
    KOllOl"ic gro....th ; aa it includes rather than
    ,"Oiccs silenced by pon n y and ilfucncy,
    excludes peop le from political Ind ecunom-
    for ecse woo arc silmecl by the effeeu of
    ic life, 10 it helps 10 ounure tho: democl1l1lc
    malnu uitiOll and pKVenllbk disease:, for
    plQUSl.; .s it gi"cs peuple tho: confidence
    those who are silenced by being born
    and the means to reduce family size, 10 it
    fema le, and for those many millions who
    he lps to 510w population growth ; an d as it
    an: silenced hy death a1mosl bc fon: thcir
    Ji ves the poor a stake in the future, 10 it
    lives have begun ,
    Ilelps to safeguard the en\'iro nme nL
    Specifically, !he rqxlI'IsubmilS 10 propo- For almost half a ccntwy, the w<lrld has
    Ioitions {or lbc conaidcn.1ion of aU lbosc be:
    + been distracIed from these J1ClII\asb by mili-
    they hca:h of Slale 01' mcm bm of tho: public: - - "" - ;onu
    l2tY UJr1WU . ~ "" p
    - - ~ ..... • iI ....
    "'-"-,-
    ~DIUO .. W ar,

    - who arc concerned to bcoomc invm"Oll in and the ~ war, or Ita,,,divattd our ph)..-
    tho: d;"' nrim of the new world order ...1 lidl ica1 and 6nanc::ial raoura:a. our Kicla and
    ...ilI ",'(I/,,, O\'ft d'E Do:Xt lew )ftrS. Taken ~, OW' inFnuitY and irro3Cinalion,
    Wp:Ihcr, they add up 10 a popos:allhar. end- and our human UlplCi:y and UiiKGIL 1'11.
    ina ee abIolIlle po'I'Uty of QDC quanc:r 0{ 1hreaI: S ,tm.iiI.. n.: time hal tb:n:flft
    mankiDd - tho: ITlOfC than orlC' bi1Iion pcopk QOOI'IC fclr 1be lIutd 10 U.....'dl .. ird' ID 1be
    who 5IilI Ij"" m>d die 'Aim prc;.'alIJ.bk
    hunga', divav, and illil:eracy • $houId rank
    task ~ cnting the ...,ki C\" ~ absoItne
    pll\'CIty, IrllIInutriOOn, iIiIaacy, and 1ft-
    IIongsidc tbc issues of prcson-inr; the pc.cc ' 'mIallIc disease and to build . . . 1tM'Z'ds a
    and prolCCIing the environment lIS priority new " uk! order ....hicb wil rdkcI manI::ind'.
    itcmll "'" the agenda of IIw. new werid order. brighteslllOpQ r.othcr than ita darkest fan.

    •
    THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992

    Thf IfII propo.itillns: 6 ThaI imematio,lIlI QClWn em ddJl, aid,


    ,,00 rmdt 11w"ld creole an em;iro",nnl1 in
    1 Thai 1M. pl'Omm 0/ W World Su", mi,
    .chich «DI1O",it; refimn i" UuJ dtwl<lping world
    ji)r Clrildrm .Mufd lie ltepl (I"d Uwl II ntW .",n $1tceffli in tJlI()f~ing iu PMPk If} tarn a
    wurld ardn . hould bring '''' md 10 ",ulmlln"·
    d«e>l1living.
    liIm, pl"tUmahk diuau, ,,,,<1 illilnYUy amonK
    SiJ many millions of the world'. child"".
    7 Thor tJ proaSJ 0/ dm,iJiUln'ztJ,ion llumld
    2 Thai the pn'ncipk of 'jim call JOT chil- btgin in rhe ckwfopi"l: world and 1M', in lItP
    dn:,,' - meaniug Uw./ proI«lion for Iht growing wilh Ilw/ PrfJl't!SS./aJiing mi/iw.ry a".,ldiulUJ
    bodie. and mind. of 1M. ymmg OI<;:/n '0 haw II in I~ i"d"mializtd ""Iiom should ~ fi"Ud
    Jim caU on S~I~J' r"'C'l' rus _ should bao_ 10 slrnijiaJ.m i~leJ in im~"'Q/ionaJ aid /or
    llIl a.:«pIM cth~ of" nftll rrorld order. dewlopmem amI for lhe ftSofulum oj ",,,,,moll
    3 1NJI if IN iJ",a 0/ "'a/"mn/ion, pno-
    global problems.
    lIOl/abk diJw.Jt, and rriJespread ilJilnaCY, a""
    not "'''fronted as a ....... wurld order ftJO/ws, 8 ThaI uJe <haim oj AfrW 's deb, ~ $Inuit
    Ihm it will 1M wry ",,,,It ""'''' difficult 10 oJ! ""d lhal lhe amli,rem bt. K'Wtl suJficimI
    ",dllU lilt. I'IlU oj fNlfm/allrm Kf'l/fcrh a'u/ ~
    aum...l ,';;;;;,);7. to iUlirw i;;4"oiil ;~f;;;iii to
    IJIl INnn"rion 111 tm,iromnmcally smrainabk sue:eud in regenerating rM momem" m "j
    rkwlopnum t. daotl<lp",em.

    4 111m rhe It"JU'irrg ro"SmSl<S around Ik 9 ThaI a nno llIOrid <min sholiid oppose ,he
    imporlona of marlul teO""",it; polioo should "purlJreid ".f gtnder as rig<>TOUSfy us 1M
    lie UUOt" panied by " =fKmding conse",,,. "punheid "/ rIlCl!.
    On tlw. responsiMily 0/ govm nnenu w gUOl'll1l-
    l<'<' basic irn!tSl "~"1S in f>Ulpk.
    10 Thai W ruptmsible p/(l,,,,i'lg oj births i.<
    5 Tlral in<:TellUS in imemooon,,1 uid should Me o/IM "'''11 e!J«~ mid /ea.1I e"f'tn.iw
    1M bawl. on II Jusu.i"td and mtasurabk Wm- lC<Iys ".f i",prur;ing the qllalily 01 life Oil ta,,},
    ",i,m,m 10 " l«li"lI ",i"im''''' humull "ads - btJl1, ,,,,.. and i" l~ fulure - mid /halO'''' <>f
    /llId for maimai"" ll, ill dijJiolll ri"'n, w W grtaleSl ...iJwk4 1)/ "'" lima iJ 1M I"il"re
    priMipk 0/ a jim ca/l/or child"",. 10 rtaUu lhal pou nlial.

    •
    Keeping the promise
    Proposition: Th<J1 W promise pj 1M World h umanitarian gOllls of this century - immu-
    S u",,,.,; for Children shoulJ /Je kepi ami thas a ni7.ing 80% of the wo rld 's children againsl
    "<'Ill UJI)1'/J orrkr should tm"n8 an nul ILl malnu_ six major d iseases by the cnd of 1990 _ was
    Iritiim,prevml<Ibk diua.st, tlJId illiu=y going to be met (pllncl 3), That achieve-
    among SO many ",illimu of IN; wur/d's dt.iJdrm ment i, now saving the lives of e ve r J
    million children each year .' II has also
    A quarter of a million of the ...'Odd's demonnraied, ailer a deca de-long effort,
    young children ~ dying every Wttk,' and
    mal the worl d now has the outreach capaci-
    millions moee Ill"e surviving in the hal f-life of
    ty 10 bridge the gap between mass-scale
    malnunition and almost permanent ill hc:aIlh.
    problem s a nd inexpensive solutions.
    This is not a Ulrealencd lnIgedy or an
    ln tluenced by that cxample, the Sun,m;1
    impe nding crisis. II ha ppened today _ It wiU
    concluded with a commioncnt,' now signed
    happen again tomorrow. And by any objec-
    by more than onc hu nd red and twenty
    tive SlaIIda rd of scale or severity, this issue
    heads of state, to begin ap plying today',
    would rank in importance wi th any on the
    =u1aled knowledge and inexpensive
    human agenda. But in practice, suc h prob-
    techniques 10 a range of basic problems fac-
    term have had utue purchase on" priority
    ing thc world's children (pa nel I).
    because they llJl' primarily the problems of
    the poo r and the powerless. Thc immunization achievement had also
    The childKn who an: the virtims of p re- shown the usefulness of having a quantifi-
    ,'entablc malnutrition, disease, and iUitcnlC)' eble target as B focus for natio nal clfOlU and
    inl~tiOnal support. The Su mm,i therefore
    arc being moot shamefully failed by the pre-
    scm wurld order. BUI in the last two yeln, formulated its conuniunenls lIS a range of
    thai failun: has begun [0 feature on the specific goals which all nations wou ld strive
    political agenda in a way that is unprece- to achieve by the end of mis century. 1llo)sc,
    dented in UN ICEF's 4Q-year history. basic goals, s.et OUI in fun 011 page 61 ,
    include: a rt:duetion of cluld death rates by
    The most irnponam signal of IDaI new pri- atleast one thint (lig. I); a halving of mater-
    ori!)' was UK: convening of !he WCWU Summil naI mortality rates; a halving of severe and
    for ChiJdrm on 29 and 30 Septanbcr, \990. mooetlltc malnutrition among the under-
    Over those two days, thc laJ&cst CVCT 1PIthet"- lives (fig. 2); 90% immunizatio n CO\'=l&C
    ing of healh of stale met to consider !he (panel 13); a 95% fan in deaths from
    possibility of bri~ to an =1, in our times, meas1ea; an end 10 polio and IC!llllus.; d~
    me long-running tTagedy docnbed in the v..a ler and safc sanitation fOT an families; a
    opening paragraphs of!his chap'''''. bal;ic education for an children and comple-
    tion of primary school for at lcasl 80"A.; thc
    availabmty, 10 all couples, of family planning
    services; an d ohser.1OIl<:C hy all nations of the
    C10ling fbi gap Com.<mlion .... 1m Riglus of t1u OHM.
    The Sum mit me t at a point when it W:RS These goals were arrived al by a proc ess
    becoming clear that one of the grea test of COIlsullation betw<:cn KQvemments and
    ,
    THE STATE OFTHE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992

    The year 2000 goals:


    one for all and all for one
    FOl'the lWOs. !heIe Is a broad agreEmIIl rt that thal mc:nI flIInlIlls bea:rne irIIerlls'.ll(l In!amly pm.
    ~ess os beslllClilMld ~ IY\iII'1<et Jctoes dowhal ~. Mom arty pi<ning ~ rnaKlmIIIlWld
    morI<oIlorc8s <10 beSI and go.ten'O'I1llOI 00 wh8I ctit:I haolIIh. leId->:I ln nm to berl... 1"lJlIi!ion and
    ~dobesl. .... pa<ticUar. ~ISIJCN1l'I"IllO't Iew9r dealhs. The mot<! that .. """""'" abDuI "'-'Ch
    that m,IS1 guornnt.. !hII 1oog-tem1 ffleslrnefit ...
    pe(lpI8, 11 IIlei" haaIth. nulI1tion and eau::ation.
    wlltocuI IOI1ich 1ltO ... ,1iC progess will be both
    K>wfld i\ pece MIl lleprMlll oi PlIJ)OOO.
    .......
    synergisms. thestJoo 091 !hIIcase b' ~ alId
    11>3 yeIlr 2000 g<;o.IIs llithIlr \QgIllhIlf 01 il r;tlSII

    1nseni1g lhe new ~ 1hoSummir A::rC'tiwJ


    10 Seplember 1900 II'e W<;:r1d Smmt Iof was er'lCI:UIIglId by II ......... i'I rllBdling 811 00I1iBr
    CIlben, ~ lOgelhe< lIlIIdB's !rom """" , 50 gIOOaI tatgeI- fIO'Ilo CllIcl ~ • ~ had
    naliooll Includiog 7 1 PrllSidellts and Prime e-, Bel i1thel8!a 1970s at a tWre 1'ltoIo'lll<Od lilt ... ,
    Mi'llsl"". translated the id9a 01 ~ing ill lXMlflIQ8"""" ....-.log at ittIe rrae It'oao110'll0. ~ ..
    peopIe' lntoa set rJ speclIic goals kr theyeIlr:zon a~_ oilers rno:m1hon moraIllI'I<X>I..<lIg
    1hII s.......m 0edamIi0n IIIsO pooo,ised a rew ment.ln'rrulzing BO'Ib has ITl!Ia'ItD<.tdingasystem
    IX'6C8lCOI'IYIi\menI.Ioog ""' ~Ii'1k-' 1hal CI>"l deiMlr...wms to l 00 million W""ts Ic:u
    wtllIt car> be 0\lI'le and _ ...... be d<:tle. Pro- <:II Mt Ii"ne5 a \"<Y. 1hB orgarizatilnal legacy 01 III
    Qi 8l' .,,,"01 aetion torr-**'Q Il18jUr2000goals lIis. ~ !IUSIahld rod lJIi eo oglIe led i\ Ihe 1990s.
    wi be drawn up by mos1 naIicns OOfonllhll.ro 01 (:OJd h8t> ac:tIo:Ml rTWlY 01 hl new ~ Am ""
    1991 (peneI2). YoMlrmu"izaIion. a ~ oI lCm-<:osl ~
    lira rt:1H avaIabIo lor ~ a t1ealing 1h8
    The gotlIS. lwerJlV· _ iI'l ...' nduo:la " on&
    It*d rea.octl::#l n d*.l deaths. II ~ 01 CllIcl pl<ble<'''1h8l ClI<I5CI iI1lNi1l ttTtlll quBJI\lflI 01 illI
    manutriIioII. a hlIMnll 01 <ieaIt'III ,...,.".". women lOday', <:tiki o:IaaltIs.m <:tiloj rMrolIri!ion.
    drng ~ and ~ . ........,.saty avai-
    AI !hII St.monI for~ , 1h8 world', - . .
    abI8 ~ ~ ""'" watll" and SIrilatieJrl let
    Ill, WId baIlic «lJCatIon b' aI dtien. Mom lII:!Io !9"d '10'" III 1 ' .. lhil _ 10
    speollic ChJd haaIth goeIs ~ Ql:m iItm..nza. meeI_'XJmmillT_ts". The1Ol3lCOSlhEIS ~
    liM. po(o 9ildcali<W t, !he /lWrinaIiOtl 01 reonataI aetimled at $20 biIion a ;wv 1tnloJgto.JI 1h8
    199O!lone! III _ """ lhi1:l 01 !NlI ~ r.oo 10
    tetanus. • 95% raductioo " mo'laSIes deBthe
    iaJmlrJI/)' abDuIll4O.lXXl '**' yeIlI) , a hllMng of
    ctikl dealtlsCWl"d by ~(4 ITilkln a yeor),
    come tom i u
    ~ao:l.
    tn, 01' a ,_ . a" OJ01, !nI8'.

    and a OI'"e-ltWd nDJctIon n ctiId lIeolltos from TlisIlXlnl aid req..-ed llITlOI.f'IlS 10less 1h8I11%
    ~(3""" a.,-\. 0I !h11 ~ worId',CU'n!<'il rniIaIy expen.
    ~ 01' SO MIlI'IY WgaIS seams
    AI. 1Y$1 !Iighl. ~. so,noymltooNgh a price, in!hll posIcdj
    (Hf!r ambilIous. I3vt the 'OflIl fI;r aI . III "" one" _ ...", 10 _ Ire !MIS at II1!lI>j rrilIiors 01 eNd-
    relationship betwelltl lIlem mak8S ~ leasible. Al'1.~ tha~d. many """"'Il"O'e,
    ~ d*:I rn>IruUiIion,!or ~ ~ lIbw 1h8 world's 'lila 01 populaIia1 growth. and
    r«\oces cNd o:leaIhs. Ra<1JcedClllcldoalhs-.. mel<e thegeE'll$Sl 01all ~ ''' I$in the future.

    •
    Fig. 1 Child deaths the sP«iaJized agencies of the United
    Natiuns. ThC)' are based on a review of the
    ~ l'fbrld Summit for ChiId~ ha'I \et the target 0/
    ~ one lhlrd O'ftItxtion In UnMf·""" d9th. by W specific, IO W<051 opportUnities now avail-
    year 2000 (Of ~ reduction to 70 I"" 1000 birth< _ able. They therefore represent a comp-
    whk~ illowt<).
    rehensive programme for narrowing the p p
    The chon <how1 the ~ .. in ff'dudng child that has bc:cn allowed 10 open ~twecn the
    dNth. from \%0 to 1990. The whl!l! UIll"I indiat ~ availability of low-cost lechnologies and
    the progreso N<:h region will ~ 10 ad>_ l the
    )ONr 2000 LI~ ,,10 be m<"l . their application to those in need.

    Trends in tJndef-five mortalify, by region, Thc agreemera to that programme, by


    1960·1990 virtually every nation, marks the rejection of
    300 the long-held notion that the problem of
    malnutrition and disease is so vast and
    ineviUb\c that nothing significant can be
    done. In its place has come the recognition
    that the great majority of child deaths, and
    of the vast weight of iUnC$ and malnutri-
    i
    ~ 200
    tion which lie ~hind them, can nO'" be
    prc\'emed rclath·ely cheaply and easily.

    8
    From pro mise to practice

    One of the first consequences of the


    Sum",i, has been 10 accelerllle the progress
    of the Comoenlio" m, ,I.. Riglr/./ oj 11..
    Child.' The Clmwmio" seeks 10 establish
    minimum standards for children's ~Urvlval,
    health and nutrition and minimum stan-
    dards of protection against aU forms of
    exploitation and abuse. In the twO yean
    since the text was adopted by the General
    Assembly of the United Nations, it has
    70 80 85 90 2000
    been ratified by ever 100 nations - a pro-
    The ch.1n doe< no! Kwr~t~ relIect ch¥Ige< in ccss which commonly rcquiTC5 a decade ur
    unde!.fwe~lh r~ "' the <KOfld ~ of ~ 1960<a< more. Th e C.",vcmio" therefore takcs ilS
    ~t Ilgure.ve noI avaiIlIbIe lor JT\iII1yCCiOJlltrie<, 10
    place alongside the commitments made at
    p.1IticuI,I<. the ~ of ~ (<Mf~ <in(e
    1985 .... ~ftdu(eddMm.But in _ the Wur/d Sum",i, J07 Childrc" as a sign of

    ------ _ -_.-
    ((IU1lrie<, the dednt N> ~ ~ by the _ (mi< a new p<;Ilitical priority for children and of
    ;nl ~ t to~ dumglhi<_period. a new promise of protection in the decade
    _ lH:U _ _
    ahead.
    ,
    THE STATE OFTHE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992

    It is too early to tdl 10 ..'hat enax dx how thtymicht ~ sen"l: the S_Mii
    dcdaralionI of the 5_ .., and the si&nina pis. The ~ okci:sion by ee
    of tbc ecmw.u,;", rep resent rhetoric: whidI Netbmands 10 panl 57.5 million for debt
    111;0 cdlo o:\'er mere WIlily down !he }'Un rdid for chiJdrm's progmnmes in
    ahead. m $C)mC nations, it is &1rcady b«om-- Ecuador, Honduras, and Jamaica (whidl
    ina clea r that !hey rqln:$enl • IOIid in tent will buy b.ek dd>t of II leaSI twice thai
    which i, already being trsnslatcd in tO prac- am ount in local cum:ncies) is one of the
    tical action (p anel 2). first tangible l'e$Ulu. To monitor tbe process,
    the I.)(,velopmem Assislltl1ce Comrrane e of
    One of the firsl tests will be the d rawing the Oriani :Q\tion fo r Economic: Coopenltion
    up of the dctailc<l NJfit;maJ procrammcs of and Deve lopmenl (O ECD), which loosely
    action for achieving W S um"';l pis. AU ooordinata the aid policies of the indusai·
    <;Ol,Irltric. ~cd at the Su",...u I&J'CCd. atiud natioN, is eonsidcrina Ktting up the
    10 formulate such p rogrammell by the end mo:d>&nisInI 10 analyse aid aIIoalions in
    of 199 1. By Oaobcr 199 1, 60 counlric:s rdation to tht ~ goals.
    had rc:adl£d this first saco: and tNt num-
    ber is ItltpCCtUI to surpas$ 100 early irl In ee Iut 12 months, most "-k of
    i 792. Sc:JrM llJiddie.iDoome dc-\'dopinc SI:ID: ita\ 'e m:onftnned 1beir commitmenrs
    Q;IIlnU'irs web as Pml and MGieo hal''' II rqiomI poIiticII ga1hc:riop, induc1in&
    begun impIcmcnting thcil' procn.mrllQ \hi: 1990 rroenina of lhc: South Asian Ass0-
    knowin& lhat mosl of lhc funds "ill ha'"l: to ciation for ~ Coopc::nIinn, Ihc: jIInc
    rome tIU'ou&h Ibc difficuJl PfOCe'" at re- 1991 SIllJUllit of the ()rganilatiIllI of
    aUoa.tins inR:maI ~. 0\heT pro- Afrie&n Unity, the Jwy 1991 Ibao-
    graJllJIXS, espccially those being m-wn up Americ::an SI1ll'tmiI in Gtiao:\aIaPn., !he
    by the countries of $ul>-Sahatln Africa, October 1991 Commonwealtb Co n fercna:
    will have little chance of bcinl put into in Zimbabwe, and the December 1991
    practice unless at lcall SO% of the cost is Summit of Cenlrlll American leadet'1.
    me l by inCT<'a!led aid . In lotal, it is est-
    imated lbal the fmandal n lOultt$ Children • an d an end to the wont
    required to reach all of the year 2000 gooh upem of . bsolule poverty - .rl: th~fo",
    am Ount 10 an additional 520 billion • yaT. ' on the politi<;aI agenda as no:va" eercre.
    O f that sum, twO dIirdI might be found b)' And if mectinp, d«bratioN and resolu-
    the deYdopina councries themsdws and tions could impnm: nuaition. heIhIt, and
    one thin! micfu be maoX .vU1Ibk in addi- td\Ic:ation, thm Ihc: priority of dUIdren in •
    liorW aid (Ihouch dx ",,,poilion. will \wy Dew world ordc.'r wtJuld be assured.
    from "'cion 10 rqioo) . The 520 billion
    wtaI is about Ibc same as the worid ntNI
    n- unprccedc:nttd politic:al eornmit-
    IDCllU l'CplQC'Ol ID oppoI'tllllity not to be
    ~ on tbf: miliwy eRr» ......
    misxd. It has b!& bf:.", bmm.trd that whal
    As Igrecd at tbc S-u, many indusai· ..... I:adtina ...... not lbc InI:lIN or C'\'aI the
    ~ nations ha'"l: beea reviewin& Ib: ~ but the political vrilI 10 tickle
    situation of dtildren in thc:iT own counuies these areal p roblems. TIle: C'\=tI o f thc "I
    and examining their aid progn;mmes lO tee two > -eIn represenl the: gratest p romise

    •
    that h as ever been made to the w orld 's chil-
    Rg. 2 Progress ~~"rt rn~lnutrftkm
    dren, and the gTCatCSI opponunil)' for
    The 1990 World s" mmir lot ClUJdrm ~ tile goa l at
    haMng child ....Inurritioo by rhe yeo, 2000. As rhe building sus tained politiaJ suppon for their
    chart W>ws, this wm ' KIUi~ 1'1\ Kcl!l",ation at past cause. It is now time for all co ncerned indi -
    pt<>greol. Almo>! no compotative da~ em! fOf Africa. viduals and organiutions in all countries to
    mobilize behind that co mmitmen t.
    Halving child malnutril ion: post trend5and
    fulUre requiremenls, 5tlf'(ted coonlrie5,
    M ia and the An1<;>rica5, /915·1000
    80
    Participation
    lbe World S ummit few Childrm and the
    70 Co.rwmie" on IIu Rights of IN Child arc
    pan of a process th ai has alrea dy yielded
    extraordinary p",ctical results in th e last
    rew year.<. The key to that process has been
    60
    political co mmi tment rrcm national leader-
    ships roU"''''ed by th e mobilization of a wide
    range of n:s<>W"C(S to see tha t commitme nt
    th rough . 'fbe immunizatinn achievement,
    for e=pk, began in the 19805 with decle-
    rations and publie commitments by political
    lead ers; n has since bee n mmslated imo
    actio n with the s upport of many hundreds
    or thous:mds or people in both d evelop ing
    and indus trialized worlds.
    By the mid-1 9805, m ost heads of stale in
    th e de veloping world had made and signed
    politil;al oommitments 10 the 80% immu-
    ANtIUAl .~
    ...n ~ ~ ".',lf""," nization goal (lig . 3). The sheer scale o f the
    ~Oll tronIl

    ---
    professional and pu blic m ob ilization that

    --...
    ( l t1 ~ l m)
    foUowed is som etim es difficul l 10 grasp
    5%
    from th e pcnpccti\'e of the ind ustrialized
    world. From lowly beginnings in the late
    7% 19705 and early 19805, a system has bee n
    90 95 2000 built which now rc-..ches OVer 100 million
    infants - and their p are nts - on live separate
    The IeYtI at malnutrition fOf l!19O i. ~ by tile mon
    recenl ",Umate availa~e IOf each coo n II)'. occasions each yea r. Againsl aU logistiOll
    Malnutrition b defined al rTIOfl! Uwl two nandard difficulties, this means th at O\'CT 500 million
    deYiation~ bdow tile de$ita ble we;ght lot age, and separate contacts are now being made eac h
    cil ikl ....fnW ilion rdl!fS 10 tile child poputatioo
    unde< tile 19" at 1M . year between modem health services and
    children.' The n:sull o f this elfon - the
    - '-» - ''''
    •
    THE STATE OFTHE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992

    -
    Mexico:
    keeping the promise
    Most 00U'IIt'ia are00'i preperr,g Nal:icw'>aI Pfo.
    lI"" . '''''' 01 Acllcn (NPAa) b ,ee::hillll lhe gem
    8QIged III trl!I 1990 Wcn1 &nmt b 0'\iIcnItl. By
    ceeee 1991,60 00JI1ItIElS had IiM2ed 1hei' plans
    tnd 1hal rurber Is ~ to Iaach aim:lst 100
    by the tnd oI ltle _ . The targel!5 Ir>ct.dIl B ore-
    1hi'd .9dlt::loon In d"il<l dMths. a I'dW>g 01 eNd
    -_.
    a main vW1ida for IIlCJVJlg !ho COU"llry towa'ds Ihe
    j'6Ilr 2OOOgoals. F'FlONASO.- WllI OOW ~$1 .7
    b5cn in 1991 - ~ 8% of !he QOI'& i " .d'S lOl8I

    Other Il(:bom lor<;IiIdrqn n t9911"d.lde:


    oPflONASOLhoMI
    ~ IWlh 5\lo'\Ooo$ ~ ~
    ~, <Ind ~ schooIlI<l.ocation lor at beeo1"'-lI' " ... to 15 _
    1eas1l3O'Jli (page 6 1), ~ n
    Ihe IXXlr8Sl viIages tnd city
    ~ · a2 5"' i .. 0YIl'1 9'ilO.
    MooJ,"_"~~!!ffl~t'!!'~o!!, !! '~lot~e
    thot p-co'rise mo
    prac'lil:e. o-.e ...........
    is Mo>:i<x>. o Se.m 0Ul 0131 _ .... plIs Melcioc 0It)', _
    wto/:lII Pt&lk1t:o II. CIlrlos S<lhts oe GorwI. we., IU'hed imllrilat (>;N(lr3glI tQ 90% of ......
    or.e oI 1hol iii>< 1ritia.l00l at the Swml Iiws. MmOro's t'f"A al oIrrIi::>&l lOO%~
    byOclOb.... l002.
    TO'WlOlIs II'ie tnd of 1990. Ptfl$<llll'l 5ahls
    caIed a mae\i'lg 01serb mnislers todllClda row
    Me>ck:o 'o'«I'..tl \10 about lldleYfJg lIl8 SamiI
    o DIstrbJdon otORS - 10 ~ ctb9n iIg<WlsI
    ~ ca.osed by m il...... -has ,......, to 20
    llOi*. ~ was 10 be Ihe lirsl ln aseries or silc ~ rnfioo pa;:keIs par 'fOOl.
    C8bioel reWows - CIlElinId by ltle Pt"'"""'~ - to
    monitor ",ogress for Ihe MI""'·. dlIid'...., To o A Moxica"t >«'SIioo of Facts /0( IJfe has 0000
    ooordi1a1a pilJrlI'ln;j, thot Mf1is1er1I 01 Health iIJId produced (pInIl16) Wdh390,00:) wpies po..dshad
    !'do"'8""" ;nj 0Iher -*" goverrmBIll ol'k:ials l o;> dat a End 1 ",.., pl!n'>ad bV end 01 ' 004.
    were appoXlIed to a NaIionaI Coo ," '! S':lO I tor the
    Ad.",,,,, oIlheSUrront Goals .
    o The \YHClo'l..N1C£F code - r.,
    ~ Jl;I
    Sl'C'C"JS'"'U'1:veas1Hldng -l!l beirog rmde!lWl<D'd
    By Novermer 1991, M""",o's own NPA. proctiQa In ..... hc>&pital ln ...m SlalII and """'In
    ~e wilh b<IseIinII data b 1990. ~ ~ Cty lJuB '21. n- 36 ~ '-
    Me:><lcarl twge19 lor 1994..-.l 2000. one! """""" 'bab'i'-!ri<n1'y tIc>spoIaf SIalIlS End .... acl B5
    ,' ... ll<llo 1$for a sysltm 10 Il'lOI'Ill;o- prog<6SS - _ Il'l(l(laIIJ lor III matIlrJ'ltV urrIS In trle <XlU:ltry.
    "IlJIf(Mld by !till g<MII l' tOO II.
    octW<Ing
    T!nle mi5cn rn::>m paope pr<Md8d with
    WIli'9
    _ t...., 1991, Dmging tha tolIlI_ to
    t.m .wI'lileJ. UNICEF was alSObei'IQ """ ca::l18d
    by !he Mayor of Mal:ico ~ ~ 18"*"'l. 7lJll, of Me>ooo's JXlIl'.*ItOt n., am III 84% by
    pUs <>!t'e' rnayors<lnd Sl3le~ Ie< assisl · 1004 End 100'10 by 2QX),
    llIICe In a renewed na1ianaI el!OIIloI' ~
    n In III 0Iher C(UIlileJs. ~ retrI8IOJs to be soon
    In all (XJJlIria:l , ..-00 restrl.CllJ:ing of govem- whelhef Mexico's COill ; bl.d to /lCtIieWlg Ihe
    men! bu<lgel' WllI be recessary • l!le _ 2000 &m-nl goals cal be lIUSIaInad In tile Iai::$ 01 al1Ile
    goaIa _10 b e ~. One ol IN first prooIical ~ \OotOch Il& 8Ilead In the 1990s. Bul in 1118
    n a
    llC\r.lNl Mw<io:> has boIIrl 40% ; ... = In tho fnI 'fOOl alter ItJ8 WOItI &mnIl /0( Cttilln. " l!l
    budget of PRONASOI... ,.... """""'mefll pre>- dear It>al ~ tha ives End tha IlOI'l\"I8I
    g, m which aims1<> pr<l'I'ide basic_to Ihe oe.. :'», "lI'lI 01 tha r.aticJn's cI'tien hils lISSI.l'll(Id
    POOtest ftlItl or Meo<lco' sl)(lq)lB and wtich 1010 be 8 Il8W p<lliti::al prior1ty.

    rc
    Rg, J The Immunizat ion achievement largest intern ational operation ever mou nted
    In ~ 1.Iu. 1970:1, ""'... immuMtion reached odt in peacetime - is that tk liva of a/moJl
    ob<>ut IO~tol ~ ~ WOII<f . dl ild ren, 9.000 chi!dmo a lll «ing sawd It!try day
    till: inlema~1 (ommurnty ~ !he ambitiou. target (fig, 4) , Another result is that there are
    01 80 po;r<:... t Immunll.llion by 11M! ....t of 1990. The today almost 2 million children who are
    durt sI\oWl. till: resulu of till: t....~ .r elfDtt.
    walking, ronning and playing normally in
    Increase in immunization(Overage, the developing world who would ha\-e been
    childrtn under one year, all developing crippled by polio wen: it not for the intmu.
    CWnlries, 198 1-1990 nil<ation effoRs of the last ten Y"an. And as
    child malnutrition is caused mon: by the
    '0' frequency of infection than by the lack of
    food,' the prevention of disease on r.his
    seale has also helped [0 protect the normal
    growth of c"cn larger numbers of the
    world's children. For the furnre, the Immu-
    nization CffOR has laid the foundations of
    an outreach system which can now begin to
    make a"ailable other key elements of pri-
    mal)' hCll!th care as well as delivering new
    vaccines "" and when they become a,'ailablc
    (panels 14 and IS).
    Also in the early and mid- I980s. mon:
    than SO of the devc!oping world's heads of
    stale made a commitment to making widely
    available a method of preventing dehydra -
    tion known "" oral rehydratio n thmpy
    (ORT). This simple and almost cosuees
    technique can enab le pate nts themselves to
    prevent or treat the dehydration induced by
    diarrhoeal disease. At the time, ORT waS
    lime knov.n outside scientific circles.
    T oda y, the participation of millions of pee-
    ple has carried this life-saving knowledge to
    at least one third of aU the families in the
    developing world (fig. 5) . The result is the
    SlI\ing of over I million children's liv~
    eaeh year.'

    ~~"~'~"C~"'=''";<::J8~S:J86,,=~8~'~88~8~''JJ'"'~: The practical importance of this achieve-


    men!, too, can easily be overlooked from
    The)'eM' 1981 to 1985 a, duderogures for China
    • for pregnant ,.,..,.".." the balconies of affluence:. Dehydrati on
    _ ""'" _.-:t<, _ ",.. induced by diarrhoeal disease has killed an

    "
    THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992

    c:mmated I so million }'UUD& dIildrm in dlc


    Ag." Three million saved
    fony yean of UN ICEF's uiR~ . ~ The ld1Oe,o'",. <If lhP: 110 ~ irnrnlriLItIon
    !han !he combined ch'ilUin and military tar!Jd ... !he dl:'
    5 '9......te1 i.._ proa olil'9
    , •

    dcWts of both 'oI'Orld wan. II rmWm one CMt ttne million d'OlcI clNW NIdI 'fNII.
    of dlc bigesl killen of childTen in !he m od-
    em world. A simple and inexpenli,.., DtooIhJ ~rtd and Jl iH occurring, from
    melhod (If ueating or prevcn linll thai dchy. I'OCcine prevrnrabk distastJ, in milliom,
    all dewloping coonloo, 199/
    dtDtion hll1 been available for 20 yean. In
    sak, II is I I if a cun:: for cancer had been
    discovered and then TIOI used . Bu t today.
    the lona-<lVerdue move to put the knowI-
    edic and lhc: llU,:lln$ of pm 'cnnne the
    deaths and tho: malnutrition !;auKd by diar-
    rhoeal dix:asc: has now bqun in amcst.

    Such achievnnmts demonsnte: the


    pocmtitl of poIiriaol commiDnm~ com-
    biixd ....i !h the dcrliarioo of tnt peo-
    fessional KfVica and tho: participation r:L
    Iaqc nwnben of peopk. 11M: expense and
    the '-knhip of tho: health llenices has
    obviously been indispcmbk, bu t the halth
    sc:rvica alone could no! M~ brou&ht abo.n
    ~u on this scale. R.cadUng 0\1\ to
    lTWly hundreds of millions of ram~in with
    infonnltion about QRT, or information
    about tho;: when and the when,: an d me wh y
    of imm u nization. has been achiev ed wim
    the participatio n of the IChools and the
    man mcdiI., !he: chutcha., mosquea and
    ....
    tanpln, the poliDcal. pa~ and pro-
    fe:uional bodies, lhc business OCImmuni[)"
    and the n des unions, the IIOn-lO\'ml-
    mmta! and vOOmm)' otpnim:ionI. W
    womc:n'l If'lllIP' llIld 1ht JlC'OPc:'. l'Il(M:D'Jl:Dl1

    Many ~ in dlc industria/iz.ed


    cn-en
    on;rid ha\"e financial and u:ehniad
    suppon ( n<ll Ieut Ihrougb UNICliF which
    is lhl: la rgest mterlUllional 5IIpp!icr of Ihc
    .... '
    vaccines used in roching the immuni7.ation
    soaJ) and many noo-smOCl'TllnalIai 011:-
    anizations in both industriali1.td and '--_ .... _-,. 1.7 MILUON DEATHS
    rnu OCCURRl Nc;
    ,.
    "
    (ko,'eIoping natiom NYc mobili=! ,"wort Ptople', promise
    from ...ilk "",bliI;. To cite the moN 'pro-
    tKIl1ar example, ROW')' lnremaliorW has
    The incrasc in both political commiI·
    mobilized htuKltt<ll of IbouutKk itsor man and IOC:W mobiliu.tion for chiJdrm in
    = 1 )-ean offen ru$On&bIe I.;)pe that the
    members in a1rnoM .n counlric:s, indudinc
    ilJ; dupt/:Q in Africa, Asia, and LltiD needs.oo the richu of the ..'Ol'id', dUIdTen.
    A:neria, to provide vahllnee:r1 and raise and particularly of tbosc bwJdreds of mil-
    Iioos who 1Kk e\'m lbe bti>a of bWth,
    ..d O\'a S200 miIIiorI in IUppol"l of "*CCi-
    natilxl Ipimt polio lbe ~ t1utririon, and education, w:ilI fir>d • pbce
    fund-raisina dfon evel" undaukm by • on the qaxb of the new worid orde:r that
    • lIlI'II' anaginc.
    voI\Intuy KI'Vice orpniution in IUpporl of
    • specifIC Cl.ux..· On bdWf of peopIa as wdl as of p"
    emment5, !he w....u S-u p CU:fJiA

    Mobilizaticn on • IimiIar $CI.II: ...-ill be InS • promise to the dliIdre:D of the 1991lL
    n ......, in all oountriet., if !he C'OmllliIr1lmtS It ...... pto:aniK to use uxby" knc:nv\alae.
    malk by die: WlIrld s-.ir /tw Orildmt are tec:!lnoKlCY, lUOUl"CC:$, and c:ommunic::atiom
    abo 10 be convmed into acme, m u, ~ I tl poOl£et their IiveI, their pooo"tb,
    thcir hc:alth, and thcir ri&hts. It "'U •
    ptQIni$e to end the quirt CI.laItIOPbe of
    "The ptllCXA of wt\idl !he S-.it if
    mamutritiol:l and ':1" Ie and iDiterIcJ. And
    I*t. and !he MKW dwl&a it bas IIready
    it "'U • promise to I:ttp thei:r IIC"C"lb and
    broogIu Iboul, iI 1hem0ft &nOlher dirrlm-
    the rigttts on the in[C'fNItitlnal qencb u •
    lion of !he commllllia.liom revolution and _ work!. lll'de!' C'\"OI\-es itt ee lkClIde
    the tncreuina: pvtic:ipIitilxl of people: ..'hich
    is . , the eenrre of alntmlponr)' politial
    and economic ctwJce.
    """'.
    1lw promise m ust tlllW be kept.

    "
    THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992

    Immunization:
    still a bargain
    The i.9s of 3.2 ~ chilii'en 8 ';fiJIII!' llnl f\OIN ~ 01 00'iIL O'rm.nizalion in ordll< to
    being S8'>'8d by \he i'mu'lizalIor1 9IlortlI of Ihe PfC"'iOa m:;lIlI ..... i i p I " oS J6 pIkroery - . an.
    1980s.31nadcIti::ln, lha<e..... IIhlO!Il 2 ...... d\id.
    The ~ Iegoacy of ~_ ill 8!1)'S'
    "'" who "'. ".".. waI<rIg, ",.....;ng 80d pIayhg tern!hal 00'i makes rl'<)/flliloln 500 rriIIion oopera18
    n:::tmlItt ... !hi OIl'> ' . _1\1 waId who would hlMl COt1tocts bel-. h8allll lIOlr\o'ic8s lrld diIdmn
    oo.J ~ by IX*' ware ~ Il(Il t:< Ihe lIdlieY&
    fMJf\j yeer.' Thal system .. ""'" bego ' .(l to be
    mon1 oflheOO%~goS.
    used to 09iver 0llW llital * ..."" 01prirmfy_
    are such as ¥ilM1io A ond iodne .......... ,.. ,1>1••
    Bol • irInI..ftz8tion W8$ the groolest p.Jtk
    he3/lh SlJlXlI!I'SS S10IY of \he 19!IJs. ~ raTlllins lh9 Mucnmen remsins to tl8 tlaOfI. And the mortI1he
    g&.tlest ~ I>eaIth c"r' e og&oIlhe 1990s. By system is used, !he _ II1lI ...-.II CQGI 01 each
    tUdi'>g on v.haI has t-1 """""""I, ~ is possible servao ~ oeivers and tll9 mom SUS\<iI'IllllIe ~
    10 p«MlI'II 8 fuoIhor 2 miIm c/"joj deBths9Ildl~. !l«:ol'l(ll.
    BIId 10 ~ the~ of ~ EYen rT'I(Y9 f\IIdlwneol~. lhe lrnn'ulizatIon
    ceeeee on o;ttI mahIIriIion BIId 0salliIIy. 9lIM has m;ld;I 8 ~ towards prrl'i!lOV
    No! only the d9YeIoping ""-""d SllrIdo to gan h8aIItl an> by "_og "OCiaI ~ 80d
    Pdio ..adicalb .. tor exan IPl&. would save Ihe ~ cherooIs bd'nl • mejor heolIth
    lJrj[OO Stales CMIl" $11 4 Il"iIlcn a l'38f ... ~ ~ It has d... lIb. hoIpad """'" heo/lh
    llIctla.' The C051 01 8f'3I:icaIion? ~ i1Io 8 so::iIlI on<! not jus! 8 rTI(I<iQII raspoo iSItikIy.
    $100 rr6Jo a I'esrtor 1O)Wl'S.'
    For many cI the t-Ilh """"""'" irwoIYed. <each-
    ThlIlirslct ' ogeis to rllIS8 nmnzatlon IBveIs ilg for ~ iYtn..rlIzoti;)n goeIlIes " - ' I '~ .'I/
    whenl CIMlfagI!I stl lags. l'l easImI mel !lOUIhlm alSO 10< " new Ides cI wt1Q Ihe .... <;USl<lITl!n In -
    AIri::a. i'\"mrizabon reach&8 0I'l0\I 00ll.."1hlIllim in nD1 lhIl pIlQpio \\too WIll< It'roI..91 c:hc doooi bill
    ~...,lire poplJalloncl" QMlI\MlB. Goi'lg OOJI 011o
    tho 1990s n'UII be to ~.. 1tI8 ~ ""
    lh8 ~ lU reccu I!NI¥Y ItVa i1inl Wl need
    Iha1Ihe Y- 200llatgel <i IlO'l' is ac!'IieI«ln~
    01 .......... ldlio:> , has bl9-fl lh8 IlI"')CeSS ol <::tdMld
    poM'ol and. - . . poesbe, in ~ &tnct.
    MIl rtq.bt oontact ~ hea'th sevcee a'Id
    The SOICOnd d r '99 is 10 begi'l rronIIorIng I'<lI werytmfoJ.
    ;un lrmlu:1iultlon lo:MlIs I>.Jl Ihe <:l8::kVt 01 <lisease. 'The 6Ibt II8S not GW( s ~ao ¢leollMJ ti'lg
    The geM set by the IVI:I«ISLmn/! lorCIliI::h-l""" ptrnlItyhedlt>CMIS)'S1&m'. says alJNlCEF....
    ......naticn '" IlIIOOalaI lal!n;S l536.lXXI _ __ on lh8 irm.ni>alion lllIort n IIIe 1geOs, '~
    8. ~. eradicatlQIO (J/ pOljo 1116,0):) cases a
    yew), and 8 015% redl.dic:n in rr--.. _ has IIJSIJ ~ • tar ........ llElCIicrl of sociIlly
    /awards " 100000WJ sodBI goal. A new l!M<I of
    (84O.0c0 a yoor). ~1I8Sbe!r>de>S!:,led_'-h
    TlTll. lhOOi ill lhe er r " ' " of ~ vooci1es stn't:es I¥ld!he ctm'IU>'ly I!Ji!IN/!D ... a tel' kMII
    Il.dJ as hepallt\I B (panel 15) to Ihe 1r'rIrAlrizmior '"""poc!8lion _ COf1mtm8m 10_. TI>/IIsa, r.
    sysIem nn::l Sl"llJlir9 .... """"""" on !he d*lren's lhe/ong It'!, lO'lI /1'18 ~ ba'III/iIsoI lhei'rVrJtri.
    VllCCir<I ntiaIMIIp<nlI1 4). zati;)n II/IIcrI, _ lhe /at:.1cfs most IhIy 10 acetlU'll
    lot ~ ~ _ 9>'9I'll<a' ~ lU"
    8ul by tar me ~ ~ oIlhe decade tnij urNrn;Ji P "9' ",,"'''' ~ fa' il'IO<'lt I1IIIIl
    ,.. be to bIlgIn l:1uid'1g on the orgonizational ~ti;)n seM;es 10 lIaO'lllftdlMll'YdiId."
    First call for children
    Proposition: Thai 1M pri,lCipk 0/ 'fiTS! t;a/l capable of. And it is in institulionalising the
    for chiJdrttl ' - mttlning Ural prol«/wn fin 1m ethic of fint can, in automatically embody-
    growing IJodia and ",ina. of 1M young ought ing that principle in the conduct of its
    10 haw a fin! f a ll 011 $lXitrUJ' rl.!()un:t.l - affairs, that manki nd has SO far failed to
    Jlwuld b«.ome 'Ill uue(llcd emU; tJ/ " new tllItc the step folWllt"d for civilization which
    n..md order. sueh B change wo uld represent.

    The World S ummit for Clri/drm called ~allse the child has only onc opportu-
    upon all runions 10 be guided by the princi- nity for growth , and because the proces s of
    ple of a 'fIrs t caU for childttn' _ "" principle that growth is so subtle and susceptible, the
    thaI 1M. wmriol 'Iuds of all children should essence of the principle of fll'St ClIU is that
    be giwH high prioniy in lht. allm;IlW" of protcctioo should be not juSt B priority bu t
    ~,>US, in IHui '1' - as wtU as in good an absolute. 1n other "'-ortis, the ehild
    tim. s, at national and i" umalimuJ kwh as should be: able to depe nd on that commit-
    fL~1J as a/ family kwh. " lI ment at all timet and through all difficultiet,
    rather than being at the mcn.J' of shifting
    Til" principle of fIrSt call for children is circumstan ce an d competing priorities.
    founded not only on the sands of senti-
    ment. M 05[ of the mental and phpical In particular, the very essentials of eh~ d
    de'~lopmcnl of the human being occurs in developme nt + love and caring attention,
    the lirs! (1:';\' years of life. Those yean are normal phy sical growth, immunv.ation
    me child's one and only chance 10 develop against disease, basic health ca re, and the
    normall y in brain and body and 10 grow 10 opponunity 10 go 10 school - sho uld be a
    his or her &\'oetic potential. If the ,'lllious wmmitrncnt which all societies make and
    Stages of !hal de...dopmcm arc not comp- maintain in good times and in bad . That
    lctcd at !he appropriate time, then lasting comm itment should not waver in times of
    Wunagc may be done \0 the com plex pro- economic recession; it should not give " 'ay
    cesses of growth . There is no Sl'cond to the short_lenn demands of structural
    chan ce. It is on the bedrock of this physio- adjustm ent programmes; il should not bow
    logical fact that the principII: of flf'St call is to the pressures of panlculu interest
    bu~t. And it is lherefore a principle whieh groups; it should not fluctuate with the for_
    dem ands that, even in the wcrst of rimes, runes of particular political parti es; it should
    the protection afforded to children should not be shaken in times of turbulence or
    be the la st clement of social prolection 10 IrBnsition ; it should not be: subo rdinalCd to
    be relinquished fIIther than the first to be: an y ideology; il should not even be sus-
    sacrificed. pended in times of "''aT or civil . trife. It is
    in such times of stress that the principle of
    ·111e principle of first call is pflletiscd by fint call should be most tenaciously
    many parents in all countries. But the pro- adhered 10 bUI is in practice most frequently
    cess of ad vancing civili7.ation is C'S so:n lially relinquished .
    a process of instirutionalising th""" [mer
    feelings and Jtighet principia which human From UN1C Ii.F's perspecevc, il is the
    beings int ermittently sho w themselves events of the last decade which dem and

    "
    THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992

    tha t this principle of fin ! call be vigorously countries of Africa an d La tin America."
    advanced as a new world ord er begins to SlII've)'$ b}' UNESCO" have al.w shown
    take shape. In crisis afte r crisi$, and in that the attempt 10 adjus t economics lO the
    country after country, Utis organiz:ltion has debt crisis has caused school enrol ment
    witncs~ the consequCIu;n of that princi- ratios among 6 tc 11 year-olds to fall in at
    ple not being in place. Whether the cause least 50 of the most debt-ridden naOOM of
    be the debt crisis and structUral adj uslmem the dC'o'doping world.
    in Africa and Latin Ame rica, or me turbu-
    knee of political and economic transition in We also m ow, !O mke another example,
    Central and Eastern Euro pe , or the shifl in that it is young children who an: at this
    the political ph~osophie$ of ma ny ind ustri- moment paying the heaviest price for the
    alized countries (panel 5), or the outbreak Gulf war, In the first study of il:$ kind C'o'U
    of War! in Africa" or in the Gulf, it is chil- undertaken, it has been found that child
    dre n whose lives arc the most devastated, mortality rates ha ve increased steeply in
    children who will bear the scats fOT longest, Iraq 01'eT the last year." Witho ut wide-
    and chiJdrm who ate paying the ultimate spread acceptance of the principle of first
    price with the loss of their one o pportunity call, mod ern warfare will continue to be I
    to grow normaUy, (0 be educated, and 10 war againsl children (pand 6),
    acquire the skills necessary to earn a living
    Simi1arly, it is children who an: bearing
    for the msel ves an d thei r families in the 2 1st
    ce ntury. the brunt of the hardships being endured
    by Central and Eastern Europe as old eco-
    So little heM is paid 10 the consequence nomic SystClm finally collapse un der the
    for children of the mistakes and excesses of weighl of their own inadequacies and
    the adult world that there are virtually no nation after nation make' its brave transi-
    ffie.:halilims for smsitively monitoring the ir tion (panel 4). A special study by
    nutritional Status, their patterns of diKa5e, UNICEF's International Child Develop-
    or their IC'o'C'ls of enrol ment in school. Even ment cenee in Aorcnce," published earlier
    in times of turbulence an d transition, when this year, has sho wn that hc:lIth and eduea-
    aU experience sa~ thai ehildl'tJl will be rion services have been su bject to some of
    most at risk, it is still easier 10 asccrtllin the deepest spe nding CUI:$ and that the
    how many video recorders have been nullitional staNs of many chil drl:I\ may
    impo rted Or sold in any given mo nth than it alread y be threaten ed. In Albania _ the
    is 10 find OUt wha t has happened (0 the won t case • approximately 20% of aU chil-
    health and nullition of a nation's child ren. dren an: now malnourished and infam
    mo n ality has doubled from its 1989 Ie>·d. "
    Wc do m ow that it is children who ha ve
    paid the heaviest price fo r the developing AI described in panel 5, chiIdrm have
    world's debts. FragmenlJlrY evidence, also suffered most in the less dramatic transi-
    pic<:cd together by UNICEF over the last tions in political and economic philosophy
    decade, " has shown a picture of rising which have 0CCUlT'Cd in many of the: industri-
    malnutrition, an d in some cases rising ch~d a1Ued nations over the last dcaKlc. " In the
    deaths, in some of the most heavily indebted United States, for example, the proportion of

    "
    Fig . 5 One third use ORT childmlliving in poverty has risen from 14%
    in me, 1960s to approximatdy 22% today."
    ORT Isao ioe' pt'JIloM: mf!1hod by which f.mil~
    lIw:m~ ClIn ~I itOd Ir eal ~ratian _
    "*' k:h ki ~ more IN n two m~lion yotJr.g dlildl'M In the past, il !MY have been in some
    NCh yelr. The le<;hnique hil' ~ t.1ughl to on e degree inevitable that the weU-being of ehil-
    third oi l,," devoelopir.g worl<h fami lies 10 \he
    1980. 00<1 b now ~ oting .,....,. one million oren should be subject 10 the vicissitudes of
    d>ikl dn ths each yelr . the adul l world. But lodlI.y the very ba~;cs
    of ehild protection, which Ire AI the same
    Elfimated USf> of ORT 10 treot diorrtlMo time the very basics of protection for soci-
    epi~ in children oged 0-4 yeotJ, ety' s futu~, need not be so ~y
    1984-1988, by WHO region and910
    relinquished. With toda y's new Cltpacities,
    low-cost protection for the health, nutrition,
    and educatinn of almost all children is pos-
    sible in almost aU circumstances. By

    " national action where possible, and with


    international support where nOI, conscious
    and specific policies can be pu t in place to
    as protect the basic needs an d rights of chil-
    dren even in the worst of times .

    I<
    a
    •,,
    30
    .$",,,~ ..~ (";..-,('.
    • /# A new "..o rld orde r, if it is 10 represent
    progress for civilization, must therefore

    •
    •E zo
    25

    l /o~ .' absorb into itself the principle that the


    shocks and the set-backs, the mistakes and
    the mismanagements which will always play
    SOme part in human affain, mUSI never

    ~• .
    •e again be tra nslated into ri~ing malnutritio n,

    •• $ J disease, dnth, and illiteracy among the


    is of :z
    . , "
    ,<7 most vulnerable mcmbcn of society.

    • Some nations have shown , in recent


    to years, that it is pos~ ible to begin putting
    this principle into practice. The Republic of
    !(on,a has ensured, in each of the tempo-
    rary econo mic revcrsa1s of the 19701 and
    19805, that specifIC policies were in place to
    0 prevent rising 0;1 prices or falling agricul-
    1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 tural output from being traI1slalcd intO
    , Exduding China worsening levels of health, ouuition , or

    ,-
    education among ;ts children. Th" govero _
    ORT ~ specilIy lorolI.Uled 0J3j rehydrollion Sollls.
    sugar.I"~ <oIutionl. ood rewmmt'Oded ~ IUd$. ment of Indonesia, under economic
    -.,,- - ---.:-., pressure from the slwnp in oil prices io the:

    "
    THE STATE OFTHE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992

    Eastern Europe:
    transition with a human face
    'Frs! cllIlo"~' is _ ~'~ i'I "S<xSlIl n::<>m&' hits also de<:il >ad. Mroirrun ~
    tirrwI o! crioos. 'M>olher .. IlCOtlOII'Iic ,ec . •.. ~l beneIiIs. dliId~. oId·aoa
    POlitical upheaval. 01 l'i"Il"Ifld conl1ic:1 . "l"'C'f1C lIB' '""" ... onddislllllltl' Pi')'. _ _ lhooreIJcaJ)'
    poIoC:ies 10:& needed tG prolecl h ctikj's a.. mantained. to..l: ... po8ClJCe they haYlI ' - ' pored
    opport\Iity to flOW norrnaIy ... rrind lI"Id body. ~ byWtalJoo. Canpar;es1\s'.1l8lso~
    ~~ IorrT'e1y providad to~'
    UNICEF hils a<Mx:aIed ItOs 1> ' w;:ipIe lor th8
    dMlIopi"g CO<.fIlt\e$ ... they ad<JIlC "'*""""'"
    policies lQ IOQP'.II'<iIh \lebIlW'Id '.... if;. ~ Bull ~
    !lmiIies. czec:tIosbJakia CUl sperdng oo l"eallh by
    20% n 199:) lI"Id 00 e<:lUCalIOrl by 1 0'l6 In e!lCIl 01
    UNICEF stu::!)'... PUbIst'Jed i'1 1991. !lhows !hat tho
    ee last two .-s.
    Pl; qie IS also reIevan1 lO ew...," ~ II ... paol. !he 1'lEld<q"")f 01 sctiIlI safe!l' nets IS a
    CenlnllWld fastem Wope. rE&lIl 01 fJ'liscslc!o'aliorls abOVl the we9't they
    The two pt. . '-1t1ICh in COO II'lOO', i'1 would haw to bew. PcIard. for ~. ~
    bolh. .~ . has irl\IoMld 8P9"dog aJt8 51d !or ~ risng 10 400.000 and i";:o",,,,,
    !hit ~ d Sl'bSidies (rI Ioo:l and 0IhIW tali-og by 5~ 10 10'J1,: irlltoa 8'o'EIf'lI. ~
    p s
    otOlls. Arld in bolh . lh8 capad\'y 01 fanikls to roseto 1.4 mIi::l1by Dec8 ,blo 1990und_aga
    i .::o",es IeII by 27%.
    •

    mae! lhlir .--:Is by lhlir OW" etbU 119$ ~


    "''''''' '''Old by~ . fllling i":'o"_
    and .-..g prices. N. the same lime. CUIS .., llOCial
    lhe""l<Sl to.man~IlI... Iti!ICOIAd
    <*mstl,B'.any IlaY8 been lMlicl8d.l.WorMa1eIy,
    _ 1 l l M l - . d 1ho "seJetynetS' JUSt \OA'1en there ..... !ligIs !hal It"e balJjI III ..........., ...........
    th& SII'airl on een W!lS ircroosi1g.
    _ • ....., ~i.~~'!~_
    .
    be\w8erllate 1989 and May 1991. n Poland. lhe
    mooso.res ;ll bang It\l'own ou1wilt! !he bath WIll...
    01 state CXlnlllll.

    lnloll991 ~ligI.nIilI~tobe floosonabIo indemg III benifu. SEII'llOtNe morj.


    2 miIIorI - aim::lst IS'll> d lh& latlout fotce. torir.g III cha"lgosil ctlIkl ......bEIOlg, aweIU targeI.
    ~e:.peC\S r81a n-.oo ~
    r.;; III iMlIIabIIl ,~ fnllI schooIl"I"l!lEa. food
    by 1ha erd o! 1992 For those i'I v.QII<. ina:lm9s S\llI11lS 10 ........... m1nirrun roJIIitloMI S1anderdS,
    haw faliotl Sleaply. ~ real lOCO ,.In
    Poiand and1he mai1~'" baSic lloHIhand .........
    SIWVIoes · ... oIl!leseCOlAd NMl prtl!tlCIed 1hemost
    oo
    lei by 25% ., lh8 Ii'!! nine months 011990 . .,
    8<Ag;lria. !he • has ~ _ 50%. n VIklerabiol. and eo;peo ie' f !he chidren, 8!1 Easlem
    Euope _ its bfave lrin8it>on to d!Io'QOatic
    ~ ltie rurblr <:A oIl::i9IIy pool is
    ll>lPeCteod to ~ in 1991. IrI PoIMcIlI"Id !he l)OIIicIland _ma1<oI....."",-.
    USSR.4O'llo nowlve belowlheo/fd<ll poYllItv line.
    Q.Itlng ~ has cr.>giId rlIlaliW prices COIAd
    P-s il the oa..:'
    !MY
    '-i{I world. It"e nc:n nations
    0 ~ 101& by ~ 10 mai1Ill/n
    _ rra1V "....... '"' now!iP8 do 'Ii 5O'Ilo to 6O'llI ..........., !lIa'IdO'dslll-.andf"lllfiDDn lit 0 tmll
    01 Tno;me on food lIIOno:I. The ~ 01 wher1l1'J'1'8'"'''1IS lQ '-'0 lICU1e dtficljly il
    bt8i I!'AI. lI"Id _ ba'lic foods is """""" 10 haw dOi"Ig ISO. In (I\IlO' woros. i"JIemali<rIllI ..:l ocUd
    de<:W0l0' in B<Jg;ria.. 1-k.flgIwy. Poland. !hit USSR "-' 10 ~ It"e ~ oI'fir$( Gi6 by makng
    a'Ill Yug<lIlIa\oIL In AI'laniIl • ltlIl WllfSl caN - S<Q It"et lNdren do r(l\ """"'" mosI In on- III
    ~1eIV 2O'lb of III ct1Jclren ..-0 now 1lrt>uIi!!tlC8 and lnJ'lSiIioo. And il o:lOnG so. ~ ""'OlAd
    maIn::uished. lI"Id i1lllnt m:;:t1lIity is more th8fI aI:oo help 10 -..e that loro;:I·term progress is <'iOI
    doI.tllo its 1989 lM!I 01 15 pet 1.QXJ 1liI'tt'I5." l.ndeI., io IlId by short·term e.igoao 60s.

    ..
    early 19805, took a conscious decision to corridor.! of pea ce were kept open un til the
    CUt back spending on industrial projecu end of the Wlf earlier this rear. (n Angola,
    and on hospital buildin g in orde r to main- six such COrridOMl " 'eTC opened in 199 1. In
    tain expenditures on rural health clinics, Iraq, UNICEF and WHO were able to
    immun ization programmes, and primary ope n a channel for ship ping the meet
    schools ," In thc 19805, Chile" an d Costa essential health supplies even at thc height
    Rica n succeeded in maintaining the down- of the Gulf conmct,
    ward trend in infant mortality by
    estahliming specific nutrition and health
    programmes to protect the poorest children Suc h C>lamples strike the sparks of hope
    from thc h~rsh <:conomic ride of that for a principle which must become a steady
    decade . Also in the 1980s, Botswana has flame in the )'CITS ahead . In every set-back
    managed to shield its child ren from thc an d crisis, in every period of tr:ansition or
    WOf'St effect s of severe drought by . etting turbulence, whether caused by natural dis-
    up semitive moni toring s}'!Ilcms in order to aster, civ~ war, mU:l1Ia!ional conflict,
    target government support, including food cccncrnic mismanagement, or political
    subsidies. Zimbabwe, also, managed to pre- change, ;t should be axiomatic, nationally
    vent any increase in cluld maln utrition and mterrul!ionaUy, to asi::: wha t the effect
    during the droughts and recessions of the on children is likely to be and what specific
    1980s an d it has do ne so by mean s of spe - policies arc needed 10 shield their growing
    cific low-cost policies which have included minds and bodies from the sharpest edges
    primary health care programmes, immu- of change,
    nization services, dia rrhoeal disease comm 1
    measures, su pplementary feeding pro-
    In the atte mpt to i:::indle that flame, the
    grammes, and NTal water supplies.
    w(lrld now has the advantage of a virtually
    universar agreement on the minimum pr<>-
    There is also some evidcnce to suggcst teelion which mould be guaranteed 10
    that the princi ple of Ilrst call may be begin- children, In the goals of the World S Ji",m;1
    ning to cstablish itself even in times of war for CJti/drrn and the provisions (If the
    and civil strife. EI Salvador has not aUowed Conwnlion on w Righu of w Child, are set
    its long and bitter civil war to waive the out the agreed minimu m standards for the
    rights of its children to the bencfits of protection of childre n's survival, health , and
    immuniu.tion; on three separate 'da ys of ed ucatio n and thc agreed minimum pro tcc-
    tranquility' each year for the last 5CVen tion required by all children, in all nation s,
    rears that war has been suspended so that against exploitation and abuse whether in
    almOSI all the nation 's children could be
    war, at work, or in w horne,
    vaccinated. More recendy , the ide;, of 'cor-
    ride rs of tranquility ', through which
    essential supplies can reach civilian families The wo rld therclore now has a set of
    and their children, ha s been accepted in agreed criteria against which any and aU
    Sudan (the Nile is also now open as a route nations can meaSure practical progress
    for relief supplies), In Ethiop ia, two similar towwds a lICW order for children.

    "
    THE STATE OFTHE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992

    Under·five mortality rate (US MR) and I~al fertility rore (UR), 1960,1980and 1989.
    400

    ""
    ,so

    '00
    \I"""- I 1989

    ,"
    ,"'
    ,...
    - ....
    ,-
    ,"-
    lU "'""

    100

    '0

    0"
    • , 6 ,
    -----.--,----""T--C--.------,------,-----,,----
    4 a 2 1
    Total ferti lity rate
    '-<.. """""- - - - .. ....... _ - -

    •
    Fewer deaths, fewer births
    Proposition: Thai if /he wues of mI,l/nulri- contem porary issues. In general, lowering
    rUm, (1f'efJmlabk di..."" and wilWpruuJ the ratt of child deaths helps also to lower
    iUiUYrJ0'. <:ITt tiel r;o"jro"ud as a new world the rate of births because it increase.
    tmkr ewJws, thm Ii 'IOiU be WI)' mud. m ore parental confiden"" in the pn::dietability of
    difficuh 10 mUla 1M rllU oj /JI)/JuWIWn J:ro1Clh family building and reduces the need for
    and Iff<Jlu 1M Irwuilioll u> tmlironmmUllly many binhs as a means of insuring
    ,w/airulbk dewlopmml. against, or comp ensating for, uie possibili-
    ty of child death." "11 mighr ~ tJumghl, n
    Public support for the csuse of protect- sal'l the 199 1 Hllm{Jn D~ll]pmffl l RtfXll1
    ing children agains t malnutrition and from the Uni ted Nati ons Development
    dis<:,.,., has sometimes been inhibited by the Program me, Klh<>I, if morw childrm Sur-
    qwnCIll thaI, inlllimuch lIS IUch efforts fliwd, f>OPulalwn probkms fC l]uld gtl fOOn e.
    wen: IUc«ssful, the y would ultimately be Quilt (he r<lJtl"St. Ferlilil)' Itn<u 1<1 drop
    self-defeating bccaUSl: me)' would $CI'VC 'In'
    ttilun fHl'"''fIls m,.,.. ctmfidtnt that <hel'r
    only to cx.acerbatc the problem of rapid childrm ttiill su rvivt. n
    population growth.
    But the stre ngth of this n::lationsbip
    This argument is mora1ly and demo-
    betwec:n faUing deaths and falling births
    gnIphically unsound. As last years Swu oj
    depends on the particula r stage which a
    the World 's Childmo showed in lome dcmil,
    count!)· has reached (ftg. 6). In the earlier
    reducing child deatlu is one of the most
    stages, when under-five mortality rates flnt
    pmo.'el'fuI of the forces which make up the
    begin to faU from a vcry high level, parental
    rein. of population growth .
    confidence remains low and birth ratcs tend
    Four factors are m Ol! strongly associat- to change little. Most countries in the
    ed with falling birth l"lItcs. Thol e [our developing world have now completed this
    h=men of the non-3pocalypse arc: rising phast. In the nc.>:t stage, when unde r-five
    incom cs, female education, reduced ch~d morta lity rates begin to fall below 200 per
    deaths, and the availablHty of family plan- 1,000 live births , the correlation between
    ning. When pulling together, they exert falling deaths and falling binhs is still weak.
    many times more control on birth rares But il is when cou ntries begin to bring
    than any one of them acting alone. There child mortality rat es down below 150, as is
    is therefore no conflict between meeting happening now in countries such as India,
    the need , of pe<>pk and con troUing thc and to mo,'c toward s and through the 100
    growth of population; indeed all of thc ban'ieT, that strong and consisrem panerns
    propositi ons ad~=ccd in thi' report would of fertility change begin to emerge. At this
    contri bute in some way toward. a mote stage, most co un tries begin to see a much
    rapid ~winll-down in thc rate of population more rapid fall in the number of births for
    gl'O",'lh . every furthtr advance thaI is made in
    reducing child dea ths.
    The particular link beN,ccn reduccd
    child dea ths amt reduced births is one of Th is is good news which has so far gone
    the lu.t unden tood and most vital of unh eard. For the great majority of coun-

    "
    THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992

    The United States:


    the rise and rise of child poverty
    'FiliI cal b ~' llllDI*l roIbe a probiem eoo,., ;h,.. ~ 10 a ............... 'famIy WlIgIl' "IlJI'lfn
    lornch ~ 8ul .. !he mosI P'0!lP'l'0UlI1l8l1on to he>ttladed: even llft(I' reoanI i IQ : l US. the real
    olal,ctilddeprivaliontoas i 0 11Sed--.as~ ..........., ...... .. 1990 Is 2O'll. _ then ~ _ ..
    hlos lisen lnl ~ lmOIIgoctu sge~'- 196:1. for a ~trne. \'8BI',ra.nd WO'kef. ltilI rrh-
    ....... W8Q8 st1 _ _ a latnlywith one ~'*"'>ol
    "'"1n1h8 196Os, ltIep'4X> lU ,ol US chb""liW"og
    IXMl'tv was haMld Iran 27% 10 14'lI.. In !he
    $2lXXJ below tN poyerIy Ina.
    In As IaIro i ICOITOEl& haw • 10 eased the rDXl
    19700 . ~ aepllB:I< 10 17%. Then.:n
    !he , !leOs, ~ OOri'r" 08Id ~ faClibenhasbeengra<lld\l
    rose lIlll"" kI 22'll> " . ~ In a deeade 01 '*"':IIll wilIOawn. The real ....... '" AId b FzmolieII with
    urint_ed IlCOrJOmic lJtlWIIllnl a . - Z5'lli ~ ~ \o'FDCl h!!o!o (IIQ!.'!-"!I:l !l')'
    i (>elS " .., America's GNP. ~4O'll. """,,20 _ _. TDdBy, loss then

    0vIr lh& sarre :xl year period, 0'0'Ilt8I 1lO'IIl'IY ;, 10'll0 0111I casIl benelits go 10 poor llmI8s with
    chiIdrer\. ClII'w grOUpS havefaradrru::l1 b9tter: <:NfJ(

    .. .•
    ltJ8Uri1e<l Stales .and~lWTlOI'IQ lheelda'ti.
    has dedioOld. [)MIn I1'IIintt by \)C1'eI"' ''' ~ llCti<::<l, hall ol " peoplil n IlOO' lfI'l'iias wilI1ol.t Cl'Iilt8n
    lhe po oporIioo ,or older<;:lIimm (fl5<.)M-og InI"""'"'Y ~~ help to P<A tt8Tlabc:J,te the~
    III by IOOnl then l"'O 1ti'd:I.
    So WfroJ has a fl81ion with lhe demonslraled
    capedIy to 'e<:U::e PO"'l'IY !lliIed to do 110 b' Its
    ......
    iroI - as C>XlO98d to rrl'f 14'll. ol people n IlOO'
    " ,"'
    AlIIrnpIing to """91Ilhe!le lac1<n. !he repon
    <hIdf8rl7 aIIrJ ~ .. Amori::lr. " a report /rtw'n anrbJlas t-JS! _ 4O'll. 01 !he rise...cf"id ~

    --
    lhe ~ ChIdmn's DefooI!Ie FI6Id to lhItdedioe 01 gc>YIltI'YJMlrl support.)usI- 3O'lll
    (COF), deers the- way for lts _ _ by e><;:>Iodi>g to la&-1g real WlI98S """"'6I1he poor. lWl l;l!llL.W1dBr
    3O'lI> to 1herise oIl1lClltlef -«tt ~
    ThIt i\QI;I< i'ro1ge Qlthe blIId< (;fjd born 10 an CaIhg onItJollk'ilecl SIaIes touselts~
    " ",," Iied, ~ rnottIt:o" Wilg on _ _ in to ....., ctjd ~ by thoI year 2000. h co=
    a big dl\I s a ~..tCh fils fawIlf Ihiln croe ~ 1lIet .... (III HfIl iXN"rtY _Ill.lo'$'~ li'9
    in W'I 01 America's ~ cI"ildrfn 1nnBr.,;ry_ wIrh IfI9 - . y ~ lWl flGt.C9t01 of
    and Hspaoics8r8certl1irlya.er ·~l8d. bul a ~ of flU dli'im md lImatM!l the l'l8lb<l's

    _.
    ~ of America's 12 ~ pool ~ ... e<>:n:mic anrJ9OtS8! ruruv."
    'Mile. Most 1M!' out3d9 bog dIiee. Mosl ~ i'l "Sili etilg cUd fK/IIfI'fY". on !he 0Ihet r.an:l,
    hlfTiIies _ <:rif 0I'lII Of lv.o c!lben. And most
    "would !i-'e the tIIIllot> a I>Jg& Itft'>i'>g s!a"1 (:1'1
    belong 10 I'>OuSehold8 \flOI1ln aI Ieasl one PE"'WlI
    /.aI::Idn91he~. ~ suI>s/!n:;lea'luse.
    cri'ne, md<Xher pOO/Ems l/Igl.seem so cilwti'lg,"
    Tho.t """" ~ lor rfsO"lg chid pa.8Ity In. Nod 1M C08l'? ~ " Ill' 1'10 /IIOOt'I6 1M oroII'
    lim, lNI lnllIioI'I or benefits l)t'O\oided by goo.oern. _ . b.Jl1he COF puIS !he bII 8I $28 ~ a
    mentto pooIlzIrrj\es withctti'en afId. sec:ord, lhe _ (lor .-.,g IM!IfY poor !lmIy with cf'ikten up
    S!IlIIdy fill In real WOQIOS lWTlOI'IQ America'8....sl<i1ed.
    10lhapc:wertyi>a\. Ths" less then 19l1 ol AmioIca's
    ThlI lI'YlItll9" ~ ""'9" 01 ncn-superviooI'y
    WCIlkln lei by ~t8y 20% ~ 1973
    and 1990. AI the _ line. Ihl g'7>\"w.. u's _ ta:<
    G/IP: ~ is alSO less Ihsr> 1heam:A.t'1l ~ each
    .,.. tr; lila rid1Ilst 1'lIl ol A/'r'IlIiCa1S as a msUI 01
    bmaksllJlllltl'l'lld ... the 1asl15 ~
    Fig, 7 SpendIng on basin tries in Asia and Latin America have no w
    passed through the earlier . rages of this
    ~mary hNlth CM1' and primary<.'<location art' two
    01 tho m<»t important wayo 01 'inwning in people'. 1JlIn,ition, when birth ""tes mayor may not
    !Iut 0/ 21 ~ cQtl n~ for which rom""rat* be affected, and are approaching or enter-
    figuf'fS "'" ,,"illblo, only tIIrft gowmm<1lts alloclt<: ing the Slage during which furth er falls in
    """" thon Ml' fifth 01 ~, ~~itu .... to ~
    !»sic ~rvice). child deaths could be expected to be asso-
    ciated with much steeper falls in births. In
    Expenditure on primary health care
    other word" reductions in ehild death.
    and primary ond 5ec:onOOry education,
    cs a percentage of totol centrol have now reache d the point wherc signifi-
    govemmem expenditure5, 5elected cant di,~dend. in falling binh ""tes arc
    developing coomfies, / 988 ]jltely to be paid out for any further reduc-
    tions in child d<:lths that can be achieved.
    ZIM IlA 8WE
    BOTSW ANA
    0%
    "" " 15
    In Africa, where under-five mortalilY ratcs
    in mOSI countries n::main in the 150 to 250
    SIERRA LEONE 12 band, it is essential 10 hasten this U'ansition
    MAURmus 12 in order 10 quickly bring to a close the
    TANZAN 1.0\ 8 period during which population growth i,
    NI GERIA 8 at its moot rapid.
    SlJb-Saharan Africa
    ~1M elf,," 10 miua dlild illness and maJ~
    MOROCCO 22
    JORDAN 11 nutri tion and 10 mWr. the goals of 1M World
    KUWAIT 11 Summit far Chi/drm", says Mauria: Strong,
    Middle East & Nonh Africa Secretary-General of the first World
    BANGlADESH 10 Envirrmmmi C<"'f nmu in Stockholm 20
    SRtLANItA 8 years ago and of the World Corifnmu On
    INDIA 7 Envirrmmenl and lNw/opmml to be held in
    South Asia _ _ == Rio de Janeiro in 1992, "is crucial .ICI ~Iy
    for in own .ake bul abo w a means of hdping
    10 JIow f>01'Ulalion gmwlil and maRe pouihk
    mvirrm mmlO1Jy rrmoilflJbk tkvelopmml in
    IN. 2hl cmtury and beyond.. "

    A renewed commitment to protecting


    the health and the lives of the world's chil-
    dn:n is therefore in syn<Jgy with, not
    opposition to, the effort 10 cope with
    those other great issues on the hu man
    agenda for the 1990. - the slowing of
    population growth and the protection of
    the environment .
    f lgY.... refIea only ... pend'lU.... by «Otral
    <)CI"Mlment and may therefore un<len tate

    ....... .,
    ... pmditu.... in countrlf:> with feder.1 S)':Iterm.
    """'\,

    n
    THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992

    Investing in people
    ~ ncu w fJfIU'iIrt ___ KCClltIy P'lblishcd n::pon of !be ~
    artJfUNi 1M Uol/'O"fO'lU of ~ - * : ~ chaimt by fenner Pn:$idcrn
    poIM;ia Ihottld 6e ~ by " _ N)~ of T anzania, has condudc'l1, "7M
    fPOItdi'V llINUtOUlIS /IlII IN mpomibilily 0/ fWClU/IJ ~ of ~I i" w
    ~u '" plrnUtl« lNuic irrvulmmu in .so..u. <karl>' .1touJ !hal ~ K"I"Wu. Q
    "",. tJi,roroIIJ ~ in Q cJima~ in ",hid! 1M bwi-
    ....ss J«UII'"", rJrriw. ....
    Whether for idra1i5tic or sc:lf-inlcrulcd
    reasons, monopoly state control of eco-
    nomic life is an ide<! which has been given
    o:tm!li~ field nials in the 20th century.
    BU I U that I;C'fltury end$, it is an idea
    lb~ I'GI~ of COVtnUll.tIll
    whole time has gone. In panKular, if
    stands d.iscredircd amana die minions of The /"Ok of ~I in dcvclopmml
    pc:opIc whose ~ it ~ bul '111Josc is therdore brin& ~'$lw.tr:d. in many
    n«ds it failed 10 meet. nationlI " ~ presenl time..
    11'£ ~~ ul ttiit f~liR is iCiui'lOO Certain Qp«U oi mal roie :Itt obvious
    (lI'IIy O\'tt F.&Stml Europ: and !he
    llII;III bur. oucm IXJI 10 be forgotten. M.~
    Soviet Ullion bur 1M:!" cvm Iargcr UQS of foroes QlIIII(l( acnaa~ economic JfO"'Ih in
    eM de\"tloping "''Oriel. Free nwkd: a poIitialI VlC'UltIII. I>umbk peace, . --
    ewnomics, thaugb f~ many .mous IbIc l iability, gu&I1Ulltt:S of Iepl and
    problem. of their ewn, havc ~ propcrt)' n,:h1S, a reISOOIbly com~eru
    shown lb:nuclv,," ID be: lIlOft' successful in ci>oil ~, !he: cko.'dopmau of infraltruc-
    Mini the living standanls of the majority. rare, sou nd policie§ on money sup ply,
    It .. therefore a truth now almost uni- taxation, inlcrnl and ~ch.ange rilles - aIr
    venally Icknowledgo:d that the energy and thell~ are the 1'Oponlibilil)l of governm ent
    enterprise of peoples an: Iibented only and aU I re pan of the framcwor!c with OUI
    when people an: free to rmk c their own which Ihe polenti al oonmo ubon of market
    decisions and miswkes and 10 reap ~ds roren is di.sip l tcd.
    in rell.lion 10 lhcir 1aboofS.
    BU! il is I1so im portant W ROle lNl the
    The: idf:oloP-al cbums inlO which so kssons of m:enl experience - and psnicll·
    much alCf'IY and commi~ has disap- Iatly the IUccnso of H OD« Kong, Japan,
    peared ill the po5l-war paiod aR' 1Mref~ M.aIa)'s ia, Sinppon:, South Korea,
    TWTOWina to aIJow moA COWIlries to sand Taiwan, and Thailand>" - SUliQI IXJI thai
    on !he: oommon pound of. mvUt-£rin>dIy ~enl IboWd recre
    from ~ ceo-
    approKto 1<1 ~dapiilc"L 1lIis )ur'1 nonUc fJdd in order 10 allow the free pia)'
    Woria' ~ Rq#n from dle World of market forcc:s nor ~= thai tome: linck
    Bank, for cnmilG manhab fow dcodcs 'riplt NJancc' sbou1d be Khicved bctvo-een
    of UI\'IIStmft'l1 L1pCiicilce in support of tim go·..e mmau and numts (" 'h.id! impljc,s
    l."OI1dusion (pand 9). Similarly, dle oold - thaI 1M IWtl muM a1wa)'S be in opposition).
    oping world"s own l'C\iew of progrns, the 'The chief lesson il rather !hal progrtll is
    m01t rapid when governments .nd markclS
    Fig. 8 Arms, debt and people woO: in intclligcnt partnermip with each
    About ~o Jltf(e<l1 0/ ')OV'tmmtnl 'Pffiding in tho
    ~opi"9 WOIId .. _ 0<1 10 the milila!)' and the oth er."
    Ol'rYi<ing 01 dKIt. In IOmII! ~ion" lIli' i' lWIce a, In the rethinking provoked by events in
    mud' .. ~ u JPf"d on M alth and
    fduc:alion combinfd. Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, an
    equally dear if Its' widely proclaimed cce-
    Percentage of centrol government sensus is also emerging aboul what market
    e}(pendi ture~(CGE) allocated to the forces cannot do, and therefore about what
    military, debt urvicing, heallhand governments must do.
    education, and aid received a~
    percentage of CGE, by region. 1988 It is the responsibility of the State to:
    ---,;;;;:r o ConstrUct social safety nets to protect
    the most vulnerable members of society and
    set a minimu m level of well-being which
    will be maintained even during economic
    downturns.
    o Ensure basic investmen ts in people and
    especially in bask education and health
    care.
    OTH(R-
    o Prcmcre fuU emplo}mem so that the
    great ma;or;ty of citizens are able to meet.
    their own and their families neros by their
    own drom and thcir own earnings.
    o Counterbalance the long-teno tcndency
    OU T of market forces to confer marc oppo rtunity
    on the already advantaged, thereby setting
    , up a momentum rewards increasing
    MILITARY ineq uality.
    AI D REC£IVED o Intervene in those instances where the
    Ieee play of market forces is dcmonmably
    COun lCT 10 the public imerest. From
    UNICEF's particular perspective, for exam-
    ple, it is 110\ in the public interest 10 allow
    millions of ehildren to become malnour_

    _ _----,-r___,...""--
    • loo\ld<$ I"",

    __
    :.....;....~
    '..,...... : . . - ' .
    ,.i.;::,.-....
    '
    ._,,,..
    " .., 0lW,
    ~_"
    ished because the free play of market forces
    has persuaded millions of mothers to aban-
    don breastfcedin g in favour of commercial
    infant formulas (p anel 12) , Nor is it in the
    public interesl for peer fam ilies the world
    THE STATE OFTHE WORLD'S CHILDREN1992

    War on children:
    the 20th century's shame
    PooIec\IrlIl the ~ IlWds IWld bodios of ~ lraIn18incMI ondimemarJonol wn.
    \'<UI9 ctill;tlwl 8hoUd have rnt cal CI'1 eoc:ielIes'
    Thesemany miIions ofchidren, physicalyana
    ""'"","0' in good Iine9 a"ld In bed. in boom 0<
    rlKi Sl "JO " in peece 0( wer, Erl\renct;ng thai pm.. mentatv scarred by lIloI oonflIcts of !tBr _ 5 ,
    ~d '&$I cal' is lh&c:haIenge ci1ll8 199011. And
    ere part 01 the generation on ....nk:h the fuwr"
    rrusI be bul'1.
    ~O ~ ~ rroa OOsparBl&)r.-:led ltWlln ee
    WOI!d's war ~ Themr. ,.... row"""", fa IIWCl11dw1<le ~
    to cry OO! llQlW\sIlN. war CI'1 ctIIdren • aogalnst
    ... the Iasl dec:ade. more !harl ooa llr<l • Noll
    rriIb"lcttilln hawboon kiIod InW3fS. .. Mete tn(lrl lho!le who """ the W<>apOM and those who
    ""PPIt tlMlm. H_ . must be fooqtt, tIIIwl, IIllhe
    4 miIIon have boon ~ ""'Hod . li"rtls
    ~tad. brains <DrorJed,Il\'llIIV11 rd tumg
    ·"i'
    j eest, ;;'h.::.:ro,_,;;.~.wkJ to; j)iViOC'.w nom".otii
    10'11 - lMJugh borrtliIg. Iarld·.nr-. !rearms.
    IOOtSt .fleets.
    tort m ".,."., cI*ho "'" in I'IIIug8e ~ 1her& n """'" sil1IS 01 hope. Armed oorAct
    beca of WlIr; a !l.nIlo< 12 rr6:ln I1lMI billhl!llr seems to be 'm io og with lh!IlIfl(i-,g rJ ItlIl ookl
    ~ WfJI. ThIl W<rt1 S<.mml: for O!tim opec;ticaIy
    In 1991, lIlis lIIIa#lI8' 01.,.. io iOCllt olS <XlI'>- r.3lled fa ltla ~o!B$SlI1liaIMIldil'_
    ;., am. r:JWfJI end;" _ ~ •. kid
    In- in the more !han 40 wars SIiIllIWlg bJghl. lt1e . - Cot»mriot> 0tI J1>IJ Rights of rhe ctrId,
    ThIs 'waI on d*lr",,' ill a 20Ih """""y lrMImion. WhoCfl ~ dao:rerds 081/ 1'IlasibIII_
    Oriy 5 % 01 the <::as<8\I9s in the FI"SI WQI\d Wet to ......... pra/IlC:tiJtl end ewe at c'lottm wile In!
    W(!«I d\oiIilns. By the S8con;l Wor1d War, the prQ- fI!/oc:ted by I'mIt:ld <n'Ilfct', Ili'IlIV'I beI:r1l'l1lift8d
    p:>"Iion had rigetl to 5O'lIo. Md. lIS lhe centu'y ~ by ~ 100 r'Iations.
    the cMiIn lIl'o!n is IIOtITIEIIy about 00'll0 • IT(lSI 01
    Sc:ml na':icns ~ beg<I1 ~ lh!I .....\Oi(;le
    Ihem.....:wnen III1d~
    Into p:actk:e. In B Sdwdor, eM WfJI has tleen
    Thu Indirect etrects In aIfoost as CliMISIali'>lI. !UIIPE" ided 0lI ltne sapeo ale days 8'o'EII'Y ~ b'
    Schools at>d cirics are dD!;ed or 00slr0yed. Food InIIBs1 seven ~ so tha1 cI'ilchn can be i'n-
    IIUP$llY " - are brol<en. Walll< lind sanrtalion mtrized. "l.ebarIc::o'l,'days rJ ~ ""-d
    $)'.18= bn.lal< dawn. MAon$ fl8e' to r~ chldrQr11C be wccio "led 8'«1 81 ttle ~ cl1tl8
    CWfl.'II. Nwj 1WilIy$. hi r-.w ~ is !)l)ToI _ I n Sudan, bcIh sides~ tq-' to
    by <:M::tren • d*:hn .-.ho miss lhI!IIr onlI d>lnoe 10 'culkh. rJ .-co', Itrn.!;JI'l WhoCfl-.ilaI "'-P"
    grow normiII\I n mnct 80Id boct)', to be educated pliloa o;:cUd mach rriIons cf cMiaroa.1'I'IOStIy wcrroen
    lnd to a<:QlOre!he _ to hi a pIooB In !lOCI6ly. ;oj c!*lftln, IRlpped In lI18 WfJI zilIl&. SimiBr
    lIgi OOIlllii ilS ha.e ance blllIn IlllQCIi3Ied In AngcIa
    The PSYd >c:logic8I WOI.o'lds _less Vi:Iille. 10 COle
    s!lKti 0150 di'... e1 ctti'en n M:lm'Ttique, 42
    hadlosl a fathero< rrott>a< b')I\OioIeno!I. 11 had seen
    ..00 ElhIcpla. .. hoQ. _ tiel rnedcaI II.q:lieB
    _ ~ __ lIIt!"01 hoiV>lol!heGUlcor6cl.

    01heard a paretlI beO'lg l<iIBd. 29 had I<iftr lised. ~ ad> ~ _to oee::mu !he I\lIliI ralIw
    rruoer, 16 had boon kidlllIIlPEId, III hall boon u.. lt1e ~ WOIldwdI,! P'i*: ilIlinKln will
    tmlalened Of be9t"" or staN8d. The~_ need lO haoden llQlli'\SIlt1e _ en d*hn';oj
    SlIid tQ be .reprooenl8\Ml.... In \OIaI, on estmated imisllhat lhiI ......... IQ Olllin on J1>IJ 20lh CIInll.o:y
    10 fl'Ii6Ion d1IldOWl In \Ile world r - sutrered s/"IctJd roJl be aIcwed lO seep <Mill Wo the 21.1-

    "
    over 10 be persuaded to spcnd 5500 million development experience which concluded :
    a year on useless anti-diarrhocal drugs "salirfyitlfJ bark needs .""uM /raw priority
    ",tK:n oral rehydration therapy, the medically holh 011 grounds of C'1Uily and 10 =rai" ta>o-
    OOlTCet treatment, is so low in cost that it is IIO>IIic grMJIth III <l rapid fXJCt. "'"
    of little commercial interest.
    In recent years, research has demonstrated
    o Defend those elements of a humane the power of that investment in many dif-
    and sustainable society to which the Is"" of ferem ways. World Bartl< studies bave
    the market place attach little or no value. shown thai raising the average educational
    This responsibility includes the protection level of the labour force by one year can
    of the environment, the protection of the raise GDP by lI5 much as 9%." Other stud-
    future, and the defence of mose who do nor ies have demonstrated thai four year! of
    have sufficient influence or purchasing education, as opposed to none, can increase
    power to translate human need into eco- agriculrur:al productivity by 10%.'" Research
    nomic or political demand. OVer the year! in Australia, Bra;r,il,
    Colombia, F.thiopia, Guatemala, India,
    Indonesia, Kenya, and SielTll Leone have
    shown that improved nutrition can increase
    Invalio!: in people work productivity by IIp to 20%. Better
    adult and child health has been shown 10
    The other hll1f of the development con-
    save millions of lost workdays. COlTCCting
    sensus which has grown more solid as
    child malnutri tion and iron deficiency
    ideological divisions have narrowed is that it ana~a have been shown to reduct: absen-
    is a responsib~ity of governments to ensure teeism, increase anention spans, and
    that vinually aU members of SOl:iety have improve school results) '
    adequate nutrition, primary health can,
    clean water, safe sanitation, family planning But for the present purpose, such stud ~
    services, and at least a primary education. ies are like striking matches in daylight. The
    These basic investtnentS in people arc evidence that investing in people lays the
    essential not only for humanitarian reasorn foundations for e.:onomie growth looms
    and for the creation of civilized societies large before us in the shape of mose coun-
    but also as the foundations for sustained tries which have succeeded in achieving
    economic growth. A!< the outgoing rapid and sustained progress in the post-
    President of the World Bank has said, in a ....·ar world. Liberating people's potential via
    ICIICT 10 the Secretary-General of the: land reforms and univcn;al health and edu-
    United Nations following the: World Summif cation services has been fundamental to
    fi1r ChiMrm, "/mJeSlmenr i" hu"..." Cllpila/, that success in coun tries and regions sucb
    iM/udi", importamly baJir: IwJIth Clln and lIS Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan
    primary ~du<alw" for (hildren, is o"e of lhe (panel I I) . All of these have shown that
    moIl tfft<:Jiu means of slimulming Iong-IeTm basic education and health for all are not
    wmomic growth and imp_;"1 ,eneroJ wtl- jusl socia1 expenditures but e.:onomic
    fa" ." The same conclusion was reached by investments, nOI just indulgences which can
    the Sol/Ih Commirri<m', review of recent only be afforded after countries have

    "
    •
    . , ~JOI#WU"S~ 0661 8\ilI8PGldOP8 ~ XlI.-.. lKll PlOQIl ·Oc!J"OOlI....,q
    ijeoO (XX£ lOOoI EI<iI 10 I'J -... ot IlW!ll lUIlW to 0CIUll\I0<i.ui lIljI llll lP'!' l1"<lQI! 'l.O!l
    SJEluew
    -<.U9NJ6 &l8lS eo.u. ''lUIWJW ~ . 'q," 'ffl ',II.Q() -WlJOJU! ~ :>oGIlq 4l\M ~ fl ~
    IIIB "WI.......... :>IG8Q , . - IfDlI!M ~ .......
    UIl.lJroI:IIllIO JIlIlI S1I hau SIlllUll' . ~ WOJj "1S&\ee.tl .... P9QIJ -.... 01 pe)S/ilel
    "'I II! .....:l ~ M!urJ,;! '<tlN OOJ ........ "'lJIl9Il ~ p.l8p&~eq PrOOsse..6:I>d \lll4l OS
    PI'Cl.~ IOU Cl--oJO l.UJIllI.I'l "4IJOIlIj(1
    II8llueip ~ OJ d1l8S &eM WEllSAs 8 '!X8N
    'ut.!.eJ309/l !luollJ "4110 ~ PtA! ' llJ>I>Oo'o' ~ • U99S ......
    ~lluH.oJ691l1 OI~UClll'lQIOJdIltll~ P8Il pGJl <lI.i" '-"'WP "4l .. jO 1lIlIl-o "1I'I'lS!"OU
    POOlSO! lO.l pull ~ 10 llJ'\ICl Clt;l 3>fUl 01 '!Nl8JfWI ~ III jO %Sl l!llll pue 'Il!lfiUIIIlUd
    ~ISOW"" ~"'llpGNqll toUlaIij PUll _ I ;;!p I'!'iIO'l ""'ll GIll... l/lU8P to 1lQSI1W
    '.~ q IIiO IS-'J. jO aP.:Jo .)d IItII ~ l>l<.l UIllW EI<iIl9.lI '!II/lJIQ 000" .Iild III ~ SlIM
    is
    IfldSl!\lRJeeO 'l~PUlI' 'C,&;; :6 ' ~o.,(lno.ou, ~ lUI3lUIl8.II ~ •• ~ -."...00
    '6 'f\! ~ UOO$ _ au.we6:>o:l8lll1J SIf'SW lllU jO ellllS , EI<iI jO ~ . <*1 M3Jp~ '$JI..,.
    -\ll.'OU "'lI '" _ .~ -
    8U!U "'lI 0 \ llUl!l4"" lItll JlUI'I"" 01 IlJ9>Il')'l' 4lIl'l'4 • uo J9l/Ill6Ol """" Oll1WOO po.j lIOUlIp "'II '''''ON
    'l'JIIII OOO'S' ~ 01 lMIId HoOJ 1''''' ''~ "SPO!oJd """" uo £IOlN'l 'II!'" PI'>I"l"" ~
    -
    ~iltli ~OOl VlOQIl.lElljllliJ!llOOllpe8 -
    006'~ OJ ~ll:OJil'''' a1lJ9C1,1.ft.1 ~ 'peo '!" Q9'
    P8'l CJ.f" ep:>ed fUlo'9$ ~ ~ '8WIJ /8IIOll 11
    """'l>d "I Iltln<>IClElql""," Ollllll 9El6IIl•..-:l
    Q.l9MllI "" ,'OOlSOlUOIlIlJOOOl'l ·~au.l£lW "l$OO 1lf'lIIP"l/O"'11l ~ PNl ~ Il1
    "1l>iIlI-"M W*l ~ '" pIIl'!'lJl uq Pf:'O'o' J1l!X1l """" lUQ1) "'lI " ~,.., .. - ~ ... '1\1'" '00
    .,.,.... UOIUIOM JOOd OJ .$QO! ku98.oeo.uo, 000'9-e ~ I.O'!€) ">jS1ll1l<ll <>l pe~' ~ pw
    1" "' ''' $\01) 8ll\ ''lU.I.IJ8.tIoJd ~ bJ9l'i
    ~ BIll SJIlPI!8I SlI "UO.JI*+I jO ..... lI4l """
    ..... IIlUUOIJ 8IllJO PI18lSU1 ~ III pw.oll ~"'I~IIil'JIm1lElU()1l4l1li>841lOOP~
    _ ')f:leq'1OO e ~ 'LIl6\ 10 ~ 8IiJ.
    1'18 "lIU!l.\wolOO "'lI MIJl9Q ao.a 9Id<>Od Sl! jO ~
    . _ EI<iI JO -... IOO.IOOd ll4I "! "I'lOOd ""'l ~ "~ I8!01ldS OIl WIl1lAl9O
    10 ~ 10 ~ OJ lnO llu\pooJ pue "~8q w::l119 oOOdlllOOl llllM "'lI
    ~ JO ~ 1luJly\oJd '~ __
    tJllllS 1lIIlO5l1lf1l'1tl PNl1l<ll \l!4l 1ll-(lM"'lI \lMOI.l$
    I,f:lnI:l :lIOtII8O 8\il1O ~ " '1\." "'0" "'11 'holoos
    ~ 1lllIl F'9JEI jO liOlOO 1S81l"'llXlU1l4l "" OI8l$
    ....""!"':! U8'J "41 ~ puB '(~ ~ P'" jii;;;;';'-'"!Wi
    om -Piiiii iiW I.q •••~-....... PHi
    lM:I pa.-Id8 """ll..... I I 6 !J""lIIS'*''Q) N/I.nu
    po::I!'1l8l pw ''!l.Ot <>l ~ kI SJ1l'il ~
    -cee SSG'Jl$IIQ 8lll OJ 'eplW llSllW EI<iI Cl '1UOfl p1l19CI(lQ 'jIlIIl kI sa; I; I I' 1Il9O" ''''J'' WCIJI ~
    ~ ~ ll4l OJ ',pnp iI\ll 01 PNlIll:l 'PJP.lI0UCl k10lllJ 'IlBllP \UIlIJI Sl! pocq:olJ
    Ill'I'ddv OJ peppiP eqa Ollll ~ "" "'6'<lIl Glll lSllti1 S8\l D.ISe:) '600 ~ <>l 9B6 ~ WCIJI s:.-I ~ 1l<II "I
    ~ UO!IU' 9 ot.lplJllEl(iaJ I'lO 'lOOO' ell "'"*"
    IItll ....... IOU PJI ~'* 'llI88Il 8IIl 'PIJOM EI<iI "1IeN..CN JCIl1J1!Wl1S'O ~ JCI ~
    jO Sl.ed 19l1lO hJ8w U! 6lI \118 '.Il!JOllCl
    ~ ce '1.tJlI:llllSCO J() ~ B ~ so "'lIldod BJCUJ S! ~
    oeM '9Sll9!lP 16'84pull ~ OJ ~ If>;)QIl pue "0Id00d ....... 9 lll!'J1 11'8 ".<Jilr<Xl a lOU '! ~
    auop aq Ue:ll! I)U!M04S
    :eJeao
    Z661 N3~a'IIH O S,CITliOM. aH.L.!IO :iI.LV.LS :ilH.L
    become prcepercue but the foundations COSt services for the few, and IC$S than half is
    without ,,'hich widcspre~d prosperity will lI1Iocalcd to low-cost services for the rrumy
    not be achieved. (fig. 7). In other ,,'OIds, only about 12% of
    all government spending in the del'eloping
    In other "vrd~, the I~ns of the lasl 40
    world is devoted to imocsting in the: health
    years suggest that development proceeds
    and education of the 000'1" majoritv.
    mO$t steadily when it walks on the IWO legs
    of a m.an:.:t~friendly eeonomie policy and a
    governmen t commitment to ensuring
    investment in people. And as the eensensus Fig. 9 It can be done
    on market-friendly economic policies villibly ~ World Summl! for Childrm loti. ~m bi liow
    gathcn momentum, it is even more essen- goal ' for Ihe l'H' 2000. But Ihe Br.lilO.on . tote of
    Cea,. {popu l.ltlon ~x miUion) h. l achiPled IOIlll! of
    tial thal the other leg of the developmem Ihe mon bam 9011. In only three l'H" (ift panel 7).
    consensus is also exercised.
    Ch<Jnge~ in rekcled motemal and child
    Unfortunotcly, 'investing in people ' has health indicotOfS, Ceara, 1986-1989
    been the battle hymn of the international
    development efron for futeen years with out
    battle ever really being /Oined.
    Indiutor ,...
    Od/"" lun/Aug
    ""
    ~ cha roge

    Infant fTlQItaIity 57 39 -' 2%


    """',,,"'''''' 28 B -S<"
    All for lo me
    """"
    """""""'" .,,.,
    The governments of the developing
    coumnes spend, On average, abou t one
    quan er of their budgeu on directly im'esting
    in people via health and cducation services
    _."-
    """'
    ""-
    SaI:ts il the last
    23 32

    (but no! including government expcndi=


    on agriculture and emplo~"I1lent creation) ,
    HcaJlil and education together daim 17% of
    """""""
    0Mk:lre112·23
    rnonthl; rt«'Mng
    se 81 .-
    go\'ernment expenditures in Latin America , BCG vaa:ne (%)
    21% in the Middle East and NOIth Africa, Children 12-23 SO 63 +26%
    23% in South Asia, and 25% in East and Il'IQrltho; IKeiving
    South East Asia (figs. 7 and 8). 3dolesdDPT
    vacrne(%)
    In ccuneics where high employment and
    reasonable wages mean Wt the majority arc
    Mahubitioll - 2nd e.o SA -33 ,*,
    able to meet their own needs from their own
    earnings, such It:\'cb of sociaI expenditu re by
    " "" """
    "'"'Gomo.<
    dasslication (%)

    _ _-
    govcrnrnerua might be adequate if allocated
    according to need. But of the sums which are Unln. othctwi>e .\.Jted.1lgute< .ppIy to
    child,,," "9fd 0.3 6 month.
    allocated directly to health and education,
    more than half ;s allocated to relative!}' high ..-.,- ..... ".,
    - ~ ,- - - - - _ ..... .....
    THE STATE OFTHE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992

    Reshuffling the pack:


    Human Development Report
    ThI l Qll' I-UrWl De>1'¥"n. ~ J'IIJ:01 lmm ~ _ 111<1 10 IOCilII MlMc:a lie I'I8II/lh
    UOOP ill..........,.; up by Jts 0W!'l Pflied'ol'Si iQ Ii. and~ \olO'll .W*" "O
    AbrIhwn I..h::c*l • 'oe.l' P''''''' of /111I Pf/OPI8. by o rtII sociII ¢cnty IlIIio • ~ d ..x:ili
    IN ptItJfie. lot /111I J'fIfJf*'. 1'he b lItb, <J JlIIO"
    _ odtIn ~ 10 1lflor1lII ru..._ a.ch
    . . lX)IIrlIllIl a"Id II'e WlCIlri"II {)lit-. 1* ll4Ar
    Iian_ ~""""" til h .... 01010 _il ..pm.yhMlllan nl priomry " """"l!O'J'
    TI'i& ... WI lI'II lIllrTU:a aD 01 .. growIh. EU I"X ,
    _u,iclJOMlliinol ....,ilblll · I . I _ Tht _ ~ CII'1 til co,ibi.-l'" Clf*'
    b,. who;rl UN g,*>s............ ' . ,•• " - IUnon MPI'. . . . . . . . , . 1*.....,. or
    1.-_ . a GrooooIll .. l'IIlicnIIn.::ore . 1'OllillrlIln:ure~Il~ __W_I"
    '... ,tIUI .... ..-.._
    . . kI'Id of 9'O""Ih . _ • co I
    -..
    ot. I'lC7W ril ~ __ IO~_1IIIo

    ~ ",1_ 1ing ...... Zi" _•. lor


    aJ" c. """'..... lrun ..
    .. 5.'... Pi"""_ ... m~ ~_i'-ur.n~-""1diOJ CII ;2.; .
    To _ ~ loi"cl of -.:I PlII :
    .... , cnr
    OA 9I.C . . . c:o.¥*iII .........
    _ ,.. b\I dtIINrf
    l,N;lPpo • , . ,..,.,., ~ ~

    .......... 011'0. ~ .... ccuwilII .... ~ _ ..... -.:ITh*odbl*>_IUrWl......


    on ....... 0 '.. 01 100II ,,"'''eiOf tIA. on I . . . . . . III 2..$Wo . . . ""'-VI"'* pJk. . .
    ...... . . rei WI' .. ""'*"" ~Q»"'" . - -. . . . . . .-y d.'II!Ir8"( • 31'llo -.:I Ill'I'
    • rroMo.'" of pIlI" GOP. - . g i l III ,...«"'-v.1'1-...:1_ l4' "'" ~ _
    ._'.cy.a"ldjftnuid "". po.dc "",do 'll lJf ~ IiIt* ICICIIl • • ,. ,
    Hul.'" C the Cr'IltIria 01 ~ il , . '-t -.:I D::W prlcrIy mioL
    tWurI8I . . d8' ' v ,. « pIIdI. ~ b'
    _ '1llIe. iI *ed 661!1 n n World Bonk lIIblBo ThIl "'IXtl M'llll"" -' tIid funtIn--....
    ntIio (Ihll po oporliol , cI a dDra's GNP ~ed to
    ~ ...... a;unrIes by pel' CIIlO11 GNP) bul sliPs l'k.mIwI prioIfty needI n !he d<I> :' • • ", ~
    10 102r1d Inthe lNJP tebIN, whIi::1l ...... Q:lUlII'ieo
    ~ lOprl&rllllld PfOIl'Q1 I. f..... lhlt rllllc~
    by ~ !'O. ~. Srlla'lka it llWlked 1201h rroo. a l'il;t1 III 0, 128'1lo n Ihe ~ lIf dl _
    by por tlIllOl.a Gt.P to l'ltOfl1llIed to 15th on ee 0.11~ n ~ to. lew III O.Q1l'lo in 1ha
    i'O .... - aI its ad.... "eilll .. h!IelIh..-.d U'Iiled St-. _ 0.011'llo", bt,t,
    1dlC8licn
    n _.,..., l.NCEF r-l.lSOICt I/IifIWtfdl'llr.
    1llew,,*"P''' cllv!*>de> l'll)''''''1l. on: CO"""'Pll. eIIoing. hi, _ .......... ID 1clIP""
    wl'i::h_~in:U:Ill~,"*"bl'UlWl
    IiltU rd poItaI .IMb ,
    biI:I' of lP4"" ......... 8LI.
    nol'" IItIIll). .
    _ hrigl'a
    ..,....,.... ""'"'*91l':- 10 _
    1UCI'I.~'-'C3IW.prrwy"'r«nI,-.:I
    Ic7oo-a* _ -.at1_ ~ lOhll. po:tIpolI'.
    IulWI _

    a'ld \he ~ ~ to . . ....,pIIy CII'1 bI-t-


    '. '<M«l by"'" ljlN6ji'.'. ; ID'Id., 1I..-;11O....,...~lUCI'I_lIgL

    --
    _ 01
    _ _ _ _ l.f,()F' • • e .. ll""a"'" 11indIa
    ............" .... """"'tlI I ,tJ,r ... ot SoDI_~lItow... rrm,~_tl
    • SIIIl<VI' ~ t:I _ ' '1 ""-'
    c»4IOP-
    ollIlIClnIl
    !/Ie (J<dc. ....,....... .-0
    incorI'e ljlOr9 Qo ;UlIie
    d
    dIn
    ..... ' - ' ......... oN: paIi:m 1'lilII- QlI"I
    5co'-. ceonrlIa _ ~ K1 ' -.1 - . "O'e
    Wllhrn.ch .... Cllt.-t............1hIl _ _
    PO' *WM'* IbcU 2S"I llUt*: _lCiIlA ' - 10 ba CUI. liiOi"'1I09
    o 11»-*1'" ... · ' t8lIO · ~ ol lU'k po"" ...
    ......... ( 8 ) ' ' *""
    •
    It ill estimated, for example, that 80% of Ednation
    the 812 billion allocatc<! each year to water
    Such distortions of public spending in
    sup ply system s is spent on putting private favour of the better-off lll'C; aI!Io evident in
    tap. in the homes of the relatively well-off, national education systems.
    at a cost of approximately 5600 per perso n
    served, and tnat only 20% goes to the pub- Depite decades of research findings
    "'hich regularly dcmonsUlIte that invest-
    lic ",c U. an d s\lInd-pipes which can bring
    ment in priIMry education yields
    clean ",ater to the poe r majority at a COSI
    signifiClllltly higher rerurns in both social
    of 530 to 550 per person served. '" progres s end economic growth ," govern -
    Reallocating even a proportion of total ment . pending in almOSt all de.-c:loping
    cxpen di1\ll'CS in favour of the poo r could counuies is heavily biased towards higher
    therefore liberate en ough resources to education for the few rather than basic cdu-
    achievc thc goal of safe water suppl\' for cation for the many.
    almOSt every community in almost every
    lltis i. not the path that has been fol-
    country by the year 2000. lowed by those countries " 'hich have
    achieved the mutually reinforcing goals of
    A similar argument, with similar statis- universal education and sustained economic
    tics, could be built around the themc of growth. In both Japan and South Korea, for
    exam pic, universal primary edUl"lltion pre-
    health caJ'C'. For man y times m<)rC money 10
    ceded economic takc-o ff. And in both, this
    be Spc1lt on cu rati"" than On preventivc
    basic invcsnncnt in people was made at a
    health is the norm; for 75% of public stage when their per capila incomes, in real
    spending on health to serve only the richest tenos, wen: lower than in most developing
    25% of the population is 001 unl)'Pical;Jl for countries today . Japan moved rapidly
    mOn.' to be spent on sophisticated opera- toward. universal prim ary education at the
    tions than on the 10w-cDSt control of mas. end of the last century. South Korea
    disease is nOt uncommon;" for J()'% of ensured that almost all its children were in
    health budgets 10 be spent 00 sending a primaty school at a sta~ when its per capita
    privileged few for eeaeneru abroa d is not GN P was little more than SlOOper yClU"
    unknown .... (panel II ) . Em phasis on serondar}' an d
    higher educ ation came later and was not
    made at the expense of primary education
    The necessary rcstru<;turing of . ueh for the great majority. N or did it run ''CrY
    expenditures may be difficult but it is n01 far ahead of the cwnomy'. capaeity to
    impossiblc. On becomi ng independent, for absorb inelnsing num be rs of more highly
    example, Bangladesh found itself with a educated people.
    health system which devoled only 10% of Man y othe r counuics have taken the
    its expenditure to rural health clinics serv- opposite course, fuumcing higher education
    log the great majority of its popul ation. disproportionately with the result that up to
    Today, that figure has been raised to 60%." half of all children fail to complete four
    THE STATE OFTHE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992

    rcan in primary school while secondary lion of primary school by at lcast 8 0%)
    and tertiary education absorbli an exagger- before the year 2000 ,
    ated shan: of me budget in order to
    produce many more graduates than the (fthat goal is to be mel, then an extraor_
    economy can u""fuUy absorb. In India, dinary effon is called for in the early 1990&.
    where bctw~n 60 and 70 children could be In particular, 10""-COSI waY' and means will
    given primary education for the 0011 of have 10 be found of retaining or munting
    training one unh"eniry student.'. approxi . erose who now drop OUI of school in the
    mately half of the nation's children fail to r,"t year or two of fonnal education.
    fmish primary school while the country as a Considerable PT'0KTC5S has been made in
    whole produces more graduates than it can enrolling cllildren in school; the more diffi -
    productively employ. Inevitably, one of the cult problem i. that up to half of those who
    ,(fem is a brain drain of uncmplo}'Cd but do enrol leave before be<:oming litel'llte (fig.
    highly qualified peopk to the industrialized 10 and panel 10). Those children arc CSScn-
    nations. In this way, a significant ~ of tiaUy being locked 0Il1 of the 21st century.
    government spending on education is used Pioneering efforts in Bangladesh,"
    10 su bsid.i2c the rich nations rather man to
    Colombia, Z~mba!n':e, am! in many ether
    achieve basic edace rion for all which , as aU countries in recent years, have shown lhat
    experience suggests , is one of the corne r- access 10 a basic education for all children,
    ston es of development. and com pletion of primary scnoot for the
    For reasons of both justice and efficiency, g=lt majority, can be achieved at an
    Ute overall effeel of educational expendi- affor dable COSt. Using such new methods,
    rurc should be: (0 ",distribute incomes and the extra financial cos t of reaching these
    equalize opportUnities. In most developing goals can be estimated at approximately
    COUntries tOOllY, its effect is a1m0!11 me S5 billion a year throughOUt the 1990s. The
    opposite. Most government s~nding nn costs of not achieving that goal "in be far
    higher education is s~nding on the higher. World Bani: research over the Last
    already advantaged; in Chile, the 10 )'ears has demonstrated many times thaI
    Dominican Republic, and Uruguay, for "/Ill produaifniy of an uJuwud wor* f= is
    example, mOre than 50% of all govern- Ihl moll rtlioble. mgine of IrWno",ic grotJ!/h.""
    ment spending o n higher education is But the investment in education yields its
    devoted to the children of families who dividends in many o thcr fonns. It confers
    belong 10 the richcsi 20% of the po pula - the ability 10 continue learning, from a wide
    tion. tn India, 50% of all government faIlge of SOUTCn, throughout adult life. It
    spending on education is used 10 subsidize modernizes attitudCS'" and builds confi-
    the best-educated 10%." dence in change. II stimulate. broader
    panieipation in political life. It assists the
    Within these inequities lies the potential process of allowing what is good in the I\C\\'
    for a degree of R$tl'UCTIlring of educational to replace what is bad in the old. It brings
    expenditures which could help 10 finance an al'.'3TCness of new ideas and new choices.
    progress tow2t"d5 the goal of access 10 basic It raises the average age of marriage, makes
    education for all children (and the comple- family planning more likely, and reduces

    "
    birth Tates. As Japan's Prime Minister,
    Fig. 10 Disappearing pupils Toshiki Kaifu, told me aS$emblffi heads of
    Over 90 Pft'(ftIt '" child ..." now uart IC~ in \he Slate at me World Summil to!" Childrm : "II
    o.. .I ~.pi"g ""'IIid. BlIt m ~lionl do 001even ruch lhe
    fourth gr_. """'t ~'" 10<1 in \he f"'lt ~' Of two. is "" aagpratimr To lily IMT TM policy 0/
    prc"'()IUrg ~.dUl;lJ/W" ro'urilllled lhe vtry foun-
    SlIrvivcll rates in primary school, by region, <lalion of Japan's rkwlopmmL 1" devtloping
    1986· 1989 countries rM Jim priorliy should be ro inj/ilult
    and i",prow btuk tdual /ion and raiu rJu liT-
    Percentage of those starting primary school no<:y mit am""g d1ildrm .10 m To maNe IMm
    who ruch grades 2 , 3 . and 4 1!J To liw wilh dignily. Norio",,' ~m """
    10k. p/aa only whtn all pecpk hav< rk
    Q/'POl'IU"i/y To rtaiw tducallon."

    Lower eo"
    In addition to c<.:onomic growth in the
    de':eloping world or increased aid from the
    indus~cd nations, both of which are to
    AAAB STATU be hoped for in !he IWOs, the "'sourccs for
    Rea<:hing gr_' 2 .. 99'lII l .. 95'111 4 .93'111 investing in people might come from three
    other sources. Thc first is IIOme dcgrco: of
    restructuring of government spending in
    thc developing world 10 shift rerourttS in
    favour of !OW--<:t)ST services for the many
    rather than high--<:t)St services for the Iew.
    In many coun tries, for example, even a rel-
    atively modest shift in this direction would
    Ix: enough to invest in a basic education for
    aU. The second possible lIOurCC is 3 similar
    restructuring of existing aid programmes in
    • order to devote 3 larger proportion to the
    EA5TERN ASIA IJISk of investing in people's health and edu-
    llo!oching g''<lt> 2 .. B7"III l .. 83'111 4 .. 78'l!>
    cation. ThaT notion is the subject of the
    next chapter of this report The third possi-
    bility would be to tal<c full advanTage of the
    fact that the greater knowledge, technology,
    and communications capacity now available
    SOtlTliU N ASIA holds Out the elcar possibility or investing in
    llo!aching graoe. 2 .. 69'l11 3 .. 65'10 4 .. 59"l6 the health, nutrition, and education of the
    rising generation at a much lower cost than
    THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992

    Reducing poverty:
    World Development Report
    Tho 19l'lO~~rR!ll?orl~~ i'1wrlerenoe' and ooo:;aOOn as a Il"IElllSUfe 0(
    1eI<t"..'.. .., its pag9S. !he Watd Bar>k damon· 'ifMlstmenl i1 1l"CJllle'. the B<ri: ~ lhaI
    Sll<IIild that 1I1tI wortlI ~ rJ 1X7u'llrtY. mass COI.llII'es 1hiIl dd bid,' on bolh criI9:ia lJaI', on
    ......-..nribon.lIIera:;y.• hMth - c:o.Jd be 0Y\lfC0ITIIlI """ll'ag!l. boI :11% 8 i9<Jr. The co..o:1lries ...ti::Il dd
    by <tired
    wtic:I1 ~
    l O""" ".Ihio were IIIso
    g odlon and IM1lhe <::cUl1:I'ies
    ~ to 8d'49Y8
    wei OIlortt one CIlteoonorly (regIrdess or vohich
    onaj er- by 3.8% It l"*_80.( lho8e CO\.I'lIIies .....
    t"iCt* rates d ecoooo,oic grOWl!>. '""-'l1l 10 anticipate Ihe Benk's 8lMce and
    perform _1lQIlfYlI bolh oriIIri:t. had e m.dl mor<I
    It! IhII decade 9iloa l/'e'I. ee emuaI World 1",1l'96$Va growth rate of 5.5% 8 i9l<. .., other
    Dev8l:lpml'rI! ~ has dweIed n'Oe 011 IhIl
    wiKiii, i/o; w10< iiOO;; up iU ca.......w;.,. moot
    P'Sat1 ...... Q 1L poIiaos Yotic!> 1hIl BonklXIfl5lllooo 1IW1lhe IUn d irs pert,.
    8 ~ Of 8 hi< d .. iOe to gowth.
    Yellhs aar.. ill r'lOI 8'V<In-11llnjod Inlis !ICIUli1)o
    h its 1991 f9IlClII. lhe Benk relums to lhe!hemll
    d <:lied JXl"fl'1Y ~ argui'Ig fQr 00 """Ion
    e eese two 83Pf!Cl' 01 de\ ' • • , IIlO ~ fll)icy. Its
    ~ (;(l<"(i'ues 10Dethai m2fflIIsC8IldOiI1Je
    and _ """""'" and ~ amtion pm-
    'M'CIIl\IlI'ld thai alllCQlOI l lc: growthill M ; li
    g:;nvnes. "1tMIsIi'lg ;, peotJIe' , says !tI& repM,
    "rtW<EtS _ r(JI;.JIll i1 ~ tmns tJut i'l1J8n1- IOttoegood ~ ltoa!<rod oIlJowth votlic::fl!he
    World Bori. has assisted In the A-nemn feQiorl and
    _&<1 economic r"""s· . Tho wo l·known IOHch has beneIiIad rlililhet lhs poor ~ Of ltie
    Q:<amplllol ol..laP;wl and IhIl~ of Kt:woo"8 ........0lWl'lent) . Govemmao1 1n1...-.,11oo In lhu
    died. And as i'I 1980. _It>e Benk sho:1lMld I!"Oll
    IlCOIlOITlf, on 100 othllr hero, is 8lw<r)<ll 1"fl\lll"ded as
    fmners with - . ku ~ 01 pMwy ooOl!lo:wl gUtty \.ltd pro.eo i'nlcenl.
    ....... sY......1lly ""'"' prodlx:tlve. Ihe 1991 report
    (J>OIes SIIdas /rom h:Ia end lhe Plilllp p nes 10 lNs ill ar odds ..;m lhs ~ which lhs
    show !hal bet teN 1OI..rished c:ttilIn I1l7'"UP10 be 6aIiI row a::NocBIes. lI'ld Ihe 0Cf"IlIIldic1b1 ecce-
    not jo.ISI hea'tt"ieI bvI tigtw..mg iIl1ils. sionett:!Ufacas. As. rtfffl SIUdy" pcinlsOUl, IO'd
    8lllha Barl< iIWl acIo 'OdE "'ges, l!le state has had
    The 1991 _ 0 . . ' , ........, Rt!po#lllwetore
    CI'lI'llIbJles 10the <XlIlftuIlnl:e rJ QPi"io:l !haIllC(Jl- a tI8El'uy hand in the rn:>sI ,. o::>:llmfU 1lCOl1Ol 11ies 01
    thelast 40~.InHor'og"~,Japen , lhaRilpublic
    omic growth and tu:natl -b<iIl9 lII'lol.ld be
    lU$UIId ~ and !hal lhe two 10'(1
    oIKoma. ~lI'ld Ta!wmgoyerrtnrllllSh!t'<9
    rnrtuaIV ,.. ,lucir 'll. But ~ sticks cIoseIy tolt"otview hllo , ::: : I prtvale enterprlsetoen <MtaI diMiiOP-
    thai gowo"j"~'s pIooo is in the -.a d oociBl rnt>"11 SIffiIeQf, They hlwe. !of e><arrPe. enacled
    f\lndamenld lind I'llIOtrns. protecllld doo ,IIlOSlic pIl)-

    ....
    ...._ ' . '1 ra!l>e" lhIln eoolla,,1ic "'."""Q811elll l1aIrs. PfOO"(lIed E: 'Ecled iro:UI;';nes.. and ascrm-
    •Ma><lrOOm lrMJstmert ., poopIe and lT1<lirTun
    nat<Kl agejns! IIfOIl8flY and IirIInciaI hoIdngi'I In
    ,>1$ .eo otio<, i'I rna:rI<6ts' is lhe rob of lhe ElarV<', lavout <:J fldustnalllSllEts. Bo.1 as ee B¥Jk righIty
    ~
    ",*,15 DUl. lI'IBir gtMlil" . '1S ~ ., goeneraI,
    To diiiiOOO.,bate!he S"""gi$ii ~ IIw!s<I
    !WO dicta, !he f9IlClII ~ \he growth reo::td
    ot inci>icblI O&.al:\liog o:JulIries VIilIl lhBif
    cooIo'mily 10 this EIIM:e CMIf !hi Iasl 20 yen.
    T--.g price listortioos as .
    ~ of 'mar\<8l
    _......
    lM:lidod iha two crucliII ~ the'( hawI no!
    aIQwed ~ ~orticns >J pricvs lI'ld 6lCCl"IIlO go
    rates; lIld the'( hawI rOCIl aIowed ~
    poIIcias 10 De captUred lI'ld arrSt·jacketed tr,o

    "
    hu previousl y been thought possible (sec , 10W<o$1 o pponunities and represera a
    for example panels 5 lUld 16). Put in practical programme, ,,~th a significant
    anoth er way, the gap between the experi- political ccmmienern behind it. for 'invcat-
    ence and technology now available and its ing in peo ple' over the neX! deca de. Tholt
    large-scaie application is an opportunity to programme, adapled to rultiOnai needs llI1d
    wring considera ble social and economic su pponed by the inlem.atiOn.al CQmmunlty,
    rctum$ from relatively small investme nts. should become the essential complement to
    the economic refurms that an: now begin-
    The year 2000 goals ado pted at the ning in many countries of the de"e1oping
    World Summit f(11" Children reflect these world.

    Aid and need


    Proposition: 11Ial iro:rt= i" in/.tmQ.IioMi treat 80% of the disease, mlllnu lJition, and
    aid .1wu1d be bauJ (»l <I nm ailltd <1M mM- early deaths in the developing world. Only
    I Utabk cammitmlnl to mU lillJ: ",i" imum about 1% goes to the family planning ser_
    lu<man IIUIh and fDr maimaining, in dijfiroll \~ces \\'hieh could do so mueb 10 improve
    rim,s, 1M pniwipl4 of <I fin! «JiIfor dlildmr, the lives of millions of wome n and children
    (sec pages 58 to 60), And considerably less
    The public in the industrialized world has
    than 1% goes 10 primary ed ucation" which ,
    lon g believed that the great majority of the
    liS ,,'..e have SCCII, is both a b3sic human
    aid it gives to the developing world is
    need and one of the best possible invest-
    spent On directly meeting the basic n~s
    ments that any country can make in its Own
    of the poor. In fact, the propo rtion of the
    future.
    indu strialized world's aid that is used for
    such purposes is o nly 10% to 15% (figs. II If a renewed elTort to end absolute
    and 12) . poverty is 10 be a pan of a new world order,
    then the proportion of international aid
    If aid 10 secondary ed ucation , liS
    which is devoted diTcctly to this task mUSI
    opposed to primary, is excluded, then that
    rise significantly over the next few ycars.
    proportion drops 10 below 5%. On ly about
    I'll, of international aid goes to the prim&ry l"e final declaration ado pte:d at the
    health care syslems which could pn:venl or W<>r/d SWlm;l for Ch ild.", called on the

    "
    THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992

    industrialize d nations to review present aid nations. All the evidence, most rttently
    budgets in the light of the goals adopted. from a major survey of public op inion in
    Na tional programm es of action, which meet Au. tralia," suggests that many "'ouId
    indus trialized countries are preparing as a l1'\lIreh in the cause of abolishing mass mal-
    follow-up to the Summir, will not be avail. nutrition, preventable ill-health, and
    able u ntil after this report is pu blished, bu t widespread illiteracy among the world's
    ""vera! donor countries are known to be childml.
    seeking to increase their ll1Iocations to pro.
    grammes which will help to achieve me: It is especially important, at this time,
    year 2000 goal.. In the United States, that this concern is expressed and thaI the
    Congm,;s has made funding appropriations non-governmental organizatiotu and the
    in fillCal 1992 totalling some S500 million concerned public in the indu.miafu:ed
    for international follow-up on the commit - nations should also mobilin behind the
    ments made II the World Summit for commitments mad e and the goals ag.=d at
    Childrm and much largn- appropriations the Summit for Chi/drm, And one of the
    for domestic programmes. In AusOlllia, aid most important wa\"s in which that public
    allocations are being examined with a 'iew ca n contribute towards the achievement of
    to shifting the balance in favour of pro- those goeis is through inL",asing the pres-
    grammes which support the Summit goals. sure for aid to be used for invC'Sting in
    ch~drcn.
    In Norway, a white pape r will be: submitted
    In parliamau On this subiea blc ;n \991. 'ille particular importance: of this poten -
    In Germany, an a11-pany agreement in the tial contribution from the industrialized
    Brmdl!Slng has commined the Development world lies in the fact that man\" of the pro-
    Ministry to the policy that povcny aUC\ia. posals diSC11Med in this report, and many of
    lion, with the participation of the poor the goals adop ted at the W",./d Summi' fqr
    wm..,h~, will be: the central purpose of Childrrn, have a fundamental political
    the aid programme. Switzerland, Canada, weakness. In many cases, they are asking
    and the Nethe rlands ha"e all mken initiali,'es governments to give priority to 10ng-I~'T111
    t""=tIs debt_n,:licf for the speci fic purpose needs or 10 the poorest and mt influential
    of programmes to bcnefit children and """ tors of society . It i. Oftl'11 difficult for
    accelerate progress towards the S ummit governments, confronted by short-term
    goals. pressures and po"'erful vested interests, to
    adopt changes whose political Or eeonomic
    benefits are often nOt visible above the dec-
    lora! horizon. Making intern ational aid
    Pwpole or aid available specifically to finance such
    changes is one of the very few ways of
    Aid which is allocated to meeting the helping to compensate for this inherent
    basic needs of the poo r, and particu larly to weakness. With sufficient public commit-
    the nutritioo, health, and education of the ment in the indu.triafu:e d nations, aid could
    childre n, would receive growing su pport culm the specific role of boosting the politi-
    from th e public in the industrialized cal a11ractivCl1""S of programmes whose

    •
    principal beneficiaries would be the people
    Fig. 11 Where aid goes and the causes with the least political rever-
    Only aboul 15 ~f!11 of , n . id goo 10 heilth ,r"ld
    educ~tiofl (olI leveb) on<! 10 ~tion ~rETIfJle$.
    age _ the poor, the uninfluemial, the future,
    0Mt ~I 2 pm:f!1t ~ to pntNl)' Iltalth UI'e 'M and the environment.
    primory odu<:otion whidl on' the most 'und,omtnlal
    .......us ,Of the poo< majority oIlhe developing world. Aid could , for example, be used to
    Percentage of 10101bi·lateral and case the frictions that would inevitably be
    multi·laleral aid allocated to heollh involved in the restructuring of govern-
    and education 5ervk~, 1988" ment expendi rures discussed in chapler
    the previous chapler. The principal diffi_
    culty in shifting social expenditures in
    favour of the poor majority is usually a
    political one; increasing the proportion of
    the budget spent on primary health care
    or primary education represents, in effect,
    a transfer of resources from the bener-crr
    aod the politica.Uy influential 10 the poor
    and the powerless. Where affluence is
    inseparable from influence, thai tra nsition
    will be very difficult indeed. Undc r thc
    increasing number of democratic systems,
    in which the greater numbers of the vot-
    ing poor give them a degree of political
    leverage, the tra nsition will be easier. But
    even where govcrnmcnts arc willing 10
    restructure budgetS in favour of th" poo r
    majority, they arc often inhibited from
    0.5% 1.3% doing so by the pressure of entrenched
    3.'"
    to primary to population other
    10 veered interesls. Aid that is made avail-
    education programme health care able specifically for the purpose of
    in\'esting in primary health care or pri_
    mary education, for example, could mean
    '"
    to .recondary
    and higher
    1.5%
    to primary
    llealth care
    that thc rebalancing of alloca.tions inter-
    nally is madc politically easier. And it is
    education in the easing of such political obstacles to
    essential change that the support of thc
    internation al community could play a
    • This figure dill.... ''''''' figuro 12 in nddng <>II donor
    <oun\rie. ~ ....,.. of heiilh c_. IT<llti-lol....... ...... .. particular and vital role in the years
    ahead.
    bi-lmfil <tid prograOTVM>, m in UIing 'MlrId Bank data
    .. ........ OECD doti(ondfor 1988 ralho< lhon 1989).
    Problems of d8iniIion ;nl incornpalbililie> of feporting
    mMod mNn lha1 tigum .... approximate only. Similarl)', aid could help to maintain the
    ___ <>0<:0 11000) r"' l principle of first caU for children (page 15) .

    "
    THE STATE OFTHE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992

    Education:
    school staying power
    Tho 19f1011 walla' I bws decade lei edl.w;a. by the Yl'l"' 2000. lt1a1 gooI can be mel, as Ihlt
    lion. OJ! 01cwr 100 dIMIloplng <:<>.nriIIis..........,..m llXli'aOfdirwym:! Lis. $ 1"" ':sorT.......1nth8 19 708
    by l.A'lESCO. two lIWdII Sfffl a dIlC:hl in ll:<j>IlIlIi- In! ZinbBbwtI in the 1geOs ha'w9 :mwn, The
    II.<ilOI per ~ Irld t>Illl saw a &II in IhoI PI''it''"lioi' """""Clle altha BRAG sct>ocis in ~ has
    of !heir ctildn:J1 nokId In primry schooL ' aIao dIic'QlSlJal9d h;lI ~ ill ~. ei VfIY lew
    cost, l e> prrMde a _ _ lO lho&ectti'en
    The caee. n rro8I CIISOO, was !he CVl in pWIIc (In:l ~..., gi1s) \lotio hlNe diopped M 01. 01'
    SPEll do III forced on "*'Y <:oo.r>tfies by the oeoI ......... Sla/Ied ... lhoollicilll~!CI"o:;ICIIsystem
    .,
    crisis. The~ ill!hil1...-...s 01 ctOIa~
    ~inAlllcaa'ld~AmeOca.I\lM'IIosl
    to ~
    "* Most 01 the ctildn:J1 atlOldlg lhe 6AAC 8d>ools
    lslllI' re;on fQnTeI ec:lI.o;alion.
    opportIrity
    bMIc _ to 'ry ibnle
    .....become to _ard
    ,_ th8
    Irld !hili'
    8>.!! rc ~ ee ~ 200D ::oel :'::;':e:~
    l1OC>8lies i't the years ahead. edo 'Cric>"l ... I'otoooe to 8S!UI""l a . - priorIly In lhe
    A1rica ha<l baIn til ~ !"(lrd. T~
    j'lIlWlIlmlOOiaIety lhIltd.
    .................. e>peo dtlU was cut by /III"nOSI ~ in lhe la$k is rJ)t pmWfy 0IlII of t.J.*.Ing IIlIW
    tho lYst halloIlt<Il98Cls. Asar8!ll.fl. !h& proporIion sd100is Irld IrlIifing new toaclD's. ~ is tm QUBfly
    of Alr!ca's chiI\ht1 em>Ied in lhe f'o'ol ~ 01 01 lhe educaIJon on oilier wt'ich wll cletermino
    pri'nary Iet1OolIelIrom 84 ... In 1geO lO llpflfOlCi.
    l!II.lC(:$SS 0< l3iUlI "' ttl& 199Oe....
    m:J!flfV 1Q9i, in 1990."
    Deb! was not !he only cause. Educational S , ,, ,.. ~ "' ttl&list ~ at PfO'narY IlCh;)OIhae
    POIcies ond nta:nalJonB' aid po"","'"'. Ilhwty n>a<:h8d high IeY8ls n aI mgocns '" Il1e
    hIl'I6 dooe mora :0 proI«:t primry ....
    <XUd
    oratm.
    8o.J <jeo,e ':pi'lllOOlld e><cepl AAIca.'" The ....,.,1caI
    100 otllf\, ~ _ hIrY9- . deYol&d capacity to 8COJO" ,iOdoll"
    all ~ is IIl8feIor8
    to higher Illication for lhe 1llw ral!1ll<!tl;lr\ basi:: no! me pr'. dpaI prot:Wn . ~ ls el, aln "'l ", lI1e:fnlr
    ~ 01 prmary IlCh;)OI voIIicI\ COlr'IlS. AAd cI the
    eQ.lcaIion b' 1M "'""Y.
    reIiMrll age ~ In each cooni..n. final yew

    -"
    EvM 11'0..91 50 or more dtilIn can be pn:>- pr1naty Id>ool el l 01/ 1• ~ IS stlI t:ri; 47'l'. n Africa.
    ~Gliocatoon lot !he COS!
    ..ood IOlIh cniI or 539b n Asia (ro:ll nctIdi>g ~ r ; j 64'11> n l.aIWl
    ~stU<lerJl, 8<ld--.lt'oltq1 tl>o<.osardsol
    l.ri.vsilygr8<ioBles JTlJSI choose ~ .....,.,.
    ~ nl8t' igoalioo .. mlnyCO\llb'lElll COI'tO.le ItI Olhet""lfOS . ttl& gr88l1T'lljorlly 01 ~ad
    to dlMlte lisproponionalo "'6"'.". ' '''
    to hol;fe' CIlIi:h'l n ttl& 1990s ... be I.O"iEdlcated no!
    9l1lc:aIion! ' A ,elabYfll) smaI shll in IhIs baIanc» bA<'a"" It'"'f lid nol go to Id>ooltull>e<'a .... It'"'f
    ;;o<Jd, In "'""Y ClISIIS, IId'ioMl lI"IMlfsal priTlBry did not stay thera
    llWcalIon IIIlll proWoo Ill.lCf1 \1OOtllr flIlIicl1al
    ~ lmm poo.:erty r ; j !till need lor ctiIdmn's

    ..,.....
    tlerJIms In bO\I'I ec:on:::orroc: growth Irld soci8I
    help ill home In! ill work.ttl& ITIilin
    det:*tating ~ 18l8S is 1hII poor~ '" 1hII
    "*"""
    lor these

    AId PfCQI'anmoo ' - r8flklrcold lhe biw. Less Il(U;:aIioo ptl)Jidad. 11 \0)0 manycases, Ih9 ......
    ItIlII'l I,", "' aid llO'" to educIIlion md I8!ls lIwl IIf1C6 ....., SIWlll;:nI '" ttl& lICkI<:alb> on allof Is so
    5'" cl lhls goes to primtry ect..ocation.'" The 19l1O olMousI)o poD" that, lIS a 1OlCIIO'lt tJt.ESOJ tepctl
    World St.mmil fr;f0ltim SOI1ho1a'g9l ofllChloM1g puts. .p;ntlts and ~ r - no 0ftJ/Ilr I8IionIII
    a basic lBveI 01 8OJcatiolI lor 8l1eas1 00'll.01 dtim dIOictJ /han Ill.."., wIIh IhiJ6 fee(' .OJ

    •
    That princip~ impUa protcetin&: the Iong- Public I Upport
    tam inlCf'eSa of children IpinJ t C\"Cn the
    _ in~ shDn-t cnn ptUIUr ClI for Tbe lise of tid in tttil _-:ay Yt"OUld ortd.
    1<1 be .orltt:d OVI in pal'tna 'Ship 'lith dx
    spmdi nc l:\ItI in nutrition prograJ nlDe$, pri-
    rc:«iving nations. 11$ pcxmlial shouJd not
    l'lWy health scrvi« s, or primary e<tuCllUon.
    In the same way, many of the actions nCC'dcd be dissipa t~d by unn:asonable aetitudes
    thc environment and achiC\' e SUlI- toward s 'condi tionali ty' on cithcr lid~ .
    10 pn:ltm
    W ithoul dx suppo rt of polil:icianf, press,
    lainabk de-'dopmc.u also ~ I
    cornrn itmenl to the Iorl& ICmI wtridl _ and ptIb1ic: in the inc!.UIlriaIiud W'Orid, lh=:
    .iD be no significant inc:rns r in aid in the
    ~tI, hard-p ralCd by shon~crm
    co nsidenuions, filId difficult to make. Aid years alw:ad. Tha t support will IKl1 be forth-
    coming "ith Ollt ~gard to the purposes:
    can nuke thlt comm itment mol'\' poUticaUy
    which aid serves. llu: nttCSS aTy incla. sa
    feasible. Similar Ifl\1dlC fltl apply, in Yal}"-
    in internlllionaI ax! wiII thcrdort: depend 00
    in&: dqrec s, 1<1 such cumti al invatm cnO in
    people as primar y health can: SCfViccr.,
    • sustained and tkmonstnbIc coounitmcnt,
    basic .-ducat ion, land !'donns, Idnnd ng on the pan of aid donors and aid ~Vtt$,
    to the tas k of enhln cinl the CI~city of the
    fcmal~ equality, Or ~muctUring govern -
    poores l, their health and nu tritioo, their
    ment budll':tS in favQW of buic Knica fill"
    "" ,.,.. tdUCltion and 1rIiniDg, their ability 10 Qa1
    more exatro l 0'1'0" their own Ih<a, and 10
    cam • faiT reward for thcir bboun , and 10
    In otbtt words, the essence of this pro- meet their (lItt'n and their families' llCC'ds.
    pos:al is that, in a new world creo, h id that rulfds thai purpose is the kind of
    international aid should be consdo usly and aid which the majori ty of people in the
    speci6aIIy U$C(J to hdp Jlf'e\'l:DI the: Impof_ dcvdopinc world Yt-anl 10 rca:M:: and kind.
    tanl from bcine l ubftm d by the of aid whidi tbt mjori ty of people in tbt
    irnmcdia~ industriali;ced work! wanl to give.
    THE STATE OFTHE WORLD'S CHILDREN1992

    The economic environment


    r'ropooitiol1: 1'001 immKllionai UCMn on difficulties under which so many countries
    tkbl, (lid, und INok ,hcu/d CTrQIt on mvircm- are still labouring,
    -..1 in which mmomiG rtform in IJuJ
    Ikwloping world am ma:wJ in aJloT1!ing iu It is panicuIarly impon.ant to address
    pegpk 10 wm .. tkcml filing. those difficulties at !he present time. Shaken
    into .. new realism by the harsh economic
    Although average incomes have ri~n ride of the 19801, and aw= of the e"peri-
    substantially in Asia (ind uding China and em:e of Central and Eastern Ew'oJ>e, many
    India), the 19805 wc~ nonethdcn a dij.ll$_ if not most dCl'eloping nations have begun
    Q'OUS decade fQr the maj"rity or countries 10 adopt the kind of economic reforms thai
    in ~ developing world. A,-cnge incomes could bring in~asing prosperity 10 their
    reU byapproxinUlldy 10% in Latin America peoples in the yean ahead . This change in
    (and by much more among the poorest ) attitude and economic thinlci~ has passed
    and 1»' 25% in Africa (whcre lnCllmes were almost unnoticed in a world pr=ccupied by
    already the lowcsl in the world}." more dazzling changt (although somc com-
    mentators lut\'e noted that these changes
    In 1990, this uneven j»ltcm has cont- reprc$CJtt II "q'<kt m>oIurion" with a "poIn1-
    inucd. Iii iIi" l8 counmes of East Asia, fit' tiaJ for advw,cin,g human ••It!l/aT/! IMI " ",
    capita income. ro"" by OVeT 4% in 1990;;n _MY ~ ~/lXr,01) But it is an
    the eight countries of South Asia (including oppommiry not to bC' missed.
    Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan) per capilli
    incomes rose by jU~1 0'1:' 2%. But in the At the moment, it is unlikely thai this
    [yo'o m ost debt-ridden <;<>ntinents, the potential will be fulfilled because too many
    decline of the 1980s has continued; per of the factors which brought disaster in the
    capita incomes fell again by over 2% in 1980s arc still present in the 1990s, Even if
    Africa li nd by o\'CX 2.5% in Latin America economic policy and management were to
    (and even more sleeply in counmes such as improve, the problr:ms of external dehl, of
    Acgentina, Hmil, and Pem, whkh have declining terms of [)';Ide, of prOll'Ctionism in
    e~ln'Illody IUgh levels of dcbl )," the rich world's markell;, and of excessive
    miliUll)' spending, still n:main . In ether
    The economic environment within words, the deve!opil'g world "'ill lind it dif-
    which the developing world must earn its licult to fmd a plae<: in a new world order
    living is nOI the primal)' responsibility of because it is still chained to the mistakes of
    those organizations and individuals who the old,
    wor l< directly with the probl<:ms of children.
    But for a decade UNICEF has watched the World prices for raw materials, on which
    t1eterio....tion of that economic environment so many developing rounmC'l arc depen-
    bC'ing translated, in I1llIny COUntries, into dent, remain at their lowest levels since the
    rising ma!numnoo, prl:'l~ntable disease , and depression of the 19305, In the last decade
    falling Khool enrolments , Proposals to alone, the price that Africa is paid for its
    reverse thi. deterioration would therefore primary products has fallen hy approxi_
    have an air of unreality if they failed to mately 30% in relation to the price it has to
    also acknowledge the enormous economic pal' fOT its imports.

    •
    The degree of dependence on such com- ytat'" - mere than all the aid recei\'ed, A
    modities, and the steady deterioration in dismantling of those tariff and non-tariff
    their rdIl ,'lllue, ill one of development's barricrs wollld, according to lMF managing
    most intranSigent problems. And it is going director, Mjchel Ca mdessus, raise the
    to get worse. As new t«hnologics, synthet- growth rate of del'eIoping countries by
    ics, and management systems continue to nearly 3 percentage points, so yielding ben-
    increase maou facrurin& efficiency, fewer efits l:QuaI to twice the aid urev recei\'(C,"
    raw materials wiD be needed. And in the
    l'eal'S ahead, the increasing usc of biotech-
    nology could further undermine the trading
    position of agricultural raw materials. Fig . 12 Aid for basin
    fhI! twf/ve indUltNUZed (ountrie! rOf whkh
    It seems that there is link the developing InlonNtion I, ""alloble give about 9 "'1(""1 01
    lhtir 10110dir«tIy I'IIel!ting the most bask ~ ,
    world can do to prevent this steady erosion 01 people In Ihe dewloping _ ,
    of its prices and markets. It can attempt to
    coordinate production, at least regionally, to Basic needs ' allocation aJ percentage of
    avoid dep=sing prices funher by cverpro- folol aid, selecled donor counlrie5, 1989
    duction. It can also anempt to strengtheo
    its Oll, n research and development capacity
    for proccssing more of its own raw materi-
    als into semi_manufactured Or manu-
    factured goods, But at the s.ame time, it
    must attempt to diversify i15 exports to
    reduce ill dependence on a crumbling
    ecooomie base.

    Tht: problem with divenifica tion of


    exports is that the indllstriali7.e<l world,
    which so enthllsiastically urges f= marka
    policies on thc d",'eloping world, protects
    its own producers by surro unding itself
    \lith tariffs, qUOtaS, and subsidies which
    effectively close the rich world's lI1l1rl:ets 10
    a whole range of possible exports from the
    devcloping world (including a wide range
    of agricultural and tropieal produ ce, steel,
    textiles, clothing, leather goods and
    foorv.ear).
    • 'Basic needl\PCOdlng' II df:Ifned hmo a,
    Estimates of the COSt of such protection- expenditure> on ""mary t>e.ollh caP'l', ""mo'Y and
    SKoodlry eduutlon, ramily planning, ~nd ru"r
    ism to the developing world "ary widely, watt< >UppIy and oanita tion.
    _ _ <><<0_ ,""" , ..,
    bur the total is not less than SSS billion a
    THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992

    South Korea:
    more education per dollar
    n. rT"Il:-t -"'''''''''C1' deiO l"l8tor of l!>e In PlI'I. tt.~ lDmakB oaalfIoBIecItI'*
    Hor9 Kcrtio
    ........ III.lCC:IIa IIIOries • ee
    JIIplwl, lvm • 2.000 yM'-oid CC:nII.cia1 lrlldition III re·
    ~ds;,..,..... .. Swl/'lKcne.. T...... -eece 'P'C! lor 1tIIl.,;lul;:r,*l1*WOJ\. 'n;:.t"" ton
    IhlI welIIh rJlhIli' _ IllIl;U'C8I tu , . 'MIIIfth
    oIlhe IIlIA wcri:I\Illfll't::IlJti(:J1 lhlll ec:a........
    ''''
    01 ,.,. l'u'rw> f--..olIOJ. Fram \IlIo _ _ tI8gRS _____ • t 'i.edlt'O'flbot
    d tc(lI(),1i(; de< ' p ,e .... QI....", .... ! .... by~. . .
    '-"'I' 'n'" canon. SCo"O. - . paley - t i . . . . . _
    "'b-'119501. 'fIOlUlt_~SCUIl
    lersslnCl. . . . ~ 31" 'j' ilMll dtfflD'II
    Kow...._ ' b".at. . -=o'ld lTOItoltl-...lO.-rtlll pri'I-.y ...........
    hIIIldIN-.uy. • t.. _n
    'iI' lor iii .-d IICW"O .. Ill'- _ p;d< "" . .
    .-.cl....,.
    . .-y_.-
    _ .... _ . Wtne. lis S I ~
    Ie 'II........ blt....coo"""•
    ~~;=:dJ..-=;;:::b= f .~ ............. Eo.I _ 2S"- ollhe CCIIIIl of IIIi'IWy
    ~~. i ... ~ _ _.
    ..........-.-r..... I:¥~ho."1' .....
    . '. ,~
    Y-.l7r . . ...,.19501. . ........., __
    ~ two Of . . . In-. l'qllr (:(Ud be
    . , . !WI let &co.r4ty-..GNP d CIf'l\IIIIlO~
    IN'd.tqI ro:ltw_ ......
    c.pU. Arcl bV l lilll. ,.. ~ . . lXUlWs
    _ o,1ie llIk&-oll.l107' III d'UW'I __ ~ .
    _ 1alPl"'OOIIClI. .
    ..., _
    ........,b/oIw,...,..
    dIr , _ 1(1 CCM'ItfY. Fer Xl ~ ".
    .-noIl

    Fog gm'Wy KI'lIXlI Ir'd ~ tn 1IWd __ P"G - . .....n- ... pm., dloss ,.,. . . . .
    on to 18C00.1 eo:U:riDn. .....-.:;l M. Thill _ I'I'lede " • ....."..... t¥.-
    ~ rIgicl 'I" _ ro:l Slricl .a"i .......,
    In h Il'ne dec8del 1i"Ol ~~ Korea",
    _
    _
    iIOi O", "'" grOWIl by ~. ~ . . . .
    etrt ott.l't8ticn
    ttwo WI\tI ,... ...,.ies.
    ~.SC!loOIiIe \lfl'ged onlhl!l Pll'arn1lIary.
    ~ 10 nuic. tnd
    ~lOl\iilId.l, TileCIllirS dlllOOI hiMllO Wf¥f'/
    T...oIe8tlnsIl"ek8 So.Ih 1«Qol'. erie •••• IIllool dii::IPii ... tnd lhey ....e co '.... lStIIed for
    o.riqu&, FQt. ~ ~ prWr-.y .,;to _ III Iow..... t¥ hql -...
    ....... llIgenils ......... '.... ' , ' . ll ltWl
    p a:tic:ItI' "'t or. co.I""t, s.ccnct. • <Id., .......
    .•*' ItIlll rn. ::alli.' b\' lliD"6'OI'." Far 30
    FcuI\, SculIII<crIe clIcid!Id on • .,...... ",
    80*'","""" CWO,I(llIIliI ~ IraTI one ~ 10
    ....
    .,...,4*di'llon . .......... _
    dGNP . . . .... 1hB-Vbhdf

    In II'ICIr'l, SCUll ~. . h n
    '
    '11
    . . . . '3"-
    i._", h
    pm-.y
    - . .. ~ . . ' , ' 1(1 <:o:Ju*iI&, rruch
    ...,1O

    ~,.
    ICflOCl (lIllIICIfy • diIlocJlIId
    ~CU ......

    , I0 .......
    Of_ ..
    10 - ' - "'

    $l:Ulh K<ne. 11-. . . ehIoIt 110 ' II: ' 'I Of


    m:-. ..........CUld~~o.,.I",..
    . . _ ~.H:w_~w:J •
    ....
    ..n ~ 10"" 1>.1-.10_01.,··
    ...... ,...,.,.", -*y.
    ,
    o. . . . .

    Fir. . pei\i'.' bolt> - . . : l WId


    . . . .d&d on • . . - IlXlIIl • •• " b' l'i-iIII' ~IO~1 , .
    ........ IIflIdI •• I rlIll • ..-v of _lid 10 1I'lII _ pr8Cbol )\I<iO'V ....
    • ~ lor__ uIcn. TliI ........ clod.>-
    _lID /lIV. From 1950 10 le7S. ....... ..,
    _ pidold '4l ........ ,. - , ~ol" <*ionIIa:lII,.~...,~'.a-...I'
    . . .' Ilk ....""'*OOII"V'"- ~"

    "
    DimIantlin& such Iralk baJricn, t!lrouIh moR' orhik al tho: AmI: ~ mairnainin&
    a SlIlXft·fu1 completion ol the Jlft$ml lariff and other tnde barri~n whkh pre-
    Uruauar round ol I1Ib undor the GmeraI YmI. the dtio"'dopina wortd from Incce. .
    Aareallelll on Tariffs and Trade, ~ fuDy foDmtting !his ad\ia:. T1tirIl, the Ia~"$
    thm:flll"l' proyidr mud> llCC<kd ox)"ICI' to am:ring indmdtW blnkrupu:y and debe in
    the pi ........ of cccnomic mann in lhl: molt industrial eounlria act limill on cred-
    dc.clopini 1O'Orid.. itors, IlOl: aIJoy.in& so much 10 be: ~
    as 10 Ica\"e the d cbtoc unabIc to feW his Of
    her family OJ ('VUl. 10 afford the lI'ICanI of
    eamina a living; il is time !hal lhil COfI«pt
    "", was applied to international uansactiom.

    In additio n to lbesc problatu, lIWly To lJK)',"e forv."ard, the d~IClpi1li world


    d': n:lopina nations are prewnle<:! from dnpcntely needs til invot in ;11 infrasuue:-
    moving Iorward and taking did. place in rure, i1l indusaializa rion, I nd its pcopk.
    an y new world order because th~y an: held When its raw materiall cllTlin&t ue ;n
    back by the seemingly immovable ....'eighl of decline, when th~ inlCll'I1 on ilS debu
    lhcir de bt. I bsorbs a q uarter of III ill eam inas, Ind
    when new export mlrlt~1I I n: closed. by
    In total, lhc developing world O"''a protecti onism, then these cssenrill im"CSl-
    approximately S\ ,300 billion to ~ govern- mcn1l in the future limply CIIUlot be made .
    menu and banks of !he industrialiud
    I\lIion$ and III international fllWlcial insriru- FOJ 1C\"CTllI d«adcs, the dt:\.cIoping
    Iiont. £ad! )'ai, the: rcparmem of capi(al world has I1so been Ibk to count on aid
    and inleltSt amounts to apJIf'lDimatcly SISO and concessionaJ. finance for I I kUI a Part
    bil1ion - 1'OUibIY thrco: times as mudt as the of the in\-emnml il needs. BUI the debe cri-
    dt:\~ worid rroefo,a in aid. A5 il is ... bas now n:acb:d such I poUll of
    impon,'Ne III IIXIl:( tbcse i = dwJa in absun:lily Dt L'lc ~cIopina: I\lDons In:
    ruB, lhc lU1lOUnl UI'IPbd is added 10 !he Iaa1 lining ttl lrIDSfer fllllDCial ~ to Ihc
    debt ~ 10 !his WlIIY. thc: debt burden has Dxhmrializ:cd IlIIion1 rather thin 1bc otbcs'
    pdv:t-cd its 0W1I Dlonleunun which hal ...y round.. Wbo:n all lrIlnaCtioorI In: takm
    tUm it tll !he p<lim lrilcrc noI only can the inlO account - !he ImOWII that all IICJUIU:S
    debt _ be repaid bul thc: lIlUmPl to lTftI in !he induRriaIizcd nationt lend to Ihc
    C\'a\!he imam dIarJe is ofu:n cripplinc 10 OC\ dopina: counlrics minus 1bc amoutllS
    ee mo,..aDII:III towardl ............ldr: rcfonn. tIw the dt:\'dopina counlrics Ply bKIt in
    ~) ' .....1S of capilal. and inlCRSl • the neI
    So far, the indusuialiud world's role in dfm is thaI the dc-.'dopinc ",,-orId is oow
    !he debt crisis has not: been • vinuWI one. ll"Imfo:ning SolO ttl 550 billion I ynr to the
    rll'Sl, irresponsible kndina is as much to indumialiud ~"or\d (fll. \3) .
    bWnc as irTaponsible borrowint. Scc;ond,
    il is not llCting in good faith 10 llrIC' d cvcl. It ....ill nnl; be l;I$y to l'C\"tnC !his fmancial
    Clping C(lUnmc. to earn their .....y out of !low in 1m earl y 19901 ....ttcn inVCSlII1CTli
    the crisis by divm;;fying and exportina finan ce is liI<cl.y 10 be in shon su pply. The
    .,
    THE STATE OFTHE WORLD'S CHILDREN1992

    Baby-friendly hospitals:
    a million lives to save
    I'M ~ lrcm ,.,.... ~ oA hcoIP\aIII wil bIIlleIV OIled '1J8Oy-f\ien<tf. lhIIl0 _ _ ....,
    ttm:qIDUl lhe v.ortd <;(l\j:j teve e ~ by !he 1. _ . wrItIIn to_I_ \! ~ -1llUIt'oely
    /rorII . 'b.lCe ~ !hIIm • 'bIrly.lIlIndy',

    --
    ~edlO"_SllIIf
    n. kl8ll it Ihe eres. aMn::e L'I • dIc8:;IHlnQ
    ...'.....,'10 lXlUlUlt' _~IhII towerdI """ 2. '*'.. te.IIh
    3. ....... II po""'
    _in .""'IlO"'""-
    *,,••
    .,.,...
    C'iii pcIcv
    h ....
    ill _ iii< . fTQlI ~ _ ~

    ---
    and"• ..,..••• oIb 9
    "",-* , - ii ' ... ' • _ _ ..
    ..-moe..
    .,.. • ...
    ...01_....,.-Ion...-.:- ' r-- • . .......... ~bt iQWilI'Inhlll..

    5.. "..., •• _ ICl to h*d, .-.d " - ICl


    0IiIlliII1I ... to da:tI cl •
    _ ...... n-.-IO--._~goOLI
    F ' " ' -

    tgm"..-.
    " ,.......'_ ' I!'W\I-.cucl
    t.. . .
    III \IICltI<,...-.;n ~~ t :car.»K-'.iI-
    trd men _ ' i . . . . . - , . _ &. gNel. W" ..... ..., laod Ol<i'ri< or. _
    fId'9 it . . modlrn Mr. b ,.... ~"........,.""-:l
    ~ hnl ~ inlIIrior " ~
    " . 11 oIIIn _-dl.Md we. _
    $ll
    ., 1. pr8dill1UOI'1"",,"
    1 1 0 _ iUijid.) ~
    "*"" "r::cr• • n
    htu'i. doV
    ....
    . . . - - bclllla So • ~1Id I*lI' ., • POOl
    eotmVlty_
    It.tom dIi 'I
    tw,o-,15_mortIIo:eIy1O
    ~..., . '"'"
    10 <ill from pnounoniI. Itoon • bIrly _
    men..,.
    it .....
    S. ........... bt ..... iQOIl'
    9. Il'o"' i'IO -*'II _ 01 ~
    .""'
    . .
    CIIIild
    . . , l..e J!led,- ~ WI«) 8Itlr!'el. 1Nl ~ 0' ~1l1lO bo f "..:llill inla'U
    men IIw1 ....... d'tieo' ClllJd t.. _ MIdtAIiII". ~ 01 b"
    - . , V- I .. IIllllhIQ ""*
    tlOIliIs roo\tW'o;l
    1M b; BBI ,"I<:< !he fa-sl W 10 "" morwr. of ile.
    10. toeIa" !hi
    IIIPIX'1
    tfell(jl\l
    Qi'CII.C» llIId reIer moIhoinI 10 ltoI!irn OIl
    disc:hage from '"" ~ 0' <:::friCt
    r.... ~ ago. WHO ...., l.MCEf drew up.
    'code d pr8dIce' b Ihe ~ 01 boll l,iI< I*1h .. I .. t,
    Many worneni'ltnfd6' : '·lQworldllOnoI~
    Thoee..no do ~ _ It<<i
    . _... The c::odR .,.q,c 10 tIIo'I II p.bIc
    ~rd.~01 ~lcrn'la.
    b <TIf 48 1lCtn.So !he WO'ktM:le
    to.. ,* t ....
    ,"*9. Iln:hed i:lV lNCEF Inll
    'b!II:Jt:""""
    J\br,oo, IN f'IIO... ll"' ' - ~ _up
    VM:linArNrl",frid,. 1991," ar r:ri1t._ _
    .~d~IDr"P,, · ' ••• •••
    """"II ..... _ 10 po..,.... bt ......,.
    _ _ doil'll'''' ? McJIte:If-.d lhI ~ all...- • ...,. .lIO
    "'*-1: Ilia'
    _.~

    IBn ","'ID
    rrA:r-.oIlTlClhn. k'd""* .~.
    hi . . ton. . . bd'I CII'1 dICiOI"",,*,-
    ornau~",." ' .,. bt l 5 I 1lI: ..
    gNe" bIt* . . bt!It Pi'"
    . . 110 ~ b
    h IUJll101 tJ ~ ndI I,nCIrI. QCm:
    ~
    ' .... It'll' wi! . . . ' - '

    ....., NACA:'* 1oXllly. I I' .... Iclt .. ~ ·Inllal-.


    _._.-d~.~"'r.lIrCbn'UI. Wl* .. G "-' _ . . bIibJ-"'-'dy
    __ . . tlI1I\. I I .. ' _ ....... _01'*>
    I'OIllUlI idII, IN:E' Ind WrtO . . -.0 ~
    fil"WI _ • •..- .. crdIf' 10 p G '' ' ' ~ 01'1 lIIIi ...... Il;ImUi CCliI""-' _ '-
    llI'Ir'td oIl1l1n1lcrn'la. ....... dId. " ... IIO-.pIl ... rd ......
    lhe.-c:x:w_out.,..... SlolopIIO S<:• dislI'b..rdon 10" ,,,, -..is Inll t _
    III Iw"V.~' N. ~ """'111 IN code lIOIbi 1M n d l\1ln.

    •
    Soviet Union, iIC...craI of illl Republics, and the economic rcforTrul now in evidence could
    the nations of !::astern Europe will aU absorb coincide with other favourable drcumstences
    wst amounlll of investment capital. AI the 10 aUow an unprecedented period of gl'O"1h.
    same time, reconstruction COSIS in Kuwait As the World Bank's review of prospects fot
    and [ra q arc estimated at between 5150 and development in the 19905 has said: "The
    5300 billion." But only by a mOn: dTastic l1f>PUrTI",ily for rapid dew/opmelll il fmlUr
    resolution of ~ deb t crisis than any $0 far today J1fil1I al any Ii"", ;" hislDrJl. f"rnnaritmal
    proposed, and a reversal of nct financial links, in w /om! of lTlMk 0JJd flow' of ;"fomw-
    transfers to the developing world, can much tWn, imJeslJHl'Jl' ",ui udt,"""'gy, IIrt lll'O~
    of the dcvctcplng world hope to n:gain me ""'" dum fimy yoal"S ago. M"dicirw, uUna,
    ground lost in the last decade. and mginemng """" all mad. grtQl SlridQ; W.
    ~filJ all' (luulabk worldof~'idt . And fJO/icJ'
    If the ....·ars and means can be found to mm.m """" a bel/no undmranding J1fil1I bef"""
    CUI natio,," free from thill l.",den legacy, then of 1M oprilms for rkulopmml. ,,>,

    Disarmament
    Proposition: ThlJl a prow, of dffl,ili"'ma_ developing world as a whok , ju.t the
    rum should btgi" i" w. dewlapi"l[ world o,ui import of armamcnlS absorbs an amou nt
    I1ltU, in sup wilh lhal p1'OUSj, faIl,,,! ",i/iUlry equivalent (0 75% of au !he aid received ."
    apmdiluns in W. i,uJ",lrialized "",it"" In general , it is in me very poorest coun -
    lltould be /i,,1«d 10 signifiwtU ,-"=ases ;" tries where .pending on the milimry ill
    inumammal aid far ckwlopmml and for 11~ highcsi (f'i. 14) . The 46 least developed
    me/mitm of """,non gWba/. probIeml. countries - the poorest group of countries
    in the world - spend as much on their mili-
    Military spending in thc dcvelcplng
    tary ~apacilY as on health and education
    world, although vaf)·ing widely from region
    combined.
    to region, is running at approximately SI 50
    billion a )·ear." [n Africa, a contincm still The cue eo'lS of this massive military
    dcspcr:lte!y poor and despel1lle!y in ntt<! of spending, year afte r year, go beyond the
    diversifying and industrializing illl eamo- destruction of war (panel 6) and the
    mica, one third of an the maclUncty imponed divenion of SCllr<:c resources . Stimulated
    each year is destined for me mi~tary. In the and sustained by superpower rivalries, a

    "
    THE STATE OFTHE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992

    China:
    reaching 90%
    After .... e>: b llOi ti"81 ~ eIlort ... lhB 1980&, the ooees 01 [pT. 8nll1l6% lor lfl!I!lrlI)I& measles shaL
    largo! 01 ~8O'Jj,ol t!le"""""'fschildren by Tl"e _ ..... atDIIdY eYidenI In a "enp tal In
    tIlI'* fnt biUidaJ'S hall been rtlllC:!llld by most ~~ lhaf'UTiMoIrret5Iil6
    countries. 8uI ~ is not 1lIlllU\1l. ~icn"""" cases,lor """"""'. has atlppod fran <Mlf 2 ".",
    ...oIl ' - to rlsa f\rthIlf l <iseas<I b81 "" Mb , is to a \$.""to las$lh;,in l00.(XXI. PllIIo isa>:PllCl9d 10be
    lXI o;fsIupIed. ~ measles <!elms are to tal by the eoll<laWld by 1995."
    ~ror QS%. ~ rdO is to be erlrlelI!lld. l eee-
    lha _ lor IICfYIM'lg \lO'li, ha!I beo<llhBS)'Sl1llTl
    natlll llllllnUS ;,,1O be .......ted. and l lhll poorB!Il
    and m::>st ~ ct'tien .... 10 be ptO«lCtoo. 01 ~~ -V bir1h: tal docla's 1hefl rcIiIy
    Ttat~ 'tItr; ee !'\':n:t S::,,,nii!()r ~ e:lCP'.e:! III PIQ"llS. ~. EMIly line me int80l is ()J8
    lor..aeeiNliot\. Many00U"Ilrills haw IlIC!'IieWld 90'11>
    !he """'" latlJ8l 0190'11> iT"m.ri1;Ilion lXMII'l'Cl" In III coYllI'I'I99 lor the ~ o:bse of OPT (It JX:6o (lI'iy to
    CI.UlU'oes by the yew 2lXXl.
    ~ llJI(l !V$18io"Ir9 lflIl extnI 10'lli vM
    Ial IJeIWld ""*' ~ do 00l rel...... lor me secco:l
    Of Itwd doses or lor !he U1gla """""*'"
    iiecIion at
    '*"'* lISbig a 1aSI< lor Ihe 199011 ... react'IIng lhB age 01 rIne monltIs. In 0:W1a. lhII ~

    -
    proW
    80% was to!tle 1900s. Bullis feBsibilir}' has l!IIready notIicaIion syslern moonsthai drop-oul ra!elll'8've
    ~ o:leo,OOO OSIr'llled in Ih8 world". most f4'" ..... been reWt:ed to less than~,

    In lIbOuIa tfi1:I 01 a n'. COU1!lBs, Ite S\'SIIlm


    In 1985. Q'Ii'Ia selltgeIIl!le lagel oI,_Hllg is ,,,;, ofuo oed by 51 '1rmu'IllIlI;)n contraeI ' . Pa'l!f1IS
    85% of III ~ - i'l lIle nalic:n as e _ by P8Y a <nHlII' ~8tion lee as soon 8ll a cHd
    1988. ... (MjI('f I"'l""'CO by 198!1. Md i'I tN&1'J
    <XXrty by 1990 . Today irnrruization ClCIWr8O!I II'I
    Ct*Iio. 8Irn::Islit !l9% lor 8CG ""'OOt>e. !la 'll. lor tIlo
    ._lito
    is born. and 1M guIlr.ltltooslhB cHd III .....
    os. 1hereaIter, ~ 1he CIlild contJ1lClS 8IlY
    VBOCir&pruvmtabIe dsoosiI. (he taniy rec:eMls
    f

    I!YfIe """"" 01 pc*' YIlCCO'1e. 91% fa 11>0 _ m.nciIII cornpensaticn."

    Incrfmf in immunization COvtrage, childrM umkr one, China, 1986· 1990

    '" - - BCG
    DPTl
    - Polio3
    - - - Measles

    es
    " " ""
    milif1l)' culrure has com e to predominate in many of the developing co unaies to fulfil
    many developin g nations in "",ent decadcs. thm potential of the years ahead.
    Such a culture rends to be contemptuous of
    democracy, indifferent to human rights, Demilitarization i. easier said than done,
    and threatened by political, pcnonal, and not least because of the shCCT importance of
    press freedoms. The total military biUin thc the military II!; employer (there arc eight
    de,."loping world would therefore have to times as many soldiers in the dt\'eloping:
    include the direct destruction of war, the world as there arc dOClOrs) ." To Case the
    divernon of resources from investment in transitio n, and reduce the conflier bctw«n
    people, the undermining of democracy, the military an d social eKpCnditwcs, more
    growth of intemil oppress ion, and the thought might be gil~n to the potential role
    SQUllndering of much of the support for of the armed forces in the war on poverty.
    development among the public of the It is not uncommon for the military, with
    industrialized world. their organizational capacities , their skilled
    personnel, their rcchnologies, and their
    With the endin g of the cold war, hopes tnlIIspon , to COme to the aid of civilian pop-
    arc higher than for a generation or more ulations in time. of eme rgency or natural
    that this biU mighr soon be reduced. disaster. In the process of demobilization, it
    may be useful to extend that role by trans-
    The ind ustrialized world can do mueh fusing the skills of the military into society
    to help. It can convert military aid into through the construction of infrastruClUrC
    economic aid in the interests of both peace and tlte training of civilians in such areas as
    and development It can rclItriet arms sales literacy, engineering, electronics, mcdlanics,
    and try to prevent arms suppliel1l from and communications.
    expanding sales in the developing world to
    co mpensate for declining markets in the The conversion to development purposes
    ind ustrialized nations (th e five permanent of the massive investment in, and the
    membe rs of the United N ations Security resources and slcill. of, the anned fOTCCS
    Council account for 90% of the world's may yet be a long way down the TOlId. But
    arms sales)." 11 can also begi n to insist were that journey to be mken, then many
    that debt relief, aid, and new loans, be tied nations would find themselves ahle III
    to red uctions in mililary spending, march more quickly rewards a more PTO$-
    progress toward, democracy, and invest- percus future and a more dignified place in
    mentS in the infrastructure of health and an e"ol"';ng new world orde r.
    education rather than in the infrastructure
    of war .

    But the cu rrent disastrous levels of mili_


    tary .pending arc the one wall of the The indultrialized naooDi
    t'Conomic prison thai it B within the devel-
    oping: world'. own power to push back. In the industriali:oed nations, whose
    And nothi ng Ie.. than a mll!;.ive pro- annual mililary expenditures arc approxi-
    gramme of demilitari7.ation wiU enable mately equal III the comb ined incomes of
    THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992

    the poore$( half of mankind, arms ,pend- \he industrialized world would be sufficient
    ing hu fallen by ap p roximately 3% a year 10 allow a doubling of aid budgc!s (0 the
    for the last four yean. Following the dra- !lIrgct of 0.7% of GNP, - a tatgCt that was
    malic disarmament proposals announced first agreed (0 in the 1960s.
    or agr«d to by four of the five permanent
    members o f the Security C oun cil in
    Sep tember 1991, even largcr culS may be
    In particular, a proportion of military
    savings should be alloca ted to achieving \he
    eXPf'clcd in the ~1':arJ ahead. Three quar-
    len of all the industrialized world',
    basic humaII goal. agreed al lasl year's
    World Summ,i fot Chi1dretl. As a reminder,
    milhary expendltuTCs of approx imau.'ly
    580 0 billi on a year are cum:mly d evoted
    \hc flnanclal cost of reaching all of these
    10 me defence of Europe where me mili- goals - induding drastic reductions in mal-
    tary lan d scape has been transformed. The
    nutrition and disease and a basic education
    po tential for cu ts in the 1990s i, therefore
    for all children . would require additional
    resources of approximalely 520 billion a
    enormous.
    year throughout \he 1990s. 'rnc dcveloping
    Hut what is missing is any coherent and "'orld's proposed oonUlb utiun of tWO thirds
    agreed pian 10 link even a small part of of ihai amouni wou ld require the allocation
    these potm tiaU)' vast savings with 1M del- of approximately 10,," of its current military
    pcratc need of the dc\'Cloping world for expenditure. The industrialized world's
    renewed aid and invcsnncnL The aUocauon one.thin! share would amounl 10 I"" of its
    of cvw S% of =01 milirnry spending in milillu'y spending,

    Setting Africa free


    Proposition: TlJaI lhe dwim of A.fri<.a'l tkbI Africa who aTC unable to meet their most
    IN. Jlrudt off and lilal 1M Clm finml be givt., basic needs has doubled in a decade.
    mfJi&im1 a wnal support w allow i"fn7lal Avemge incomes ha"e fallen by a third.
    rtjrmn II' suand i" rtgerwo/;tlR ~ mqmen- The proportion of children "'00 are mal-
    fUm of dewlopmetU. nourished bas risco. The proportion of
    children who are in school has fallen. Th is
    For mc fIr!lI timc in me modem era, a year, drought again threatens 27 million
    subcomincm is sliding bac): into poverty. peoplc in 14 counnies. In lotal, 40 million
    The number of families in sub-Saharan Mricans are now 'displactd' b}' mili!llt)'

    •
    conflict or environmental disaster. And as if yields, mass hunger, and mass migration to
    in a frnal ane mp t to brea k the spirit of a the refugee camps where the problem Ilnally
    continent, almosl 3 million African women becomes vi.ible to the oUllide world .
    are also infected with th e AIDS ~'irus and I
    million childreo h.a~"( been born HIV posi-
    As. if these trials ""<.:1'C insufficient to
    tive; in the dCCllde ahcad, it is estimated
    exercise the talents of government. Africa
    that 2 milli on children will die and 10
    has aIio been a theatre for long-ru nning
    million may be orpha ned by the disease. wars and frequent coup, d'iuu which have

    lDtentaI nalon

    In addition to the economic losses and


    the eonfliets caused by apartheid, the eeee Fig. 1 J Revenlng the flow
    principii internal reasons for Africa's The w n .\hoWl. the lid ft~nciaI \"nsfffl b8ween
    decline arc econ omic mismanagement, Ind uUtiali«'d and ~ n g ~tiOI'" """r tM lIIU
    environmental degI'lldation, and milillllj' deu<lo!. 'Net [I,n>len' mo.", all loan.. k:>ng.term . nd
    conflict. !I>o<I term, publi<. . nd privott, minu. oil int......1 . nd
    "" pltoI ""yrnents on prcYiou> 1000$.
    Autocratic governments, indlicient .tate
    Net finom:ial uamlers between donor
    corporations, larglMea1c corruption, unpro- and recipient coon/rie5, USI billion5,
    ductive investment of aid and loans, /980·1 989
    distortion of prices, markm, and exchange
    Tr~nsfersto
    rates, lack of in \"CStme nl in food production
    developing countril!$
    • all these have been paid for in the falling
    living standa rds of millions of ordinary t 1980
    African s. An d most of the victims have ha d
    no sa)· whatsoever in the political and ceo--
    nomic de cision s that have led to the decline
    in tlIcir incomes, the rising ",,"I of their
    essential pu rchases, the absence of teachers
    in thei r schools, the bare shcl,·es in their
    health centres, an d the increasing malnutri- 1985
    tinn among their children.

    M eanwhile, the effort to mel'CU(: agricu1-


    rural e"ports hal; claimed the most fertile
    soils an d pushed desperately poor and ever
    1989
    growing populations o nto ever more
    marginal lands. The result ha s bee n the Tr;mM~ from
    o\·CTCUlti,·alion and overgrazing wh ich have developing countries

    .
    led to the l,nIgcdies of soil el"O$ion, falling
    THE STATE OFTHE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992

    Supershots:
    children's vaccine initiative
    ~.". 3 ...", cHd daBIh!IllIlI rlCM' onlO OM eaniolr:" Vaecms e:I"l also rlCM' ee
    bIIing llf"!"6"lled each year by i'IYnrizatIorI. BuI packaged n ~ .... wI'ic/'l releasil !her
    Ihill IepIl'IS(II\tS less than a IIWd of fmuizaIioo's comoots ....... trne. lIiIIw 17aduo1v or in pUses.
    poIenliaI oonlI'tlutIor1l<1 'MlfId 00Blth. IwJ ~ !ItlDIAd IlIso be p::esllle to mBke mosl
    Two ........ ctti'tIn ci!I each 'r- be<al'lG!tIBy
    """"'- less dopoIndIInI on ,«. igao alioo c
    t>eIDng to It>e 209j; wI>O 8<fI still rlClI ~ wittl Tho POI 01 gctj aI till! ....-.d 01 Ito!I 'i 5 d ,
    a.nar>ltt ~ """"""lIl A !unIw 5 to 6 miIion rartxNI is B singIo-slnI '!IUpIIf wocine' wI'*:h
    people die .....-....ely !rom d 5 : ; : 51 """'=" eece <.:><>Ud OOgMln tochillhlosoon oft... bnh and wI'ic/'l
    llIrnosl ca18inIy be ~ed by tre doM!kopnilia W<J\.Id pru!tlCIlte'n ltgIinsllll oIlJ ilJ o.xx:fs n1lIP'
    of ...,.... vae:dr'tes.JI lnIeclions m -V low COSI.

    .......... ..
    ,,, ..... "'..... "' " ,..".....
    ....
    ,....... ...... ,. ,.....,., ,,_ '......- ........
    /he ChithJn's vaeen. In/IiatNe. ta.nchad boo
    "''''''
    ~
    ~.
    n.n gaO may lIlke two deeados or """'
    &Ii n.U:d• ..w"gy h ......,00."" and
    10

    aims to .-row INs Q8Il bel--. the aetu8llW'Id \hle-, :' . '" VllCCines is 8lJlo8(ly 8YllieIPJle. By the
    POlW"IIiaI CCIl'1I:ributio of inrnurilaIion ~. end of!hill dIc9de. ~ tna)' be possille 10 ad! rIii ;mr
    14. present natlonaI chikl ITmnzaIion ~ III 01 to<lay's "llCci'w iI sirlgIeiieCIiOr'.
    gnm-nes ‫ס‬1lii< Ylt'JCi>ee againsl !IblIrI::uIOSis By tl>!I mid-l990s. ~release toohooologl'
    diI:trttIIlfia. ~. fda. v.iooplllg Clllli'J'. and c:o.Jd 8loobe ~ i'rm..rWtioo. KX'M1 in the
    m ':. wiIt1 some COI.W'!lr'Ies Biro oIIlri'lg ye6:Jw MlI'IlI 01 its ~esl talU'e - !he JlI'6'9"IIioo of
    ~ lVId, mora ~1'Mlll<lliliS B/pMeI 15~ Ole neco;lllll teI8IUI wtlich klIs lin llSIinated 536,000
    (lllteel '9"$ofth&~·sVll<X:ti'lehWlMl
    s
    il1allslW>:.l an lIlkr'lOwr1 t'UJ'Cler 01 ~ e-9Y
    is to llX\lWId ItO:o ""'9" to inc:UloI _ dallkI _ . The .-.bOrn CIliId ClII\ be protected bl'
    vaccines ~ rI\ilIIJI'e (cl.mndy
    "..,., Nric8n ct1iI:hn """" YIBI. """"",t<:<y
    "*"'" Wf!( 1 ilmriMg the moIhllr. EklI1Nll ~.. SllYlI1ll
    i Ijeclioi os e--tiTle (Of, ~, two_spaced
    In1ectrlns (3 "..., chikl <lolaIfllI a j'tlIW). 111IlI 1i igiti.\ ir1e<:tIOnS firill ~ and III present, less
    (2OO.CO)dm1toIa~ . oerIlIin_·S !Ilan 5O'If, 01 ""l)'TlEIIl ere prcI8Cted- A .-tme-....
    ~ as fOl!rVinJ!; (8CXl,OOl de9I!ls a .-}. as I\GI _ V3CCII'8 roN lftl8r dIMIlopmo<ll oIhn lIi>QIe:
    lIS hepall!isA.""""'" ~ ~ ~ SIJ::It protec'.ioo end c:o.Jd IllfJicIY raise """",age."
    ~!<MIt. In;! AIDS.
    De. !,_1\1
    the vacdrIes is h!I/l1he batde. Then
    come the Iogoslo» pooblems 01 ...........-.g wI<ltt-
    &an 1I>ese.- lOCh iOlogiea leave rntJnI prol)-
    I8ITOIS lnSC1Mld • how to t:mg . - vaoc:ines i1Io
    ~ end inexPeNMl ~ how to
    spread use. Today'! veccoes eogains1 mm';! ~ prodI.o:bon Ind <:lUll!)' CCW'JtrO', how to
    polo. """!lbeI~1or~, ......... bII k.apl
    speed I.l:' IIeId trBs and k:e ... 'll proc:eo::Ues. l'llll
    ,eiigelated!lom POflI of manuIaclure to pginl of 01 _ _ e ~ PlIIboeo$lipwilbeneeded
    1r'ieC:tQl. fUI~ eeerooui'es lcu'or1Ml berween go:MlO I ' IellS IWld the f800lItCh end dlMll-
    ~a ' 'lEICIiO' IS dlri'1g "'" Ibl year of ~ """ opmant cepscilies of the commercieJ WO/Id.""
    lhildfop<llllatebet...-.1h9ht and ~ ilJection
    is1llernai'l ~totqler~OC\YtII'IIg&. So llr, the de'. EI "P' re ~ of new VIlCCi'Ias .....
    been d'iYen WgBIy tit !tie needs rd the IflBI'roiIts
    /he CN:nIr!'s Vao::nt In/Iiati>ol lIIbo am. to 01 the rich i'I8lIO<lI. ., !he l~ on& 01 the ITlOel
    lrin rElClll1l ~ In biotootJlOlcg)' 10 <illic>A ~ wll bit 10 .... ltlal -..ltMl to
    <MJrCCmIl some at ltleSe po 0IlIi0 los."
    1he~needS. buI~COiI 'llSicisloppor.
    ~ 1$ <'ON p::>sslbIa to .lCO/pol alol ....,.,."......ccinoo lUiti8s, 01 tl>!I poor WOlId.
    been pan cause and pan result of the fact the sands of tariffs and quotas by which the
    thai Sub-Saharan Africa as a whole hall supposedly fm:-m arl::et cronomics of the
    been spending two and a halftimes as much Unite:d States, Japan, and thc Euro~an
    on its miliiarY as on its health. services. Community continue to protect their own
    producers.
    Th e third external factor in Africa's crisis
    is one which represents one of the greatest
    &tenia! ft llSODI
    international failings of this century.
    The three principal eXlernal reaso"" for
    Africa's decline have been the use of the A nCW slavery has shackled the Afrk an
    cominem as a board for SU~rJlO"'er games, continent and its name is debt. The coun-
    the relative faU in world prices for il$ raw tries of Sub-Saharan Afriea, including
    most of the world's least developed coun-
    materials, and the unsustainable weight of
    il$ debts. tries, now o....-e s total of appro ximately
    5 150 billion. Each year, Afri<."ll muggles to
    Much of Africa emerged into indepen- pay about one th ird of the interest .....hich
    dence just in rime to be ....'OOCC! by two falls due; the real is simply added to the
    su~rpo we., representing rwo competing rising mountain of dcbt under which the
    ideologies. Long perceived by many African hopes of a ccnrinent lle buried.
    leaders as an advantage, it is elear that this
    superpower rivalry has in faa made a tt'2gie The total inhumanity of what is now
    contribution to the o\'Cmlilitari7.ation of the happening is reflected in the single fact th.at
    continent and to the emergence and perpet_ even the small proportion of the interest
    uation of the kind of military and autocratic which Afriea does manage to pay is absorb-
    regimes which have led so many African ing a quartcr of all its export earnings" and
    nations imo the abyss. costing the continent, each year, """" Ihon
    iu total sfi't7lding "" dre health and Muastilm
    Economic dependence on raw materials Df;/j ptopk (fig . Il).
    has been a quieter calamity. The majority
    of African countries havc been urged to To date , the results of the Paris Club
    increase their earnings and pay their debts debt re-scheduling exerd sc and the
    by exporting more of their primary com- Toront o Agreement arc <:TItirely inade-
    modities. The response has been a 25% quate." Exeluding Egypt, the total of
    increase in the volume of erose exports African debt written off is approximately 57
    during the difficult decade of the 19805. billion out of thc S280 billion owed. The
    BUI the steady faU in prices for Africa's raw consequent reduction in interest payments
    materials, in relation to the cost of its amounts to about SO.2 bill ion out of the
    imports, has mcant that its camin~ have S32 billion falling due and the 512 billion
    fallen by approximately 30% in the laSt 10 lICIually being paid each yelr." Between
    years." no w and the end of the century, even the
    full implemcntation of the Toront o T erms
    Ancmpts to csca.~ from this tr.lp by is unlikely to reduce Africa's outflow of
    d;'-cmfying exports have quiddy run uno illlerest payments by any mon: than 5%."

    "
    THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992

    The most recent debt reduction prop- sluiced OUI of that desperal d y poor cone-
    osals, the Trinidad TCrTll$, still do not nem in imCTCSI repa yments, lens of millions
    represent even \~ beginnings of a ,.,lulion of children arc losing meir ooe oppommiry
    commensurate with the scale of the prob- to grow nOrman}" to go 10 school l1JId
    lem. The most generous notio n on the table become ~Ienl\e, l1JId 10 a<:quin: the slriI1s
    (an d it is a long way from being a~) necessary for meir own and their cOlmm",'
    .....,uld reduce Africa's total indebtedness by developmem in me yean to COme.
    bet ween 520 an d 530 billion. That would
    It is daimed mat the industriali:l.ed world
    mean a reduction of perhaps 53 or 54 bil-
    can do no better al the present time. YC1
    lion a year in the ;n(C~1 due, but very little
    ways have: been foun d to halve Egypt's $40
    rWuetion in the actual interest paid. The
    billion dcbl following me Gulf Waf and 10
    greatest hope on the present hori~on. there-
    make a similar ~"(}flcC$sion to Poland follow-
    forc, is that Afril;ll will be slightly bener off
    ing the liberation of Easte rn Europe:.
    on paper willie in practice me financial
    haemorrhage will continue unstaunched. It is claimed mal a more drastic reduc-
    tion in Africa's debts would constitute a
    In one of the most recent and cump...,· 'moral hazard' by rewarding these who do
    hcnsi\"C analyses of Africa's debt and !he
    nOI pay their debts. But the real moral haz -
    cffom to reduce II, the economist Percy ard is surdy 10 the soul of a world which is
    "'\istry comes \0 the "inaw.pabk amdusitm prepared 10 condemn a conunem 10 con-
    !hal lhese t/fr:tr14 ~ 1101 b«n rom mnD~Jy tinued poverty, and a generation of its
    <!Itaivl in Qdti4fJing w objectiw of I'fiieving children to malnutrition, fot me u ke of col-
    fddnf In,r<fms mJfii:imdy for Afriam roumrio lecti ng 'meresl on moneys which were oflen
    ILl Itavt! a T!aJOIwbk cha'laI <if r = in
    ilTcsponsibly len! and moSI of which cannot
    adlinling J,""'IUra! a4iustmmt, nraJt'tI)'. or possibly be repaid.
    grmcth. ill l1u fommdile futurt, ""Ius prroiotu
    tW."twry af>prf1Qdla 10 <WI rrlit! .,.,., aban~ It is also claimed mal debl forgiveness
    dtmed in faoour of _ dramam 11I.1 would help to sustain failed economic poli-
    ubsoluuJy 'IU;4W.ry and IOllg ~ =ion. '," cles. ROI the ma jority of African eountri""
    have already begun implememing basic
    economic reforms.
    Events in Eastern Europe and the So\"i~1
    Moral huard Union, coinciding \'li th a clearly marked
    If a cuminem is not to be left behind as 'end of the road' fOf the kinds of pol itical
    the rcsr of th" world struggl.,. towards a l1JId economic systems that have prevailed
    new peace and a new prosperiI)', lhen across so much of Africa in recent decades,
    cxtnordinaf)' mcasurn an" aaw called for. have had a profound effect on the eomi -
    nent. M~t eoontries have now begun 10
    T en yean of prevarication over this lJlke the: firsl steps towards dcmocracy, plu-
    problem has al"""dy damaged not only the ralism, and mafl<et-om.n!"d economic
    Africa of tod ay bul the Africa of lomorrow. refofTTl . The prospects for renewed eco-
    WM e more than SI 0 billioo a ycar is hcing nomic growth and social progress should be

    "
    Fig. 14 W. r venus welf.re stronger in the 19905 than at any time in
    The gr.ph (QIl\fa,u 1M ri... in military ~~iturt, the Last tw o decades.
    (dWlM line:!.), v.ith 1M dKline in -Vore ~ .pencf~""",
    (solid ~nes). in «I~ of 1M p<lOf8t Afric.n counm.. Wim these: changes, me hopes of a co n-
    ~ 1M " 'I two decadM. tinent have again been a waken ~d. If mose
    hopes can not manage 10 escape from unde r
    Perr:entage of cen trol government the weight of pas t deb ts, then the result will
    e)(pendt/ures allocated to defence, and
    again be the despair and frustra tion which
    Jociol welfare, JeJected African countries, arc Ute natural habitat of dictatOR and
    1971 0nd 1989
    dema gogues. If Africa is 10 evoh..:: !o"..a rds

    zs
    •
    Welfare _ _"Defense

    " . a new internal ord er, and to fInd a dignifIed


    p lace in the new world order, men the pre-
    sent oppo rtu nity must not be lost. The
    ways and means should now be found 10
    absolve Africa of the great majority of its
    bi-laleral and international debtll.

    e 20
    e
    I, The democratie tboiee
    The new spirit moving in Africa today
    - 15 was summed up in a recent address 10

    i
    ~
    c 10
    Africa's heads of state delivered by me
    N igerian President, Ibrahim Baba ngida:u
    "'17Jue is no w ling subJliwu for a ~
    fqlmd ami painfill (a mmilmoll ," home CD

    L
    re<mUlilUU our wcU.IW, W rt:fomr Our poHIild
    JYsu:ms, ami 10 rtsfJ1l(IUrt: our «.onomw ...
    '~y f!W ind«J wraud from lIS as
    a ptop/t. Thai faa is rootd ;" OIlT huWry.
    Equally undcniabk, hownJer, u me ftv;1 m.u
    '/Jim 1M <Ill of fflVIJt:rillg thaI ~{lI ...
    Afti=' kadenhip ii, gmeral did HOI git>t »Uldl
    0 thaughl W rk logic and juslia of reinwsring
    1972
    thai sqvertigruy in ilS ptoples.
    Wtllore ~wrt> irlduIle houJing and )/urn
    de.m>nco!; <(lfrII'J'IIJr'W df:> ei<ll>< ,.eo,t Jlo'YI"f'I'I> Ie the "Dmlf" .rlCy is nos DIlly (m llu""tiV/l

    ._t
    lick, !he <fo>abled. II>e elcSerty and the ~PIOYm;
    family. malemity and d>iId aIlow.nce<; wer..~ "",,",eo

    ---.-. . .._,-.' .
    lor the elderly, the disabled, . rod tM:lren; poIution
    _I", "'l'll!Y and $<WI.OLOon.
    .... , ,
    oplwn bul a raliMulJ ami inA'iwbk OII/!. This
    is 01'" act of our i"u:mal reparations whir),
    kadenhip on this ronl;nOU "''' no IongD"

    """"
    THE STATE OFTHE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992

    Hepatitis B:
    the seventh vaccine
    The global ~ system. buII lb'Wlg the goes 0'1l0 WOIlo:twicIe '*' ..
    chid 'nuorizsion
    19l1Os 10 deA\'lJ' voo::ines llQ!IinsI ~ ~ t<lW ,tlIiiCl • 'll1Il% dill inI51Is), lheo lIIIl
    dip/'IIIIeril, POlo. teIa"JuS• ...noop1'l1 00Jllh. a'ld cost e<:Ud IaII llSlow as $1.50....
    " ' CO<Ad be lJ9ll(l in IhB 19!1Os tc control

    ........
    hepatitis 8 • one ollh& world's gt8iIlesl ~ HEIV irmuizsIi<>ol .. particUarIy irrclcrtMt lei'
    dtiflll. Not 0I:'tf 8f8 InleClI.:l c:tlil:tlln I1'llItI ~
    lodBvelop~ hIlpelitis Band ai'nOslfoor
    HapQt/till B ds rnn Pl(:(liIl I.MTf ~ 11m
    AJC:6 "* I_
    in a ~. Kis I'"'I"" aoble for abwI 809!.
    of !II ""'" ~ and more casell oIlYer do,
    (60 mIion ~) !hBn 1lIoOI:1cI."
    trnes rro-e _ to d9WIOP lMlr CO'lOOr. 1hey ee
    also Il1L.ldl more lI<eIy !hBn _ to become cur·
    riIn ol lho a-. One quarter <:J lilOSII JdecuId
    belotto IIle IiI(/&of ...... be<xlme caniers (ard 70'lli
    One '*""' in six .., 1IIe world !'laS r:-'I h'ecled
    wi:h the~. and '"'uo'«ely300rriIon ....
    to 90'11o 01_ i'1Iecle<l tlelore bftt> by pIac«lIaI
    ~." QWj.lO-<tild illIeclIoI .. wIlid1 can
    0CC<.r <bI".g play CJ" bed·S/I!W'o"lg "'" SIIi'II8Sions
    d'roric~. The Wus"'~ (lIIIhcl.qllhe IUd1BIl 'i IiP8IillO. !lCltlies. cuts lIld intect«l insacI
    body may rid itseII ollh9 i ,!ectioo ~ lWld is lI'SnS-
    biles, is "'" ...... _ 0 1 ~B il d iU~.
    rmted try a I'a"Ig8 01 bocIl' r-..ids. fl"tllO"iV ltJouj:1
    sexual acIMly bul abo via CQ'llaCI YlOth """'.Mi. In YIew of lt1e laIIing cost of llle """""' and lhe
    natedt:bxi, bV pIace1tal~II"""""'i!'llmmolher ~ olell!y iTm..rilalh:1. Wl-K) has oow
    to oobom chiI<1l1f1d try skin lMIons. ~ _!he .8<XlO' ". dad thai hepatilill B be Jd.ded as ltoa
    main If--.s of ~a ., ' " in cI'id<lln. '_ 1Il'IOOin&' in ill national cI'id ~
    Abou1 a It'ird of a1 1holiEt Ir69ctlld with hep!ltIlis
    pmgt.. ".OlS. So !.., 22o:unries,
    EasI Asia andlhu _
    mai-Iv"SaJIh.
    East. h!MI bIVJn rouIi'IO
    B dMIlop dvoric~AI'larlhllllCU1el)!laoo HSV _ . ArIoltIeI' 00 COIrItries hlIYe pIoI
    has passed, abaul ffil, to 10'll. 01 ~ IICtins pn:jecIs ..... ..",., Of planned....
    bol<x>o'", carriers of 1M <:Iisee8e." AII!Il:Jo.ql not
    ....-swlIy sI'owi'lg any 8Y" "'*" 'tS. 000pi«l ptO-
    QI ass:.,. lW'Id possibly fatal lF.w da'nage, they join
    So lao. genIIIicaty .. Igi_eel HBV
    used OOfl'lOo"e lhlio OO n'Aonpeople~and
    r. been

    Ih& 300 milIioI'l pool 01 ctworic ca-I\Q v.OO SP<llOO t>M bgeI\ la.nt! kI be""" 01 the sales1 ancl m:>BI
    lh3 Wus In! perpeluale ~ from one lJIII"'O[O'1O efI8clMl 01 ill we:Qnes. NId boca .... hepatitis B is
    a rro8Ijco" causeol ..... caroer. ther"lllW "3Cdnesara
    ~-
    mnuvalioo~ hBpaIIIisB tIaS~!MiI ·
    lll.lIB lor !IOITIll 1inl!. &l! bec!u'le !he II8CCire was
    .........,.
    i1 eIl9CI the W genel'<:allv engil'oo'ed C3lIOOI

    deriYed from blood giverl by a carrier oI lhe v'tus, ~ ~ is tnerelote le<:l:"ricaI'I' !aasIlIo kI ..-..cicala
    c:ooJd ~ b/l prodJoold in smaI q.oantltlils. The tIepetItis B. The woMW:Ie COSl is IkeIy 10 be lP"
    cost. lJ'lliIlh& IaI8 1900s . was $ 110 par 1h'9ft.$'ItIl wards 01 $100 miIm a )OOO". WrtI> the ""'PIIfl'IM!
    coo.rse.... Now.ll"fl'lIK: ""'-'1\1
    I iQ'lUbIe 10pI'lXb:e Iwgar ~ oIthevacQoe
    !'laS rnado ~ 1*1 - tile deIvery systoon - I!iteadi in pIaoe . and
    wilh 90 rru:::h .......... hea/l:tl a l siese, ~ v.o::Ud Sl.nI\I
    III a t:OllI 01 S2lKl per C(U!l8, K1tlIl nt'NI """""' be 1I1IhilI<atJla . the ~ """ nollol.n::l.
    "Today, the clanumr fur ~lizatWn world as a whole. BU! fQl" Africa, the sheer
    O1ld pony pluralism is 011 W aswu/n.ncy i" weight of the ball and chain of debt and
    Ajrial. A. 1eaderJ, W<1 "1...1 0iUp1 and «Imply interesl repaymenlll now means that there is
    rriu. W wU/le$ of lJrost whom IN reprlWll. no realistic possibility of forward rncvement
    No amoum of for« W" flmWr Jrifk W righl until illl financial shackles are struck ofT.
    of W gorxmed te ~, al 1Jniodi4 fr« and
    fair Uu lilmS, 1M fau af o"y gql!ft"'mnIl.
    "~ rawgu Qf civil u"rul righl <la"OSJ
    /!fir tcltlinDll, lhe «I~UPlI reurrdaliml of A confmace for the Mricm child
    tre4litJity far our human [>Qlnllwl, 1M imoler-
    Whilc attempting to lackle these funda-
    ab4 flow Qf milIiOlu of our humanily turned
    mcnllII problema, most African nations arc
    rtfttgttS from tMir />W" I<mds ... COfUlilUle a
    also preparing National Programmes of
    pmIfaIInll rtbuM 10 uur poliliuJl judgnnnu
    Action with the specifie aim of meeting the
    OM will ... ~ only 'l:iahlit 1Ji1nltlJ1;W is a
    goals agreed at the WMId Summil fM
    n..are mrbroa of lhe ~Iic OPlilm . UI Childrrn. The process of fimding progrestl
    US taJu W ruol.... 1WfC, and amtmil ourulveJ
    (awards such gools u halving malnutrition,
    10 1M dismam!ing of all apparalUI of U""fJU-
    reducing the impact of the most common
    WI/alive Jl<'Wn, Sl ll ing a dau before lhe md
    diseases, bringing clean water 10 all cern-
    of this cenlury /or Its ~I. ~
    munities, and ensuring that aU children
    Pn::!lideru Babangida's call for ,;" umaJ have access 10 basic education, "ill be most
    rtparolWtlJ ' is the l;Ouru~ 10 his call 'Jor difficult of all in the Sub-Saharan African
    AjriallU a whok 10 fiehl ill ali pwible ways region. Latl': in 1992, the Organization of
    W ;USI balllit for i" ttmaliotIaJ rtparotiorn African U nity inlends 10 call an internal-
    llIa,,,,1 W centuria of humilia/ion arid ional conference to dmw attention 10 the
    txp/(,iul/I·oll III whidl il /ta$ bun subjrcud ... action whieh Africa is already ta king to try
    For AjriaJ, he colldutkd, "lJrol ./wu.1d be W 10 reach those goals and 10 5ttk the support
    Prot- J/arli"e poinl of a 'lUO"i"gful N= of the international community in sustain-
    World Ortkr." ing that action in the 1990s. Africa will
    need to find at least SI. S billion a year
    (n response 10 such call, and 10 the new
    from lrs own resources, via a rc-ordcring of
    spirit evident in Africa, and as a gesture of
    illl inlemal priorities, but wiU need aboul
    reparation for exploitation in the past and
    the same amounl in international aid if
    preparation for a new pannership in the
    progress lowards these goals for its children
    future, Africa should nOW be absolved of _ and its future - is 10 be maintained. 11Ic
    mOSI of ilS debts. response " ill be one of the fint oppornmi-
    The COSI to the industrializcd world ties for the world to reach OUI the hand of a
    would be by no means crippling. Sub- new pal'l:nl':rllitip with Africa, and 10 signal
    SaJtarv,n Africa·s tollII debt amOunts 10 only that Africa, 100, has a place in a new world
    about 12% of the debts of the developing order.
    THE STATE OFTHE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992

    Facts for Life:


    messages for millions
    Thafo II lcxl!ry a I:IOOjI f1 ~ CI*:I IIelWIt> PoiIlcal . . . . tIa'.e Il!o helped. The ThII ·
    i"IlllrrnlIlio. abwl8ale 1T'IOlt 1"'""'"bhh Il*i"g. aior1 _ lulched by !till ~ Pr\mtI ",....., .
    to "*"0.
    ,....,.,.tIon, cHd llJIl'Mh 1"'80110 .. 0faI
    ~ion • ..0 AJOS • ...nct'l mall
    wt"(l RId "F_ fer IJie ila PlBClicaI (jI! of ~
    ~ tblll p8ff1fltS'. P\...... ~ Cora«ln Jl(p1Q
    _ _ ce:U:l eel 00 a>d ...todI otUd proMct DIllie Pl oiRli _ _ ~ kI be lra1IlIled Into ..
    ......ol <:tti9o. ~ il1herlllco ~ ~ 10"... ~ _ t8wlw,1IAMlid III 111'.
    IIII1rniieol flON _ al\lh to " ' -. r.-d ChisHno 01 ~
    To""',... . . t9't. .... ..-Ity, F-=a b lilu'IdllId lIlt....uw -...on and CIIId
    ...,.,'. CCI'm'U'lica:n 10 ,,00'_ .."
    en"..
    __
    LA _
    In:lWolOin
    ~ in IllS br I..NCS', I.tESCO
    'OOd . . _ . :
    In VIIt,.,.., ......,.P,. . . . . f11f'111 Coo.rd d
    , . _ . In"ICU"C*l. '11!e G:;o$,.,••
    d "'"
    18l~ Ogliil:ibJi. w::M'lg b' c:ttiWI. ....... b _ _ 01 '4ll ....", lo. . . . ' I. ltIe
    1hI booIdrII .. a. _ • _ at 55 .."..
    ff' QiI" 1OdI(. . . . . . . w_ .mpw:tt.
    o 7 '9" d ~ ,.., b' tJIII b' '"
    OIl.
    ~'
    ""'"'"'*' lIi,"lr"'
    _~
    I ~ 01 p--"'!!
    lwUJi_dr#..-noiAtwr.
    lno...1_~"-~~

    n.. t-. Idwdo'_.IOr- nl2i1rV...


    bU-.o-3..5 oapiII'-_~ In Ihd.. II'IIP' ...... " . ' - d-..,. pt,.I
    '" 120 ~ _1lO aueiIL Fa:l5FatJIII" ""'0tl120....... llIIIIIct.gl..
    In~ lO....-an".....
    F-*"'UlI."""'l*tof"lChool~ ageL In T.n.y. ll'lI\' ' - ...-«l on 2 mIion
    C8Il'\'''~
    ..-G'DrIillrlCyP'OQO ,llgInL e.V--" mo..-
    ~ IUud. Cape VwdI, Djbco.Ii. e:..-.
    Eirfpt.EtrooopiI. .............. ~ M· .... . In .... FtJati b' Ult I\eo!I bM1 UIpled b Ihll
    ~. Me>dco. NeptoI, ""'*....~. NI!IllofIIII L.iMncy CIr'r1laign '-=:tJio 'li 2 ......
    F'l iippli •• AwRja, SiIJlaLeooe. SUClM. SNa6- PIqlIIt • II'lIi1ti women.

    ,-
    ....,. T......... Th8Iilao"¢ T~. ~ Nam and

    n-et1lBlJl.-.bsofmosl~"-~
    In to'e«.:O. 3eo.CIXl C(lpiI:ls 0I1he IIllli:IlIII Yonb'I
    _ ~ diIlrtlulId CIA 01 e pler..ecHc. 1 rriIi;n

    l.WIQFa:t3IorUl9. '" T~. I rT'iIIlQn 1IolIIiIb8l'lCl In M,." • . 2OO.oo:l <Xlpieol oIlhe netIonII
    .... crI ~ 01 f _ b' L.iIII ~ n ~ ' - ~ prob::ed b IlChxis, I'IlIIllII
    ~ 114_ ....- -.I _ _ 10..,;11 CIfllIW,_....,_.....".....n:l~

    ......... n ~ the pl .... , r- t-> 0\11*......


    .... _ b .. r--.,.-.In ea.-. ~
    ........ 3lXI.lXXlroc-'-~~
    _medal ......... ~trUl9lar-.eu­ .. !Du' ".." b ~ ......
    ..., lDT"tIV"OCY serw;e. '" SIenalM:J'le. I'Ie t'eIlln o:lIIgiIIrd ........
    ....0:. ill nri'Ig l ,Q -.I... ~ """"'-a
    r d ~ _..... WI;lIlonIO .... F.:Ist7 InSri~ 8 • UCopoo.,t.
    0111'""'" _ _ Fa:l5 lor Ult<rM b 10JX10
    LJlII. Ito VIIt NiI'n. 25.0lXl Faa."" LADllImV'ir:a-
    lCn_~nndbr"~d~ ..-
    to .... .-,co.nry. .. ..-INlia_
    ........ dId...." . . . . TY _ _ - . ...... ~
    In T.n.y. __ tr Ult .. ,ea:t_U .1Cf'Ioo:f.
    hfWlg of 250cm _ . n:l
    _ 0 1 . . tlCd<llW.. ~ _ 000
    _ .. ~ a 1,' •
    ..
    J\l'U'OtdtallOllP
    <II*M _ popAIr redo """""'.,"'_
    1,500 Il:tOlI
    UillI
    ~ .. " ..
    L <>.00< • ....", F_ tr
    ' - ' - ' . - l by 65.000 " ' - ..
    The apartheid of gender
    Preposit ion: 17wr a IItW world urder shuuld to more than a million dcaths every year.
    ~ lJu aparlJreid oj gmder as viglmJusfy as In other wOTds, a million girls die each
    lJu apanMid of rau. year because !hey are born female.

    The one constant of the dc"clopinjj


    world, whether in Africa, Asia, or Latin If a new world order is to anempt to
    America, wheth er in ciry slum Or rural vil- PUt right th e most glaring failings of the
    lages, whether in the depllu of ewnomic old, the n this issue of discrimin ation
    d~pair or at the height of economic activity, againn WQrnen cannQt be Qmined from
    il that women will be working from fin! the agenda. Yet the severity and Kale of
    ~ght until after dark to meet their families' this injustice has not yet been widely
    many needs. lleeepled. It is, fQr example, an injustice
    Qn a far grealCT scale than the apartheid
    It is a corrunonplace that the de veloping system that has aroused the fervent and
    wmid·s women bear and care for 113 chil- sust ained op position of the international
    dren, fetc h and carry its fuel and waler, oommuni ly in reeent decades. The abhor-
    cook its meals and shop for iu needs, wash renee with which the whole WQrld has
    itll clothes and dean its homes, and look rightly regu ded aparth eid is an abho r-
    after 11$ old and its ill. Ii is leu widely rence born of thc sim ple moral
    known that wOmCn alS<l grow and mark et propositiQn thaI a peoples' rightS and
    most of me developing world's food, cam QppQnunities - where they can Ii"e, what
    an increasing proportion of ilS income, an d edu cation and health care the}' will
    work, on average, twice as many hours a receive, what job th ey can do, what
    dar as men." income they can cam, what legal standing
    they will have ~ should not depend on
    In return for this disproportionate con- whether they are born black or w hite . Yet
    uibution, the women of the developing il seems th aI the world is prepared to
    world are g.:neraUy "",'Wdcd "ith Jess food, accept, with no ne of the depth and
    less health care, less education , less training, breadth of opposition thaI has been seen
    less lcisun:, less income, less righ u and less duri ng the apartheid years, tha t all of
    protection. these things can depend upon the acci-
    dent of hcing born male or female.
    So heavy is th is weighl of discrimina-
    tion tha t il even sways the survival chances
    of the girl child . All other things being There is link exaggeration in this 0001-
    equal, girl children have 11 better natural parison. In the de\"C!oping world today,
    chance of survi\ing the early, vulncrablc many mOTe boys bttomc IitCI1lle than girls.
    years. But all other things are not equill. In In somc CQUlUrieS, twice as many boys as
    several countries of South Asia, (ewer girls girls are brought to health centres fOT treat-
    survive than boys." And in this gap ment. Employment rights, social security
    between natu ral and aClU al survival rates, righlS, legal rights, property rights, and
    discrimi nation can be measured. In even civil and political liberties an: aU likely
    &ngladesh, India, llnd Pakista n il adds up to depend upon !he one, crud chromoso me.
    THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992

    Tbe prlCtic:al costS of Ibis bias are !be care md nutrition, tbe mfuctioa of child
    m:l1KC'd dl"c"ti...< :nesI of almost e:ver)' Olhc:r dc:alhs, the aettptaDOe of family planning,
    aspect of lIM: de;.'dopmcllI pUllX.... tilt: mNction of . ~ &mil)' size, and
    the: litenlc), of lIM: sl.lCC«din& JC'ntnotion."
    BUI 10 di.aimiIllllC qainll girls in UH:
    matter of edu cational opportUnity is per-
    haps !he: biggest practical mistaltc of all. Th e education of girl . is therefore
    Ova many yean and in many ~ounlriC$> another of 1hO$e extraordinary points of
    the education of women hIlS been shown 10 kv~ which could advance the world
    be: associated with me confIdence: to adopt towards many of !he other goah: dUo;uucd
    new wa ys, the prop(ll:Sit)" to make ueater in thilI report. 11 is allO a principal means of
    UK of IIXiaI service:J, U>c: ability 10 earn rishtina; one: of !he IJlOIl. evident of an
    hightt incomes, the imPfO'~1 of dtild wronp in the aisting ...odd onkr.

    Planning births
    Proposition : TIoaI the raplmtibr. pla.,mi", 0/ which have IOn&: hung ever this II1UC. But
    bil'lJu ;. _ of 1M moJ/ dJU;:liw and /eml such is the n.ngc of mmods now available,
    apemiw fMj'1 of imptwing the quality "/ lift and such me expe rien ce mat hal been
    "" fQ.rlh - /Ioih now and in 1M /uIUrI - imd gained in recent yean, thaI family planning
    IMI 0ftlI! fJ/ 1M pmWl mis", 1w D/ GUT Ibm. is can now be promoted and pn.ensed in
    1MjDiW,., 10 'Ir41iu dial po-w. "''')'S which an: sens.i~ to tk reJiaious
    and ~ contours of almost aD toeierin.
    Family pIannin£ could brine lOOR' 00w::-
    The benefits of f~y planninc lIC'Cd be
    firs 10 man: >'COP'"' aI "'" CO$! than any denied to 110 one.
    Olhc:r sinIk 'tc:dmoIozy' now a\'tilabIc 10
    Ibc human nee. But it is noll appttciau:d 1lJosc bendits 1nll1 be bridly _
    widdy mooch dlal this would ItiD bc: IrUe
    t\'en if then: ..~ DO such thina .. I popu - """"'"
    F.... family plannina ccuJd ..se tbe:
    IlItion plObltm .
    lhu of peffiapI ODe: quarter 10 ODe: third of
    10 pan, an . .. Iltlle... of the run mnae of tbe: soo.ooo women " 'ho DOW die ew:ry
    the bmdiu avaiJabk from the .uponsiblc )UT from e. uxs re\aled 10 ~ and
    planning of familic:s hn bem hidden from s:i-ing binh ." II could ll1so prevent
    tho public \icw by thc douds of t'OlltreWenY unk:nll'q" mil lions of diubiliuO$ • many of

    •
    them painfuJ, pennanau. ~ ID(lI'e time for bttasIfecdin& and ftallin&,
    and _ - which ~ the common 00Il:te'- and bdp$ 11,> pmmt the low birth Mi&ho

    ........
    qumec of hi&h-risk and oftm unwante!d 'lriJich an: mongIy <iated wid! maInutri-
    lion Ihm'litnn. rhc earticII yean oflifc."
    Seeond, famiJy pIanninc eouId pn:wrll Sixth, family pIanninc improva the
    many if not most of the ID(lI'e thaD 50,000 quality of life for dIiIdrm. The quality of
    iIkpI IIbortiQns which ~ DOW performod child CIIl: - indudinc play and stimulation
    on women twry sm,,1.- dIzy and whieb raull .. wdI 1$ halth and cducalioD _ inevitIliy
    in the deaths of 150,000 )"OWII women rixs .. paIl:rtts arc able 10 invat moR of
    every year.- their time, CDCTI)'. and money in brin&in&
    u p a smaller number of children.
    Third. hmily pbnning can dtastically
    inlpl'O\'e the quality of WOlIKn·' I.ivc:I _ in For an of these ~, a re newed dTon
    both lhort and long term - by red ucin8 the U) pUIWnily p1arutirtg I I the disposal of aU
    phys ical and mental burdCIU of h1vina 100 'NOU.Id advance not one but many of the
    many eh~dren tOO elose loaether. or al 100 bllic human goals for the year 2000 which
    early OT 100 lilt<,: an a~. It can tncreese the WCTC agreed at the World Sum",i, /fir
    time a vailable for women', education. for Childrm.
    vocational tnIining, for cantina incomes, for
    imp mvilll child care, for community activi- These benefits alone woul d be sufficient
    ties, for pcnonal d evelopmen t, and for the to justify the claim of 'fam~y plannini for
    I'CII and leisure which il vinuaUy unknown all' to a spc:cial priority in a new world
    to millions of women in the de\"dopina; order. But it. would, of coo ne. aI,o hdp 10
    worid today. raol\..., one of the Olhtt CJQI problems on
    the human agenda - the pobk:m of nlpid
    Founb, famiJy pbnning eouId III\~ !he population growth.
    lives of ~ million children CKb year.
    Family planninc would pK'VClll, precbni- A...p h,.....,... tdy en: prcanarw:y in du'CI: in
    nantly, m.- births ..-hicb Ill: l:nown to be the de\dopirc world thia yar ...;a be IlOl
    'hiP mk' • IlK: births ..1Ud\ ;m within two ooIy UlIp/:IlaJat bur. Ufl';l'lllted." TIx:n: ill
    I ,__ lJIlIneI dl:mand for ibl:
    )"Can of a prcwious birth, 01" to momen
    thl:ft:f~

    ..ilo Ill: UDder 18 or avc:r 35 or who b .... lt:d&e and ibl: me:anI oHarniy plannin&.
    a1l'c:tdy hi,..., three 01" four or moR
    EYickncc from the w...u FnriJI·ry
    chiIdlm.- Becaus: the CJQt mtjority 0{
    Sl<fW)I sugem that if all ..-omm in the
    child dcathlI an:: nooate!d with thac risk
    oo.-eIoping ..uid who do IlOl -.ish to
    facton, the _"dJ-informed limine and spac-
    bcCOlTlC pregnant ....."., cm~ 10 eser-
    ina: of births ~ Il:SUh in a far more thaD
    p oponionau: rcductioIl in child dealha. eee that choice then the nlto: of population
    c,.,w..1h ..·auld fan by approxirnalely 30%."
    Fifth, family planning can signifK:ll\t1y By the: Yeal" 2025, mal fall would translate
    improve the nutritional health of childn:n into I .] billio n fe\\'eI" ~le • rouahIy the
    tJu-ouahout the developing world. Fe\\'U and equivalent of the population of China
    more widely Ipf;ced births allow mothcn

    .
    today."
    THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1992

    E\= this long lilt of bmdil:li dca not nu, pmnu \:&tions of such 1)'I1C:J'Iisms
    capture the potential comribution of family almost limitksl. And uniting them aU is
    lIf'e
    plannlns to the imprlWCmelli of the human the fact that family planning gi,'n people
    ccndltion. For it fail, 10 record the syner- more control over Iheir own lives and
    gisms which mean tha t the: total ben.. fi t eJUlbla them to brini aboul otlu:r impro ve-
    WOI1Id be v cry much jp"Ct= !han the sum ments in almost C\'ef)' asP«t of those lives.
    of the parts. WiUli n lM $phere of human h means better tlealth and wider opportuni-
    hcallb, family planning rmu~ and i5 ties for hlllldrros of millions of women. II
    mmol'CC'd by, P''4l- IOwwds almosl: all means fnr.:r demhI and be=r physical and
    cxha imprtl\'t:mO:DlS in the beahh and ....d!- mm.tal lP_d, for hundn:ds of mil60ns of
    beina: of bodl mothas llId childtm.. Tbe dtiIdn:n. It mtarII improved IItIrldmh of
    timina: and spKina: of bi:Uls, for aample, Iivin& and lea w.in on ~ ~ II
    kads 10 impt'O\'l:d hcaltb and nutrition, abo memI sIowtt popWaDon growth and
    ""hidI in tum leads to fC\\'tt dc:alhs; thi. an easinc of rlwiroruneDw !="Wft in tIx
    helps to build confidc:na in family plannine fU~. Th~ CO$lJ, in rdarion w ~ bmt'-
    and the lm dency lowards more widely lits, IlTr almost absu rdly .maD.
    spaced births. An u pward spiral is the refore
    Jet in motion. But there it also a wid.... circle Whrn 110 much stands to be achieved by
    of synergis ms of which birth spacing and the mtttina or an ~xistinll demand and at
    family planning stand dOK to the eewe. 110 \ow • roIt, it I«mJ ~ e 10 pro-
    l.'cwu and IIlOn: widdy spaced births pose, for !he aamda of any lin' world
    impnl\U thc: quality of women 's l,,~ of order, tlw In drOIt now be made. on In
    dlild ean:, at Wnily life, of edlQUon; .n of c:ntirdy new seale, to pill tIx ~
    thcs<: c:ontributt to IOcia1 and " .......nie and IN ...,.,.. of family pIanninc at the
    pl .... _ . whX:b in mm conaibuus 10 the dispoq' of nuy eclUPk or dlild-beving
    aider Ku-ptana" of family pbnniog • bd"on: tIx md of this present ttnfUlY.

    •
    Year 2000 goals

    -_.
    The fc6:Mr,g is 1he U isl 01 QOEIls, to be IIIllIinsd t,.,. lhII ,..... 2(0), ""*:t1 wem adopUld by lhe lM:ri1 $tim>! for
    0>t1Im on $epIe'bo XI 1000. A/IlIr ""de9peed 0CI"IIl.CIllli lV'r'O"\iI QCM!O", eots Bn:llte...,.....:ills
    ll'iI8d Nalions, ~ lIJgQtS .......... ooeldoted to bB 1eBsbIe r<l ' . dalf ....... diKJo r:M!t!he o::w..<9Il of tnI!I

    OvenIQ !lOllI' 11190-2000


    oI rm..ot:lIcn
    A 0IlIHhrtl mct..w;lm" .......-!lve deiIlh rates p- ....
    a A cr.e-tI'ifd r80JcIicn n ia1 dekieo Ci lW1lI:lrf/lI
    ~
    "' !he

    ~islusllj .
    to bebIOI 70 per 1.1XO t.9 tlO1hI o VnuaI
    bjne
    ei"r1natoo 01 Wamh A dota:Jer IC\' an:!
    dBfIaeo iCY dlloo 080 S-
    o A I'olM'O 01 J'OIl18ml!l rrooaitv rat.... o AI Tn Ihv 10tasl<kI'lOw
    ~ Ihe 1"1'0,18"08 01 "'4'lX>'to"<l

    - of .....". ..... tnllIStleedng b Iho


    otmo"Q
    A hEM'g '" savere end IOOderaIe I'I"lIlhnr1Iio
    .....:wr6"\
    fnfbs to Ilil< ITD"Ilhs" 01 • crik!'s lie WIll 01 <T1lIBIJJg

    U
    !he wo:\d', 1.I"Ider-tves.
    5afIl_1rId sri8tb"l fa alllmI8s.
    Ba$i(: 1Kl":;lI!(r1 !or III tHd'''' Bn:l 0XfT(Ilati00 o!
    $ri'r<lr/ ndI"",,", t1f 1Il1eesl 8al6.
    .......
    lhe speciej 10edng _

    0 """"
    ~ in..
    mlll"oo
    ;lCt
    ""
    of . )tUlIl ct*l1hrol.o\tllhe

    i'ii' Bn:l
    CCUlIIIIls.
    ~ to be

    ---
    oA NM-.g cI lh8 IK1JI hr8c)I rat8 .-.d thB o C' ' liiG!b, oIlaiOd 9i,)e 10 enebIe III ~
    ~,flllllilt 01 eopII ~ ~ e- lQ Ilfl5U'U ~ food llOO.X1IY.
    Child heII/lh
    ) ProleclIcn b' !he rrmy rroIona cI d*.1rI:rl n
    ~ d!b'I l:lI(UI\'l_ In:! !he ...-..plIO r::e
    o Tha "~"""""~Iol polio.
    Bn:l ~. In III comies. 01 lhe m<:erIl)r o The~oIneonalll'1elEnoSPf 1995).
    aclOflI9Cl ConYMbon on Ihe ~ '" 1he Ctid. Lo! o A 9O'llo reclIClic:I'1 I'l roeaIIieS cases rid • 9MIo
    psrt\I::UW, 1tlII 1990s _ ..... ~ groM-og
    &:>::4X&'" 01 It>e ide& of ~ P'Q\8CtiOrl fa
    tod.>::Ilon l'1 "*"*'" -. 00''-00 to pr&-

    <:>'1iIInn n \OnIl '" WBI.


    o~ -
    ActOe.flU8111 and mIint~ d aI iIl8S1 llO'Il.

    --
    ProtKtIon lor IIIrls I nd women ~ CO'Mef89lI d ~-(lId e:tti9'I and
    F~ pIarri"g .... NJtim and -.;o"s to tl8 ......... tel!nJI i'rm..f'Wzation lor ~ .... the """'"
    mads 8WiIallllI to 81 e:a.pes to ~ them to
    ~ ~ peg.eocieiS so::! tlOthS...r;cfl1<8
    "too rrmy Bn:llOO close' Bn:l to womoo ...m ..... 'too
    o• 25%
    A hlWrg d child d8lllhs caused by cia'tola and
    RIIioction .... lhIl l iCidal iOll d cia'illeal
    \'O'Sl\I 0' too Oid'. •
    ') AI womoo 10 have access to ~ ClO'8. 8 o A <Te-1titl reWction ., c;hkj _ caused by
    traned IItl6ndIlrlI ~ d liti d i er>:l .-nr b t'l9'- a<:Wl 'espfalory lileclia •.
    tIsk ptego .. oc:ies 8J'ld otlsteIric "" 8 9l" des.
    ( U"Mlrs>II ~ 01 1he SPllCiPI nootlh Bn:l
    a n.."" ...Iia,dll'*-worm ..........
    o_"""""'"
    rutrIboreI .-os fA JemIIIes llri'lg 88rIy d IidI iClOC,
    "' ..... a .... P"9& "" and Rc:Iatfon. In a:lChOO til lhII ..".::a'.IiOO or IlI'irTlIlry sc:tOO
    ,- and its eqriHlS. lOday's -u.I
    10 "'.... .... and itll $kiIs o::Ul be PJl aI lhIl o:isposaI
    A ...a.dIcn "' 1he i ""*""... 01 lew blnn """1'1
    (lBss!hlw1 2.5 1<gJ Ie> less!tl;w1 1Q%,
    d III familios by "1Cbizir og toe:Iay'. wslly i "",I I I
    ~ -".

    "
    References
    1 _ _ 0"", '
    ~ _ _ $v--.
    r " e.- Ol o.. - .
    Dr ,,~ ll1111i_
    11 ~

    ..
    __
    -.= ,- = " ,..
    ~f\nl,

    ...-... ...
    _ ', ' _.go
    'lIlIO~.'IottO.o.-g lea ' 181 _da:llO'll:>' o, _ _ .""
    .... . . . - . ... - . . , rei dIr ' ; ,• • 111 _ ..
    2 _ _ 0"", - • ~ p......",. <II
    - - . <JIOIlol 0 . . . - 9'1 _ --, 1.HCEF, _ _sa.
    INI 1' -' , Il'II
    191lO
    Of N -.. ~ ,.,,
    ~. Y.tCl.a.-ll»1 . ~ _",,2
    3 u-- _
    1NI~ ..
    .".., Cl _
    _'_oo. .
    ~'. Fu'IcI, _

    11-. _""'-' ""


    b' ~ , ..."
    ... ...-. ..«.......,..., .. ' ,1 • • " ' _ "
    Oodoo ..... , ...
    '. Clll~_
    '2 u..o _ 01lIiw1 ... ".nil. ~ lI" . . Fnnr
    l.I-.lhtir1:llctOf~"" , -

    YC<1l. '1lI!IliI ~
    "~_
    0'1-' tI - . . - . ; J ~ Aoto::& lHCB', _

    .,.. llMlO1', n. SIMI 0/.,.. ~1 a-. lllll' . 13 l..NCeP. lIr$l . . . . 5luOI ee fliI1OPiC. 11.- ~ Of
    l.NCfF. _ V"""19\10 _ "" , lI" 0-.. _ p ' otll .. '11&1 A
    • ~""' P_Tho_"' ... --.a-. ll8l. ..- - ~tlU:II',~_./oUnIf>
    ,.., ..... tIr ~ _ ea.-. ""'-_
    ~ PI-. ll1l1O
    Oobll
    .., ~ bJew:.a~_
    _ ....... - , . - - ~ ., £nolion "
    5~ __ ~ftnl.o-_

    Do , . . . . . . . 111\10. ... IJf«:EF JIOU •


    ,. - - . t,&,-,E..Cc:mio.IU._ . . .. E..
    n.,...
    --
    lICS'._YQ'lo,,:llIl &:0_... DII*oJ _ O>llf ~ Ofl - .
    , ge'll. lUI _ ~. - , . ..., _ ........ tI ... ~ IMCU, 1•• _0Il 0IiII
    D. ' I ,• • On;, - . : . . _ c OIl
    ~"I;), 1, :':;;;:; :;S;
    7 _ _ Or • 6"1 to' . . ' Illao, _
    ~ 1'l. ''H18C. 'f""lll*tl 0 . - .. !iD...... ' $ ..
    E , ....... : ... _ _
    _ .....-,Pw;y.''' DU , &Ie-
    eo....... 0'1
    ...... 'IotC). E>oi8<111ol Pw;y."' __ ,.,.,
    _ AI"
    . . " b" . . _
    n...a. ~ _ '1illO. l.'E9CQ,
    o.-~u
    _YGrIo. 19l1O
    • "-ODor. u.. Wort - - , .. a- Ftca<
    h · 6 'll ... _ ~. ~ .. .,..... 1& 'fIIaDI d ... ' ' ''_0Il SlutJjI r..." eo_ ..
    "..,...... YoI. vr. ~2.pp. 51.f1l5._AI>I ll181l :..<I. oc-: 'W,', ~ .. "'" 1 _ ...
    ~ 20 s..,j)II 11191
    ~ M U. _ _• 1<.. ".YIIrO' II III Food ~
    ~ Mojor 1oWU. "" CIl F-.; ' 7 CorriI 0 .10, a'ld SO>oI. s.. Otia'> _ . . r,..".., tll
    ~ .. Ilii.,.,..,., 0 - ', or TroPc* "" ~ £cO'Iomy. s.I«y NIII .-.;I :Sell*' Alit:iII n
    CaonI _ _ fuI:¥>o. lHCB'. 1.,_0Il CNo
    ..--
    "-ru.

    ~
    YoI. 32 . IlIl. 5T-el. _

    ~ f'lqram,
    ' . O><lo<d

    ~ ..
    Do • "I~ """-'<:e. 'W'
    ,1 - . . . IJI'«:U " . :...- . .. <Xli ....... . . . . . .
    _ . 0 - -', ~ """""" \IOl _ . Ni>. 1, lHCB'_ 1 O - ' Jo.Iy 1W1
    _HDPr&~.e .,O).

    'Jrtoio_l_ . . . _=
    -,..
    ~
    ~ PIlIll. b' f'Iqor;l: lM9'
    1; C<mIL GA,
    Co =_ _
    O>llf .., ""
    T_ .., I"l:oli;y
    , ..

    " ' ll ' • . _ " " ' _ . . ..,. ..... ",~ ~ IMCU, I . . III 0IiII O. I •••
    On;, Cl<:c:aw!0Il "-5 No. Z.
    , ,_
    . . . . DI . . . . ~ IlIl. l ($.U l, lI1IIlI _ _
    ~FIiIIl._F<XXl"".

    _ _ 0 "", ' " ."""' _ _


    _ Of •••"""',. C _ _ h ~' .,... ......
    SCNwc_.. W H O . ~ ~ ' _

    , - -
    Dioo...... rr c>gor-. 1'lc9."'.
    ....... lOt ~ '"
    "<va",. Itopcn'. ~, $. " ' Siam, J, 11lI ea- _
    a:JD91 a Po 1" WHO.~ 1l1li) Co • : _d Oltl ~ .. . . ~.w..,
    lHCU'• • • •_ ... 0IiII De : 1 :.1 c.....
    ~ ~ __ _ CI<:c:aw! . No. ' 0.
    10 " - y I . '
    ~'. ~ ct>oo_. '- 'lIQ, """ $Ill ' . 1 al
    1~ Ng .j)II '9IlO
    ~
    ~ _ _ \OlIl1 Dr. _ ~ ont:oo<-GoorwW,
    21,1 .............. CM.. MIo1rIo:lO. L., StMrnwt, .... rd ........ J.D"
    CN:l Pl>l9ly ... ~ O'1brI'. on-... F<rcI. _ _ ClII"'_ ' .. 09. ,••,.. ~ rm.m,
    l Z2C $lr8ll, N,W.• Wast1Iogt<> , D.c..lOOOl Val. >MI, No. 2, _-'l:<I, lli1llO. llileO _
    .. _ Y'' '
    2 1 G1lfIn, I(. rd Krighl. J.
    e- "" -.....
    lIlI 1960s _
    ~'
    'ru- 0Ir

    B<I}<nt Po Z2. l.\iI1ICl NaIkn,

    'I.O-.quII!IW'I'. Iho 6:uo",", Po 25, '0 hq.oI:t 19111


    •

    I.
    '. Il: n.,
    ......... a.. '",•• i'!
    Do<w" .'oI~ '''''',,_

    3ll lhIed _ _ 000


    09.
    j' . " . . Plago." ,oo. - . .
    ',".~RIf;oII 991 , p .~l . l1U, N!wV.....

    37 Fsicl.~ Gooltge, 'O'iI.<:aI_ ;'~ "


    22 Roc<:r...... 0" . _ ooo::iIl. ~ Y ~...-. . -E<1ICSlIOrF~',
    _
    • "*'....... "..,., -
    T~ ~ ~
    --
    D.C,
    llIoo: ~ ......,.
    F_ _ t "'
    crw.'
    li
    ~
    lIlI~_A... IIlIi ...
    ...." • I'u- ,w,
    Goooon CcmiIl. GA, JtIfI, R r<l _ . f. ~
    :lEI o-t>om. J, ..., 011 ~ J.. ~ 1ho <JaIiIy d

    23 _
    ~ 69-118, Olc!<lfd u--aty ~ ,981

    Ct. E<lgIr. a..-IllooyOlPllJiOJllt'd i'l,-.,


    _ .. .... '..... .....-',_0...
    i'! "'" Illlllls _ Po 121 . l.hI><l _
    ~
    ,I. ',
    Ifooptol_ 0Il!f(a" s.,..-, CoolaAco DopiIo.,• • 01 . .... ....". E<lOt'orric: _ SOOOllAtlaB,
    _ Yo:l<, 1ge9
    2~ !.JDw<l, c,a
    r<l _ , S" 'lIw E1/8cu; 01 ~
    CN:l &.r.MI on ffmIt PIrmg Prac:Iicoo _ FfJ1tIy' 39 _ 6BI1<, tIP. at., pp , 501«;
    _ i'! r~""""",,, Val. ,g. NIl. 3, pp. 1<,., &1,
    Mirt'.,l,nlI ,96e 40 LnIo<l _ _ 01ib'<In'. fI.nlj,
    Irit*I' _1>011."'" '' Bto ~
    n. ~ .-0>-_
    UNICEF,
    lJ"iileo;l ,...... .fftIIy IUI;Irog blt F* Ot llefil1\'. "
    Sluloi 01 _10"'" _ CHd &..- r<l """" Yo:l<, 1ge9
    l'fInk(, STIEWSERRI7<, lXIl8<l NM.icnII. Dto:& ~ , . • , Addteu bl'_B.ee.-._, _ _
    d . ..... _ . E<:ornrrOc _ $oOol-... _ V..... to I!lo Boon! 01 G<Mltr<n 01 ltiII _ _ GroLo>.
    25 _ Co ......... , n., ~ ..., lIlI .:;.xm, - . 27 Solll_I96ll
    ""-_.vmw)' d hi SwlI'I Q) ... """', RIf;oI
    42 s., "" ....,.., McGR1. Noll f .. Sro:lgtaoa, R , Km.
    2ll _ , FIol>In, ~ "'" _ , 1>:00 '''' "-Y I''''Q ~, ...., ""'" Shn-Bcl<, _ _
    _ l I l I _ o i ~ i'I&st ........ Dio< : ., '•• n ""'-. _ 5. p . 1M, ~
    ~ P1 ,,,,,,,,,,~FT8:os, 199\ ~Press.lllllO

    V see, "" ~. ~, J.P, ..., ~. V.. 43 f1«U" . , Bi'ger. .... WSO Q f1no71.l1<l "" F'I1tIwy
    0.. . • ••• ~ 5n!tgier ~. 0...- _ n., ~ 10 Oon:o'I' , ~
    De ' ." •• Co.n:t. WUIi'JlCl' D,C. WOOIll !lin<. E<:l..eolion ..., ~ CM!ion,
    ~ r<l _ -..- Do<w"."
    WWiyoo , D.C.. '1I9O
    :zg _ -. _ 0.. "" . ' ~ 1991. p, 43,
    _ - . WMIIi1glon, o.C.. lWl . . ._
    __ ' 8IIJCI,.<loo l<>.--IIil;lan;l <lro I ~ "
    _ 08. I •••• _ ND. 6.
    ...'.
    :JJ .lOrI'wOon. 0" _ la>. L.. _ E<\.aIli:Io _ "..", Roport """' ltiII _ _ S6!oral SuM!I', .........
    BlIcirn:y• ....,.,.,. HcpIh; ~ - . _ ,oe, d_$tuc>oos. _ _ ~

    ,~
    4:l Con'ia, GA. 'GIooei So ~ioo<; •• 0.;C ~ iO>ll 01ilI;I
    3 1 S. _ 19E16 r<l1.lcG.n..., .......... ' 9&7" -.: _ ... ltiII 21>1 ~ lld'il n 0.." ...-r
    Cc:ItrOt, GA• ....-.g .. tVrw1 ~ , . -
    Eleny Po-Kng, lMJ. ""'" 0*h1al TllO\Ili'l1 l1II'I 2151
    ~ _ !leo ' . ,•• "" !he Hi llis', _
    Del ",..... l1II'I
    _ 'IIEI9,AIoo,
    '9lIJIl _
    8II)<:wld; p. 179. Ln!I!Ia
    Ol>. cil.. Po 43
    ~ " - ~..,.,.,- Y-
    Elt.o:alion P\.l:lb"IIng ~, ttl<"9 Ko<"Q. IlI!lO
    Clvog

    32 _ _ ~I""""''' _ _ ~ WOOIll I!lW*. _ ~11191, _ I!lW*.


    WlIsI W",Ii>.. D.C,
    S/nl1Ilial I:I:ado 19/1H~ ~ ~ ,.. . ,
    VH:l, ~ 1990 U 'A P\'oopod d Go"""'" n. 6 : u _ p. 1 ~ . 13 JIll'
    33 cemo. tIP_til" I'P_ 175-1 7l1 '00'
    34 Ol>_ cit.. p _ell

    "
    ...
    _T_
    "' ....,
    ~ ~ ----.
    Dr_
    _ r
    CIa
    _ .Kn:I""
    . ........ 0.-:.
    -... ... '0i0 1N)

    ...... _.
    _ - . .. .... More. 0. _
    1 5
    "-
    O ... m
    .1l.."...Ibt~ 13~'_

    V~
    J.. _
    - . . lolA. ....Ullf}rioll. 8 _
    or I!M"I' pIomrlJ _ _
    ~ . "

    h&:oo,. . Po 21, 2 _ lW'l _ ",.0'1 .... _ ......... _


    ",*,,_ """""'" 3fl~ 1lIl21' ·:ug
    ~ f .-.:I I'8rul:Q, P. , 0lII0 [:.l GoArno"
    ~1
    A"• • •• • lIP 10.11 . 2Q -.:Il l. ,
    _ Sori<. CIll .ee., 1lI> ' 0.11
    _
    p~
    8.. CIrIJtwl. C- 8oo,_dl<, E. _
    '..-:eo _ " _ """'*". _ sao,••"
    "-
    ...._ .. " -..one .-no: ~ , lIG:lqo.r<I
    ~ 8IoIG'lI•• 01. _ 0 SIll MdI . " wd . ..,_ .
    W<>ld 6arit. ~ . 10. 13 f«lIIay lUl11
    Coi....,.,

    d'~ ~
    53 SIuc:Iod" • • ' ....iiliIJ-. P
    l_tiOCJo 1119(1" _ Au.,.,." _ Oiiio".'.( 117 _ _
    _ _ _ _ Mcw\oII(._::o_m
    nv-...., 'TN; SlaG '" _ _
    SJJ'N. C/IdCrIl ~ ~ lililO
    . . . Silt ""-.,_ ...,. . . . Coi.......
    ~- - . , o.13"""'-Y '5lI7
    56 -....01. I\lS _ _ lUll.. _
    aou.. ... Da • ...
    Ott, M.. _ c:.. d
    0lIMii0I, Ill> 1• •
    _ ...,
    T1va
    $I
    Ou rI g.m "'*
    FGn.R.. .. -. J . . ~.. _s.r-.J-
    Ai .........,e ... _ _ """' _ _ CliIIomiiii

    --
    1wiIftitJ·. Da q,

    a -_
    DitIl ... 'Plco_
    .......
    _ " " . . _ _ O'I
    '. 1
    _1IboWV".... .... ,..
    r_ _ Q;obd.ea-.., ..... or·]

    l6Iorr. "-w s... s...c.


    , '" PI
    "'*""'.
    _
    =0 ...

    ~.,_iiliI - . . . .
    'II C\Iolr:oU. ..........
    ~

    ~
    DitIl
    - -
    j}.a.~ i;;;i

    lIU P . '
    _e-.......,.~
    O>p

    , ......- ~ _ ~

    A:riDlI. YlII. .. Jot:l. 3, _


    '0'
    • Sift ._~__
    ;:,;.uu..-
    ._._ .

    . . . . . . .. .....-
    ~ ~.

    - . Rooo 9) rei Coo......... - . . . . , »1111i1 1..-, J- _ I'idof. ,t,.R., 'Tho _ . . . - 'II


    wn. o.s. .-.:I _
    ~1 _
    PI
    OJ a..- __
    . .. _ _ f'o<>..ilIc 'II HgotG
    3 , . ._vat.
    . . . 2/'1'1 au»-
    ~
    ~. __ . . '*"'" -.... . . .
    il f«Iir, rei
    ,5. t4U. Il,
    '*'" = 'Cf\''II ( ' W ) . - 'II SIrt.-.:l ~
    10
    1lP. :lll7.2lIO. _JDte. , .
    Jon, $nIuceC 0 ~ _ _ At:n1IIy

    ...... ---"'.",.; ... ..-


    /lI;:\IlJ, . . . . . 3 ..... 1991 ~

    IllI _ , GX. Ille IMF. , . _ 8n:; _ A/rb'" J\ _ ton tot~. LNCU. _ lloIri, lQU '

    _, ~ 'II r~ Clopaltr'Itr'iI 'II Ewor.....


    Clc:VWI, S. ou. 'UM' !lirWl WIo9'l'. '" w-....., IlO'I,
    op. llL. pp. 252..:100
    ,~

    71 _relGoI,op. .... pg.15S-151


    s_
    --..~

    1IO HItrw,
    ... ...
    CI*'<l.J-..., i'tlltOiIt. J.. ~ ~o.vo
    ... p , ...... 0=
    ~p. laOobll~~ ••
    Np'lli ton tot _ f'MlIl1

    III Mcy.OPo'" ~ 1'1. rei sov>.


    S. ... GW\ U , .".
    o-rv
    Il2
    tl3
    _..,.Glo.- EIIor»vao.
    ,
    0Il> '"
    'oI:II,P'O ........ z.
    _ ,... ll.nor:
    A;oo • • - - . . \Ill. 31. ,." 1. III
    - . . . . . . .. D.C.. 11112
    CJo1JoI 0'" V'
    • R. . . . .

    -,-
    _ _ _ .... 0. . . .... _ _ '" ................ _ _
    p." 12~GA.."

    .-
    .. aa- a..nl,M4Il~ . llO'I l ~1 _ _ n , • • • 0 . . l95OI', _ . . . .
    __ . . . . . . . _ DIjO'I:i, pp. 175-1 U-
    i50I _ - . . .... 1_32. _ ...0 , . . . ..

    1'3 ... !WI. _ . . . . . ..-y. _ allWora


    IiIi! _ - . ....... p. '"
    lIII 'otII.Oll.ut .-.:I_..-,,_
    9atc P,' , PI: j " .....
    ,_
    ~--­
    Panel references
    F<lt tno u _ CIl1hll'Sunni! D&c>o .... , """ PIon CIl
    Acton' ~ ..,.., _ 2000 goolOj, ""'" !Nt _ <II
    1M ~ on tro!I R\1U '" INt Oil:l". ~_
    17 _ ,_.~""'_ELoi

    _ _ atGi:>47lo ••
    Pli_:.. ~Plwt.1Qlll
    """&st__ ' . I*'J'1Io<vy
    *'
    "'" S/.1fe at INt Wcri:fs ~ '99r, " - ""'" 18 _o._OIn-Hl.,R., '-.,. _ _
    l.t«:Ef _ or rn:m O><forll ~ ~
    2 IWG GolrlM.. ""VA 1991 1000'. • -=-
    .... ......, ,. , " "'" d~ :
    :IlUD\' InUf«l tlr INI 'M>1(l
    ,-'Ii """" ....,.
    Coo".U on ~ b AI. r - . M Mo<cI'I
    3 ' - " " - Q*:I ~ 191Kl'. P"JllI'M' I8lXI'I '" 1990.l.N£SCO. _ yO'\<, 1000
    11'1I Econarnoc _ Sociol Co.n:I of 1tIO lWOIO<I """"""-
    \.NCB'. _ YaII, l'll "'-ell 199 \ I ii MIlO..... . Borgor, '1., _ ... Fcn9' A;:l to" ~
    _ Tho ~ to l:\on:>rs'. PIt'lEEIWI3O,
    •
    ftilIC_-. c.w.
    0M0icIn al
    u.s.
    ~
    199 1
    Itl' e - ee.r..o. _
    ~
    8P, E4ICIIbOII
    8ntl ~
    8ntl ~ I;lM$o(vI,
    FIwJ<Jrt,oo DoIwa,...
    WW. ...'''' , D.c., 11190
    ~ t)', -.~. ~
    Kim-F;wto,t. PI....", ..
    QtI ~ WHO. a.- 2Q o-ren. J. 8'\d <lfI ..Io<Q. J.. '~ II-. ~ 01
    ~ ~ <lfIo ' .. ... <:<l\.O'lI'eI', IUrM
    6 LNICEF, NoiroI:t 1991 Doo " ,e. iI II-. l!lOO1l/1tl1 ~ Po 121, lI'>IIocI
    - - . . Dopooa.ed 01 _ _ &::00 .. ,"" 8ntl
    1 W<lI!I:l _ O...,'U1I'''' ~ PI<y _"'" al Sot>oi ....... _VO'\<, l Q6ll
    ~ GioboIl o...Mow'. EPl GoboI ~
    G-<>o,.ip, WHO,GonYo. ' SIll , EPvGoMIl .3 21 ~ C. 8ntlllMln K., ' ~ " 11-.-"':
    II-. eooo..,ic b Ire 19!1Os', a ....,...,
    d'~
    6 I'" 000""', 0.. RH.• Kim-Fooloy, Or. R. ..., O'er!, c.. _b' Ire Wor1a Coo .... .. OIl - . . . . b ,..,
    'Rool>inII "" !lnlOtI; Oioo&se ConIrd ~ ~ ~_ 19!1O, ~ESCO. HfJw V(J'\<. 1000
    ~" ..... 1Il1ll:1o', I'IIC. o . - . ! goo
    22 ftllO"",," ' "p. CII.

    r_
    !l 1'10IOo. Jon, .~ ~
    Or a...
    l'mu'ilIbon'. lHCff. ""'" [letj, Ai.4lSl 199J 23 _ _ to.... J.\>4' " ~' , 1111I SldiJIJ d
    Ire _ . O>itt'otl 'm P. «l, urc::EF, __ v""'"
    10 _ '" hi ilb " ..... , ... N pan,j II - - . I'om
    CO'nIo GA rod Sipoo., s.. 0 - > It"<:! !Flo
    'e
    IO..... MirtaI. E<>:itI<:my. SJloII)o Nett _ 2. o.i'M18ntl (1ll..Nlng. "". CII,

    -
    ~ Conl1lII WId ~ ~. 1.UCEf, _ _
    25 /l;.'I$C «l.o:l!Itb> 6"lI:I1l--=r: _ _ iIdcaln'$,
    0.. 0.. t •• , "' . .W'
    c.onr.. Fknn::e,
    WESCO, - . 11100
    11 """"""....".-.., .. """Gb:>' -. ... lHCEF
    . . - '" _ _ .iJy 11l1l 1 ~
    2' _ _ c.r· ~Olhdl.
    12 _ of !No ' ' ' ' ' - ' tno!Vn lor lllOO ~
    _ N _ _ to.,.....;j ""'I' ~ Zl'llo <>'24,. 2l:I Mool cl II-. ~ ... ,, __ , in IN _ • _ tom
    Mc:Gm. N.f" Sr<:loi1_ Ft. Kin, Y.e . nllQm. s-e.,
    13 ....,....."" C...... ~ l.. ~ A. ..., WtiI. ~ _Doo 'l'. ~ " ~ _~,
    J.D" Ct>Id IWorly ;,Mwbl, CtoIa'.,'. DeIer-.e F1.n:l. p. 185, HIlMIftj~ProA. \980
    122 C - ' NW .• W io..... ' D.C. 2000 1
    :19 mo.:.ntI llio::/Qlo'I, ~ l1:I ....lti<M.. II InI
    "'!hi> _ ,,"""".... II'IiI ~ 11 _
    frt'm fJfocIS 01"""*'" Q:nlicl (>l
    " Mut11 VMQUICEF pCIIcy..-.s' ~ OIl Bo_!oo<lo",
    _ a.....:
    ~ fl Ire 1!lQOs: A Glor>aI~ . se-
    degi ImocottI.
    _ _ ~ h W a " - ' ~.10."'" A>rorco, :J) #r1 ""4'Sllll9O
    2 ~, '99 1, - . . . . , ~ ...., lNCEF .
    T~ ~ PKy . "' 1O lor no LnIecl _ :J) W::IorL c,G. SrNtI, P.G" \I&q'G'I, J.P. .. lit
    e - '" D<sabIocI _llll83-1992l 'EWlonc:e b' """""""" .... to..,,_ .... ~
    _ _ tom n.c:.o... _
    in 1Ioazl', 11III16Joot
    15 LN:;£F, _ B""4'Sl llWll, No>. ~ a 1 ~22

    16 Tho I ... " ..., ,, ..... prool._~c.....fIbV>. 31 "'-' .~ F'r!:ImPIn;I. _ ~


    .,.., Il<U GWv ~ 10 I1lO et>ftj AI """" _ , a.... _ ... Tho ~_01 ~_ '.
    lNCEF, Ilnul. ~ 1\111\ A jco'IllYHCl/l.UC9' 1IIal........ 'M-IO. _
    3:1 Tho _ _ 000'''''''' _
    i ilG' _ _ eo ....... on Bi_ _ .. _
    lfu1C:NICI ac .,..,
    tI'f
    AO PI....... ,.,. oI llCIIOn b' ~ ItJO gools b' - "
    ....... ' I ' . ' n ... l lillOo, EJlCeFI1991/12,
    lNCEf, Wl<l .., .,.., iile''''''' - . , LNCEl'. NowVorI<.Z2 _1991
    AS. . .' , 28.u-. ' 99'
    3:l 'ora: PI.CI01g - . . " " _ ', _
    , - . , Y<il ~ No. A, -Uy.""'VAl '98Il
    ~ 41 ~ . - 01 INl
    DIo<moeoII ~ n
    i1l Ii ''''_ c..re b'
    "" Eloi ....... , Y<il l ! . No.
    3, Mav..Ar8 1981l
    :w "".iCi..
    __
    a*l ~
    Y<ilA, ~.3. ~
    n O*l8',
    ,_
    WOrt1
    ol.2 Ka'lI, Ct. MA, cw-u 01 C.J. ... I'M 01. O.J"

    -
    'li llllgi liliOi, '" . . . . - B Yao::dno Wo II1e EPr, ..-..g
    35 o.tIaielioli 01 New VOIle INl CN<:li'M'. _ 01 II1e Wl<l aotlol ~ Gtoup on EF'l c.e,
    _ . Wl<l,u . -, So\JIlO, .... 11l9O EQypt, l A-18 0Cl<:t>0< 11100

    ~ 43 _ tmu1IlaIb'Il\llws, Vol 8, No, 5, StiiX& 'il&'


    37 EPI~ Wl<l.Got-. Mon>'I 19Q! ~ ,~

    38 E>Don<Iod PI ....... " ,. on ~ aotlol oU _ B VllCC:O'It: ~ ., &oido,.... " EPI,


    - . . . Gn::>.Q lWIlOfl, WHClIEl'\IGIn'l' ,3, WHO, Wl<l LbOoto. WI<l, 0....... _ _ t 98ll
    Goo'-.lW l
    39 "'" ""'*"'" n
    __
    INl CHItnn', _
    l<l
    ~ recom-
    II1e lHCEf E<eo.AiYo ee.u. 4:l $onllfIt"".,;os '" /'«:to lor UrI .., Ito w' ..... ,
    _ N b' _ """ 01 _ tI'f wrIIi'1lI 1O
    EJ1C€F/ 1Wlil"1\..31, lNCeF, Now YorI<. 15 """"*'I LNCEl' _ H-t l F. I10cts Ify UrI lhf. 3 UN - .
    Iw i ..... Yori<, N-; iOOi7, lJSio.
    - ---n
    · ·-- --
    STATISTICS
    Eco nomic and social st a ti stics on the
    nations of the world, with particular
    r eference to children's we ll-being.
    G<nonI no« "" ..... Sil<m on<! aj>I&nII.....
    lNUI!X TO COl.lNtlUES
    TAllI.F-S

    1, Balk indlta lon


    USMlt 0 lMR J population lJ binht and under Ii,·.
    dealh$ 0 GNP per apila I I Iif~ exp«:tancy 0 adult literacy
    U Khool enrolment r I income d;'tn1>u1ion
    2: Nlllritioll
    l.ow birth wei gh t r ) breaslf~ding , I malnutrition
    I I food production n calorie intake n food 5pending
    3: Bealtll
    Access 10 waler I I acccss ' 0 health >l:r\'icn
    11 immunization of dUldr'l'n and pr<:gnanl women U ORT use
    4: EdUtllliOll
    Mole and fem.ale Utcracy n
    nodi" and lrlcvillioo WU
    I primary ochool cnrolm<:n. and <:<)mplelion I J 5<:C<1f1<1ary school enroIrn.,u
    5: DelDoppllic ilIdiaolon
    ChiJd population 0 popu1lltioo grov.1h rate I I cru de death ",Ie
    n crude birth rate ' life cxpeOU'ltC)' I I fmiliry roUe I I u..mnization
    6: EcOllOmic indkat....
    GNI' per capit a and annu.ol iJ\IWlh rat.,. 0 inflation U poverty
    r
    U 8O~mrnent cxpcnditwe 1 aid U debt sc.rvi<:<:
    7: Womea
    Life cxpecuncy I I litcracy I ! mrclmcnl in <dlool I con\rllttpti". ~
    I I tclWlUl immuniu.tion U train«! allt'lldance a t births
    n
    lnlltl."rllal rnlllUliry
    8: Buic Illdiulon 011 leu popul..... roualri...
    9: The rale of Pl'OCl"'
    U5MR r'tduction rat.. I J GNP PC' capil•• growth tal.,.
    U f~lilY reducti on rales
    General note on the data
    1M dBUllJI""'idad In !I"8:le _ ..e mo"", IoBd by The <iIlB tor ilI!rll mortaiIy m:es. IIIl a<pectan:y.
    "-..... os. scuces, ~ 01 so- 8I"Id 0\Jde twill 8I"Id 000lIl rIlleS, etc on pM 01 tte ~
    ~ fo:JIrclI8s _!hIl co\i6l!io I cI !he dalI.mIs \OOl( cr1 ",,~iatus:nl Po:+x:tOlS lrlderIa<oo by trlEI
    dl!eIelllroTl !hIl ~ 006'ti<> I PJerQ used. TIIbIes lhted Nat<nI PoI>.Aallor1 DII<oiiln n- In! _
    dillrtwd ivT1 "" JrOI'IY OOI.IOOS • eIoMln major lIOlIl:eI ilIomaoonat; proo:1.oBd - . . . ..... ""'""'l
    are bled In !hIl ""l**OIlOy rnat8"a • wi ~ Piliioxl<:al)', ~ e:<pIainI why sorre of Iha data .....
    CC7>9 a V>ic:lIl r8<l(l8 of daIa ""olI:liIly. CllIciII dillol< lItlrn IhcBI bn:I n <Bier LN::EF 1" .............
    goo.9'''''llOl oo:a rec:eMld by tI>o ,espoustio lhlad In !hIl e8!lIl d G/I.P per ClllJiIa $r<I QOo\. IhlI dIIta are
    I'IIltlOnIlIQIlI'Cy hiM beer> used . . . - posst*> In ,.., ....ut 01 a <:a1Ih.<:u!I prtlCUlO 01 ~ 0Ild
    "'" ......,. a>!lBlI """"'"Itue ..... no reIebIIl Dlk:ieI ~ bV h WOI1d Bor* 8I"Id C£CO~.
    figI.rvs, Il5lmIIe6 mooe l7; \he '''''''''''' ISti3 U"iIed Thlt _ ltis )'8iI' i"d:.de llXlBl1IMl f8YlSicnllO ttIfI
    Naticns I3fiPV:'I hiM beer> used W>ere Il.dl dataonMera:::y, ~ wasti1g. ~, lllXl9SIl
    iIllemMiorIaly sta ldaIliled eslInat<lI!I 00 not 6>Os:L ltle Icl_ Md n'Ol!ImIll~ .
    _ ~<I100.SI<:UOBS, ~<IaIa~

    ""'" IhII "IlP<4>i&II LtICEF ftIIId l,lIka E>alpt tor !hi! Tho \IlIO,.oe <II 70 ..... ~ <lea!l"III Pili 1000 ~ br1hs
    'i.-Jl::a!o s dlI'"(ier fM! ~ fill. (l...lSMI'O, ecess to used Ie ddi'18iIle ee IWD t"o!t8' U5MR IJO'.'lS d
    S8Ie _ • .,.,."..\0 _ ......u.s
    ond II'Ield::alos
    a;ulIrIes ""'" "'" two ~ ~ re6lcts h WOI1d
    01 ~ 0XI'09'8QIl, ....nere tN:::EF is idantfoed &mrrit tor Otiel m:::<UIly QOI!II la1I8t. The U5MA
    lIS a mai'1 !IOtICII, III UNICEF
    WIIh an •on y.
    - . . . ..... mor1<ed
    In"
    llO"l'*"" 818 ~ of "'" In:Ie< M rro1aiIy rate
    o:YItries o.ri-o;llN 1990s by onot-hd Of kl 70
    per ICW M biihs. ~ 18 iess. Hln:e, i' Iii

    '""-....
    """'" possibia <:rit CO"'Pe/'Ieoo$'09 Of ~ 00<.I'lIrii!00 .a- !hIllllllar M JTO:'taIil)o \IOIlI. by IIlII
    Ililt>:nII daIa _ been ~ . """"" IhII dma _ to and d b 1990s.. lXU'III'iI>!Is'"<>.jd bo!loroIllO 1h81WD
    odi a P!"'1 of!hll COJ¢ry rlis ill Oicated na baln:l\e.

    51gnsand expla"-n"-acclicc0"-n"s_ -,----,---_ -,----,-----,,-


    l.k'Iitl&ll Ol! i& _ stalOO. !hIl SU'IYI'Olfy _ b \Ih.!re lhfm are a IEwge ruT'tIlO" ol iIIms d daIa WIIh a
    !till "'" U5MR (Lndar five mortaiIy rat8/ """"'" of ~ rnngII. as Is !he CII:'Ilt ;, t t - - . ""'<l ~ I'm
    <;:<;Id"IIIle$ ..... It'll ".,.,.,.., "lLes lor ead1 gra..p. lh8 lhe ~ <A not bIlilll ~ b\' Ih8 ..,.., smaI
    ITlllliIn is !hIl rrGte \lIIll8 01 a diila lI!lI .'IIYld;' OIh 'oI/6i 8glI t:Olf1lries.
    0'dE0' d~ . l is !he rT"IlIllS'.'"lI ..... " , ... ty...-.

    "'"~ ......
    T """"-
    TQ\aI{as~lOarTlllCfai.
    " see IooInote 811h!1 end 0I1he_
    y l.NCEF 1lSl>Toate; _ txllnoIe at !he on! d "" - .

    USMReatimaIes lor inlflYidulol counlria . . derMd from do.. produc:ed by 1M UN Populatlan DlMIon
    on .n 1nt1lrTl/llloM1Iy coo,.......ble bnt8 using -tou!I soun:ea. In ...... "...., theM esIJm8l... 1M)'
    _ Ircm 1M ..IHl .... _ ng....... In ~ _ . - during "PP""x1ma.ty 1M _ two yeMf,
    .... not blCOlllOlaled ~ theM HtimlItft.

    ..... lnIomIIItIon on 1M <Ioriv8tIon 01 1M U5MR IIgwn C8n be obIaInIIll by wrltlng to G"""-, s.nIor
    AdYI_, Sl8t lstlc. Md Monltomg, UNICEF, 3 U,N, Pla2a, N8W Yo<It, NY 10011, U.s.A.

    "
    Index to countries
    tl hi ~ ~ Cl:U*-arel8'i<ed n _ _ diG 0'dIJ d lt8' esti, I lllllO<nIlJ ... "0....·_
    lht i. a ql\6l'tler$.o:Ic$ 9 hllllJ'k n~ nh ~ ....... liIl do::ar.-.bl*JW.

    --......-
    AVe.,
    .,.. -......................."'"
    ,
    82
    G.i.e , ........
    .. .............
    ~.
    .. aa
    eo
    3
    ".'"",.
    ea

    -......---..
    ""- ."
    -.......,....,
    ""\110•• ea 'm
    tta A"","_
    n. hb II I icc

    -
    Blii QIit::ltliIl, za

    ..........
    l'a'\,..-...c FlIp. d
    ""'"
    ....
    ........ . .. n.
    se
    "
    no 56
    ta
    ".'". ""'
    ""'" -
    Ftot.adti

    -- " 53

    -
    ea za
    • n.•
    ,aa eo
    ...... ....., '"" """'"
    --
    50 .......... 6'
    , ."
    -- --......
    ta
    ..... -
    io

    Cllo'txdB
    c.reoo'
    ,~

    """" ...
    .... ""
    36
    "
    ss
    .'"""
    ".,., ".
    ""'"
    "'"
    .,..
    "" .
    e.- Ah:a'l Rep.

    ..
    '""
    """" " -. ""'"
    .,'""
    .,."
    -..
    .....
    9o\tdlolOiid

    ,~
    "..""
    --
    "'*"""
    ""'".....
    . -- n
    ~""-:!~
    Ma ....... •
    ..,.,. '''''
    • T.,.. TIilllId8"d TdllIgo "
    ..
    ''''n
    ""' ....
    ....... '"., ..
    82
    • '
    --- ....
    ".. ........
    ,a;
    "'" "so
    .........
    ...- ... -
    (;z1lC..........

    "'"""
    ();vi ..... i Rep. '" -.. sa
    '" "'-
    82
    .....
    ~Jqb&11i

    .....
    ..
    '"
    • SO
    ..... .....
    -
    h ee
    n
    -=
    r.ba't:cJ,e
    It,.".
    ",
    .,.
    ss
    --
    ""-
    '.
    '".,
    ."
    "'"
    '"
    -
    y~

    .....
    .....
    ....i. " --- ...-.. NIlI... ~
    """ '"eo '" • '(I ..

    '''' '""rc ...-


    ...- ~

    • -
    <>-- 'm "
    '""rs
    ,
    G ea
    """ "'"'
    "
    TABLE l' BASIC INDICATORS

    - - -
    -, - _. .-
    .-
    _. -- - .- -.-'. ...-.. -- ---
    . .
    --
    , ••"
    ......- ., ,._ ,. ". --- -'. -'. - -
    •• - , • '

    - --
    • • "
    • • • •• • •
    • ••

    ,, -- -.,- - ..'.. ,.. .,- -,. ...=- ...


    _<_1001

    , ..-
    -- -- -- - ,.,.'.. ... . - .. . '" ",
    ,~ ~

    ~
    m. • •
    • • ••
    •
    ••
    -- '" ~ ~
    m ,'ee" ,'" '" on ,. • •
    ,• = " •"
    on
    "
    " ""
    m

    .,---.' .. ,.'.. ., ,,,..,,.- .. --


    , "u "
    ,e ......
    -- m m ~

    ••"
    ...
    "
    "
    '

    •• ••

    ---- -.-.. --..... ,.,. ,.,. ,. -'. -


    ~ ~

    •m"
    soe M ~

    " W ", , U
    • •" •"
    "" m ,. •" '" •" •,. •
    .." ,"
    ,' ,'" ",
    " " • '"
    '" ••" •• •"""
    ""
    . -
    .." --... ',.,.'. ,.... ,. ",.... .'- ,.. -,- .. .. " ..
    , ,"'" "
    " ,ea•" •eo •• •
    . -
    ----
    "
    ~

    --,. ,,'".. ,. .,- -,.. - ...


    '" '"' '"
    '" U m•
    , ". '"U ,,,"
    ,. ••• •• ••
    m

    -
    m
    " ," • ,. •" •• •
    W

    •" ,-
    .... -
    -
    ••• '" •
    . ,.. ,.,. ,,.. "'.. ,... - - .
    m
    m ".

    .. '. '. .• '-.• -• -


    m '" ," ,"
    ••
    '" ='" ""
    -
    11U
    • m •
    ,oo "
    •
    ,. •ea • •
    " • •"
    ...
    " se
    • "

    - ' ao
    ••

    -
    ~

    .. '
    ,.
    '.
    .
    .
    .
    , '" ," ' ,= "
    m

    m
    '
    '
    . . ,.
    '. .."
    .. -
    • -
    ..
    ,. . ..
    ""
    ,"•
    ~
    " ,."
    "• ,• n•
    •

    .. ,.
    ,U
    • 'i::" , , " ,
    - ,. '" '"
    - '
    .
    ~ M
    •• m ,. " ,
    ~

    ..
    ".
    -'-- - ,. ''. --'. - ---
    ~, ~ M
    ", ," "
    • -
    •
    ,
    . , ,M
    M
    • • .,• •za '"•
    •" '" ~
    ,"
    ",
    ,"
    • •• ~
    m, ..
    m •• •• •• '"• "

    . - - • -
    ~ (71 . , 00I

    • • ",. • • • " •
    ,.
    m
    -~

    ' . ..
    ~

    ••
    •• --- -= '. ''... ... '--. ...- .
    ~- ' m
    ,ro
    ,.
    • ".
    '" ••,
    •,
    ~ .
    12.0
    u
    ~
    •m ••
    '"•
    ~
    M
    •• ••• •,•"
    •• •" , '"
    ""• ••
    •
    •""
    • """---
    -
    ~
    -
    .
    ,.- ,. ,. '
    .
    ,.
    ,
    .
    ,.
    m ", ," •
    '"
    '"
    ' ", •
    .'
    -
    ,,
    .
    -, -
    -
    U
    'U
    .. 'oo
    " , ,oo •"
    •
    ,• • • • ,"•
    '0'0
    ••.. •• 0
    ".".
    " ••

    -
    " "
    ••
    .. -- -
    "" - ,. m'
    .
    ,.
    ..
    m •
    • 0
    ••
    •-
    " - -
    •• 0' ,"•
    ••
    ,.,
    ,
    .
    . "
    ••
    ~
    ••" •"" '"••
    ". •• • "
    •
    •
    ~

    ..•• -
    ~ M
    U
    "
    ".
    M

    •• - ,. ,"
    ••" 'M •
    •
    - '"
    .
    .,., 'm • .. •• •. , "
    - - • -
    0 ~

    , - •
    ", • ,,' •" '" 'm • "
    •• "• ,•• •
    • ..'. " m'" •"
    ~ U

    • " ..." '. - ,-


    0

    • ,-
    • --
    " re:'.. .' ,.
    '"
    W

    ,. ".
    . . - '-. ..
    •• '" "
    ,~

    ~ ...
    .. , ,m •
    • • '"•
    •• "," ,"
    ".
    ".• •
    - •• ,. •• •• ',
    m
    •" W
    • • ", ,"
    " • "
    _ _ _ _ " ............" <>ao' rX"- IllO;IIl _ _"," """""'Y _ _ " ..... lfI>IlI.

    "
    _. _ - -
    . - --- -- .-•-• --•• -- --
    _ . ,. _
    -- . .-
    .-
    -:e.'!:._
    ----- ••

    ,,.'. •••• ,.,"... ••• -.." .-,.,.. ..-•., .. •••• ---


    • • ~
    ••
    • -
    -
    --
    •-
    "
    .-

    --- ..•" ••'" , •


    ~ M

    •.••
    ,m
    '5'0.'
    m
    ,, ~

    '. '•. • " ,- •


    •. " ,. .. . .• • ~ n

    --
    .oo ~ >T
    • " • • '

    ---
    ~

    ...." • •" - - ... ..


    ... .-
    •
    _ l:tHOl ,.

    ,..
    •
    •••
    . . ..
    -
    OO'
    u
    ..
    ''••..• ..• .,'"., ,,,"". •"• " .•• ,."....
    ••
    ••
    ,m
    ~'"
    •
    ••
    •••
    ••
    om
    ••
    '
    •
    •n :;:..""'"
    .-""
    ..,,-_<# ..
    ,...
    ••
    •• 'oo
    •
    '"

    ..••• •••• ., ,-.• '"•,• .-...." ..•.•• ..• .•.


    ' 'm
    ••
    ••
    ,"

    .. -
    0 u "w
    "• ••" •• m' • •
    - •
    ~
    '"
    ,oo
    ,.
    oo,
    . ""

    • -
    •
    •
    ~
    .
    ,
    m
    "," . . ..•• •"• ,.,aa"
    •••
    •, •• '"• ""• .,
    11:» 1
    -...
    ~
    ,0 10
    " .. •
    • ..oo
    .-
    •• == ••n •, . ..
    '"
    'oo . •"
    ~

    ..• -- '.. ..
    m"
    ". .. 'oo
    '"
    •
    •
    --- -.~
    'oo •
    .. •
    »

    •• ••" •• •za, = ""


    'oo
    , eeo

    ..
    -.... ... . ,---,- ...
    OO'
    •"
    ~
    m
    'm
    n
    •..
    ,oo
    •• 'm..• ,." •
    ,.
    w

    ---
    ,~

    '",
    • ,oo .. •
    ~
    " 'oo
    •..• " m••
    •• ,oo• ,•" ., , ,m • •" •• w
    •• ... ",oo
    '. ..... ..
    'oo • , " "
    ..
    •., "oo •• 'oo
    ''.. . .'.
    •

    .. -
    • "
    •
    .. ,• '" "• • 'oo " ""
    ••• ~~ •• •,, ' m nn •• ,oo
    "
    •• 'oo• ".... •
    ~

    ...,"" •• •.. ="ao "..


    0 '
    , ,m •
    -
    - . --
    ~- -
    • .• • .. - - .-
    .• ,., .
    ,, ,,, •
    "
    ,. •
    .. -
    ••,.
    '. , " - T_
    h'_WII
    '.•. .." •••
    • •. ••
    ro
    ... ".
    " ~
    ao

    .... .... ..
    ,"
    ..
    •
    ..
    ~

    '"•
    .,, = ""nn
    .'.
    ,, .
    '6\~
    ,~

    "
    ..
    •ra ,oo•
    ,oo
    ' " ••
    " w ~

    .
    ',"'.. ~
    ,oo
    ,oo

    --
    -
    0"" .. _ '"•." .. •""
    • ..." "" ...
    "
    ,"
    ,,s.>
    ..
    ~

    'oo
    .. .,
    ,, ..w.~

    .. ..
    , ,= ""
    ..
    •• ,,, " •
    •
    ~

    ..'"., ..
    'OO
    'oo
    ' w -
    -----
    ........ -
    •• ... •
    • . ."".
    •" .
    ..•" , .,"",
    .
    • '" •" '"•
    .,
    ,•• "'" w'"
    ~,

    - . ..
    ..
    . •. •,
    •, am ..
    .
    ..
    ~

    .
    ,
    •.'SIlO
    ""
    •
    "•
    ,oo•
    ,oo
    ••
    ~

    ," ,, ..,. -..,


    , .,,~,oo ,, , "
    ..
    ,, 'moo ""
    ,oo •"

    ..... --
    • '",oo
    . "
    ,,,,
    . .. - . . .. ..
    ~ F

    'oo
    ",
    ,
    ~
    --......_..... •
    ...." .••"
    ••
    .••"
    ,•
    ,, '", "
    ,,, " •
    • ~
    , moo ••"

    "... -,. .,.-,- . .... ..


    ~

    , "" "
    ,..'0

    •,, ,om
    ,,
    'om
    , .... •"
    •"
    'oo
    •• "
    '
    '"
    '"• "" •'"
    ~

    ',.. --.........
    on
    "..• , 'OO

    ,,,
    ~ ~ F

    "• ,,, •.
    'W
    ". ' ~
    ,•, ,moo "" ' ••
    :t::"' 0

    •• • ".
    , '" •" _ . . .
    ,om
    •, "~.. ••" "
    'OO
    •"
    '. - '. '.oo
    ~
    '" •• " ' W
    .= ,~
    • • " ~ F

    "
    TABLE 2, NUTRITION

    -.-- • -_.•
    "
    - -
    ,,-
    --
    .-
    -
    .- .-
    -- --_.
    ,.- "·_.fII__
    --- ~

    _.........- - - - - - - -.-. -.- -"- -- - -~- 10-_ _- m


    • ,- ••
    -.... .. ~
    • • • • • • • • •
    --- " 0

    ,,, ,
    • •,. • ••
    -. -. ..
    • ~

    ,,
    -- •"
    .'.'
    •"' ••
    ",'

    •• • •r •••
    IT
    •• ••" •• ••
    0
    0
    0
    ---,- -
    • 0.-.'
    • .,..
    ~
    u
    • • ••z
    >0'
    • •
    ~

    ,. .. - .
    ~

    .
    •
    •••
    •
    •
    •
    0

    ,. •
    • •••
    ee
    • •

    .... -
    ••"
    ""e
    "
    ~

    ..
    •
    ..
    " .'
    ..
    - '. .' ,..' ..' .' ,.,. . .
    •
    ••
    ~

    "
    . "'rr •"
    • •
    ' 0 ••n ,•
    •
    "' • •

    .- • •
    0 ",'

    ••"
    IT
    •
    so
    "

    -- ... - .. ..
    ~ "
    " • •• ~
    •w
    " •,. •• • • , ••
    • •
    ••• :,..;..... ,.• • ••'"
    >0

    •" ••• • • ~

    ••"• ••"
    0

    •••" ••, •• •• •••


    --=.. .. - .
    • •" ••
    --- ..
    "

    • •
    •u
    •
    ••
    ,-
    ~
    •
    ••
    • ,.• •
    • • •• ,. - •
    ,• •• ••
    ••
    •
    • ••
    •• •
    •
    •
    •

    .. - -.. .. .. -... - ...


    ,.
    .. ..-
    ••"
    •• •• ••,. •• ••
    •• • • •n ••
    7
    •
    • ,• ",' •
    ~
    •,.•• " "
    •• -..-- ...
    ~

    ~
    •
    • •• •• , •
    ,
    .
    .
    "
    •• •
    7

    •
    •
    ""•
    ••
    •
    ••
    •
    • •
    • "
    --- .'.. '. '.
    ", '
    "
    -{"., ..
    • • • , . ,. ,. . • • • •ee "
    •• ..
    •" •• ," "" ,
    0
    "" •• •• •• • •
    •"'•
    . ---
    •••
    ~-

    - '"" • • •
    ---- ,. - .. .. . -. ,. .... .. .
    " • • •• ,.
    • • • •
    "
    ,. .
    ,"' 7
    ,
    r
    •
    ,
    ," '

    •
    ••
    ,• ,,,• •
    •• m•" • ••
    - " • •• •
    - • • '• • "
    IT '
    •• •
    - .. .
    "• • • • "',
    - . "
    • ".• • "
    U

    -
    ",'

    .. -- ..
    •"' • .a
    ••
    .-
    ••• •
    .' " •• •, ••

    -- .' .. . ... .' _.. -,.,.'.


    •
    ..
    " •• • • •
    • • •• •"
    •
    ..
    IT
    - -
    ,.
    "•

    •
    •
    •
    ",• •
    •
    •
    m

    ••
    • m • •"
    •
    •• • •• "•
    . ,-
    • •
    ••
    •• F.
    - .. •• ••• •• ••" "
    " •
    •• ,. • - •
    • •
    • •
    •
    ",'
    • • •
    •
    ••• • ••
    U
    0

    "
    _ __ _ ~_"" .. _ ot.... '1IlO~ ... mu1IIIt1_ "'_'J

    "
    ..- --
    ..-- -- .- ..-
    _ .
    --..., - - - --- - - --- --- -
    -.- - - -. ---
    . ... -,- ~
    - --~- -- ~--- ••
    •• IIMI _ lI"lt_

    ••"'
    •"
    ----
    ---
    -~
    ~

    "
    .. .
    •
    •
    ~
    .'
    •
    ta
    ~

    "
    •
    "
    " .
    ",
    •"
    " • "
    •, '-,• '-•
    r• ,• " ~
    ••
    ••
    ••• ••
    ••
    ••
    ."• •• •
    .ro

    . .-
    • ~- --
    _1ft·1OI
    •
    "'",
    ,
    ~
    . .", • •. ,• ., •• •• •••• •. •,
    . . .. •• •• • ,•
    •.• • • • • •• • ••
    •
    ~
    " io- r
    .oo

    "" ;:...... " ..• ••


    ~ 'OO

    ---'" .. •• . .
    m eo

    .".. - .• •.. ... . ,"


    ' rr
    " '"• '
    " ' q ~ ~

    •• •
    ... -
    n ~ e-
    sc-
    se
    '

    ..
    ., •"'" •.'• •• ., , '"• ••".'" •••• s

    .. -
    ~

    • -
    eo-
    •
    --
    ~
    ,•, w
    OO'
    q
    e-
    • • .. '" ,
    ~
    , ". • ."•• ..•
    .' e
    ,.'u-. • •
    r-
    •oo

    • .-
    • •.•' ,
    • "" .' .• , ,. •• "•
    ~
    •
    "' -
    .oo
    "" ..•• •• "'
    • • ."• , . ,.. .•
    ra
    .
    . -
    ~

    • .oo

    _..
    ~ ~

    ••
    •• • .
    --- -
    ~ ,~

    •, •
    • , •.
    sa

    •••
    •
    --
    .. tzt:
    ••
    ~
    .,•, ..•. •• ..", •,
    ,
    .'
    ' or

    .'
    eo- • .. •• ,.
    ., ". ,. " •
    • •• .. .." •
    r r
    "
    • • ,
    '. •• •
    ,. ~
    .oo

    ---
    ~ q
    ,• • ,
    -
    ~

    •• •• .. ,
    ... -
    ,• •" •• ... ,
    lZll_~

    ,
    ••
    ••
    ,.
    .oo -=_1_
    •• :::=
    • • ..
    "• '"
    ~

    .• •• " •
    ~
    ~ •
    tr , •
    ,• . • ". •
    r
    ••• '"
    .' ."••• ,,,".. ••
    ."
    ,"
    •
    ••
    ••m
    ... -
    •••• --
    -
    ~
    ClW ..
    e
    ,
    •• .' ."•• ,.
    •• ••,.'" .."
    '"
    •• .. .." ••
    " •

    '"
    ." ---
    ... ...
    m
    ~
    ~
    ,• • •
    •
    •, " • "
    •• ". " •
    ... ,.
    • ,.,.'" •.." ,•
    '"
    ".
    '"
    ".
    n. ---- .. ,•
    ••
    "
    • • " ...
    ".
    •• .••, ."
    ••
    •• ."
    . ,•
    ,
    ,."..oo ••, """ ,•
    e

    -
    ••
    ". -..
    ~ ",
    •• • ••
    .
    '" " ,
    '" _
    '" ....... •
    • • •
    ".
    '" •• " •,
    ',.. -
    ,"
    ••
    '"
    ::"'.:~ ••
    ,• " "
    ~

    r
    '"•
    ".
    ••• ."
    ."
    ..
    '" "" ,,
    '"
    ." " •
    "
    TABLE 3' HEALTH
    ..-_ _...- - - ---
    _.-. "-_
    _.-
    -- -.

    _..-
    ...... -• -• -• -• -_-• -•
    - - ..- - - • •
    - --

    - .. .
    ,,,
    _
    ~
    --.. --,-= -..- - -= .
    •• •" "" •• » •" 0' •"
    •

    - -
    ~ ~

    • •» •" = = = "

    - -
    0 ~

    ,•
    - - - .. "' ~ ~ ~

    _ • • " •,.
    •••
    .. --
    --
    ..
    ,• tu. s

    . _ . . ... ••
    -
    •• ..
    ,-
    -, ..
    '"
    •"" ••
    -
    .. •
    0

    .. •
    »

    '"- • ••
    »
    ...
    -
    = =
    "'
    ••
    =
    "'
    ~
    ~.

    '
    ~

    ~ »•
    ••"
    .. - . ..
    ~

    ,-
    • "
    ... ••• "'
    ,~

    ••" =
    ...- --..,.. .-..........- ---... -..
    = "' ••
    .- .. =
    --
    M
    " ••• ••• ••
    0
    " ", ~ ,
    ~.
    '" OM
    ~ ~
    " • • • ~
    •

    .. -
    "" •, • • •'" '"» •• ~
    " , ••

    - .. . ..-....... --......= .... ..... -= ..


    =•" •••
    ~ M ~
    ~
    •• •
    •"" •" ' "' »",
    .~
    • • •
    •• ,::7"" •• •• •
    0
    •••
    , ~,

    M
    ~ ,~

    M ••• ~" •
    ••• ••• •• • w.
    •• ,- ••
    --- - - - =
    ~

    • • •• •"
    - .. '
    ~

    ••
    - .. .' .. --,..-- -..- -_..... ..-...=
    ••• ;"" ~
    .. •
    .. » •
    • •"
    •
    ••
    •
    '" •
    • • , ••
    •
    ~ M

    • ••
    ••
    •
    - - = = =
    0

    ..--
    ••• ::-
    _ .. . ••
    • ..
    ...
    ... ..
    tr • •"
    •• ••.. ••• ..
    0

    • •'"
    » •
    ' "
    • •••
    •••
    ....-- ..- .... - -=
    • rn.

    -..-'- - .. ..
    'M ,~
    ~

    •• • • •
    • •
    • •
    ••
    • •• • = •• ••
    .. .. "' ON
    " • '
    --- "'" (1'1.,.
    . .' .. -
    .0. -•
    - •
    .. -
    ..
    •• •• •• •• .- •
    •••
    -
    Cbo d·..... •
    •• .
    - . .-
    -
    •
    •••
    -
    • 0
    •• •
    ".

    - •• ••
    ,., ••
    = n'
    =,
    .- •"
    "m
    ,m •••
    . -
    .~,

    •• _ •
    .. -
    .- •" •
    ..
    " ...
    ---o. _ . .. _.. .. ..--.... ....-- ..---,_. -". -, .
    --- . ,
    •••
    •
    . .. .. •
    •
    ••• -,
    ~
    •"
    • •
    •n
    • ••
    • • •
    ~

    ~
    0

    M
    "~
    ,~

    .~
    =
    M

    M
    ••
    •• ••
    ~
    •ro
    "
    ••
    •
    .. --
    •• •
    -- . _ ••
    -
    n'
    ~

    --
    w
    ..
    •• •'"
    A'
    •• •
    ...-- ....- ..-.' ..-- - ..
    ••.-
    ~

    -
    M no PO

    ~
    M

    •
    ~
    no
    »
    ••

    . -
    • • , •
    •• 0- _ _ •• •• •" •• • •" • •
    - "
    ~

    = •"
    -
    ~

    ••
    ,-- -.
    • • ~
    •• ..
    _• •"
    ...
    w •
    .. ..-
    _ . ..
    •" • ••
    ..- - .- ••
    •••
    __"_...--.. . _d_
    ~

    "
    •"
    • - -w •
    •• •
    w
    w

    • ..
    ~

    »
    w

    •
    ..
    •
    191/0 "... . """"""' _ _ _ '/
    •• •
    .-,"
    ,
    , ~,

    .
    ..--- ..--
    - -
    -_ . _ ... - ..-...
    -,"" ,.-•• -••" •-• -• -• ....--,• ..••- ......,-- ..-- --'.,- •--•••
    ..,..-
    ~_ .

    ••
    ----
    ~

    0
    •• -=- "" •" •" " '. " .. .- - -
    "M il

    , - ..
    311O!'
    m
    . ~
    ~
    ro

    -- • m
    "" eo
    _. - ". - - ,"
    ea

    ----..- " - • " • • .. .


    _12t.101

    •• ",•" .. "", • '. • ..


    se •
    •• ••• "• •" • • ..
    ".
    - • ..
    ,- • ..
    ".
    •• ..
    ,,.. - •"
    -
    ••• • "M~

    -----
    •
    ,"" '-
    .. .. ., .
    ~ ,~ ~ no
    "
    , ..
    , ,
    W ~ ~

    .. .. "" ~

    ••" '. ,• ••" "," •• •• .. . .. •• ..


    ,- ". ..-
    " ..... '" ,
    "!IIl
    '
    . • " ,,.. • .. ..., .. -.. ,.,'" •""
    •,"
    . ~ ~

    ••
    -..... ••
    ~
    "

    - "• ", • • • • ..
    ~ roo

    •• ~ ~ "ee-

    " .... ..
    ..
    n.

    .•• ..
    ....
    wn

    ,.. ..
    • ,, •
    .- 2l!ll'

    - --
    m
    ••"
    ----....-
    roo

    •" • •• • • • .. .. .. .,
    roo ro
    " "
    .. ". .- •• .. ,
    m
    •• ., ""
    .." •• • • ,""'_.,.... - ..,.. .. ..·,, , ,•
    ~

    " • •"~
    •• · J. .
    .- m 1- •

    - --
    ~

    -
    ~ ~,

    -
    •• ...-
    ..
    e- nr

    • , .
    0 ~ O'
    .-
    ••
    0
    •• ~~
    ~

    ~
    ,,
    • ••
    •, ,.• "• ••
    .
    ' ..
    so-
    ,ro
    ,.., ••
    "
    .. "...,. ..
    m
    WN

    -- ". .,, ••
    G'"''
    roo

    ..
    ~.

    roo .
    '
    , ,
    m
    .,
    .sa

    roo
    •,
    • '.
    111'13
    · .

    .••,. --- ".


    -, .. •• .. •
    roo roo
    " 0 ~ ,~
    ~

    -
    ~--

    " ..• • ,. - ..
    .. "-
    .. ...
    .. ..
    ..,.'. --=
    •

    • .- ~.

    .., , ..-". ..-.. ...,.- ,,• ,


    , "•
    ", ,"-_f_
    'ro
    W ,~

    - • ,,-
    · ,.
    • J. _

    ,,-
    roo
    .. , •
    ,
    roo
    m
    w

    '. --~
    ,. • ". -, ,.
    ",. -- ,,-"' ..--
    '
    .-

    ''". -
    oo oo
    'W c.... "" .'.
    ,. " ,,,.
    '"
    '"
    ~
    ~

    --
    •W
    · J.•
    , -..- ..
    ~

    ., . •
    .,
    .- .-
    ~

    .,
    ~ ,,

    --.. - - -
    ,,, ,,. M

    • . ,,,.
    .,
    '" ,
    --
    ~
    ~

    '"
    '" :::.'" , ,.
    '" " -
    ,"
    ,''... --- . ,ro ,. ,~

    '. m
    .~"""
    .- .,
    .-
    om
    ,,- ,,,
    .
    .. ..-- - --
    , .,
    ,~
    roo
    '" ~
    w., •
    .- ""'00 .,
    m ,,
    '" ~
    -,
    '.... --_."'
    roo
    ~
    ,
    ,"
    ,re
    '"
    ...
    :::;""9 .. ,. • ~
    ..- ..- - ...
    ,,... "., .-
    .-
    '
    • JU '
    "., .-
    roo
    N
    .-
    N
    ",
    roo
    m
    ,,
    ,,
    ,,
    n
    TABLE 4, EDUCATION
    -_.
    - -
    - _.- _. -
    ...
    .-
    -- - -- - - - - .... ' ----
    _. ,~

    .....
    _ _ -
    .......---
    1_100)
    M

    - -
    -• -• • - --• • -.. -, -• -• -• • -.. -• --
    ••
    .-

    ,, ,",._' •.." ..,, •" "".. '.•" •, • •, ,...• • • " ,. ., •,


    a
    ,• -
    -...
    •, --
    •.• -- -- -- ."" ..•• •"" •"" ..".•• •• •".. •• ,,• ••""" ..• . "" "",• "••
    "" ,•, ....• ""• •,• ,, "., .,• .." •.. •" •"" ..•".. ..•• ••
    " . ..• .
    ea
    a
    a

    "• •
    a
    ,. ,• •" ""
    ", , "". .• ••• •, " ..• • •. •"" •• ..•". •.. .
    " " a

    """
    "
    .... -
    "
    ~

    -
    --
    • e

    "• • •" ,•" " . •" . "• "


    eo
    , ,"
    ~

    m
    ," •, a
    a
    •
    , •
    ,

    • . •"" " '"... •,• ".., • "


    " " " " " " •
    • ",• ",,
    --
    ~
    "
    ,. • " ,,, • ",
    sc
    eo • , • "." • a
    es
    "
    ," •" "
    • " "'c •
    "•" ......
    Iloo_. . , ••
    ,. •""• ..•• •". -•," .."•• """ . ..••" ••", .."
    •.." •" ..•" •" m""
    ,,,
    • "" " "
    "" ,-
    •"
    ••• ~~
    ~

    ----
    • ..• • ""
    •" • . • "" - ,.
    • • ." " '. • " " " "
    p
    "" " "" " •" •" .
    ,
    a
    " ". ~

    .
    ,c
    "
    "a
    " •

    -- " , " ee- •


    .."" •" •" •"" ".,,,..• .,• .." •... ,•" """ • •.. .." ..•. ••
    n

    • .. . -
    " "
    "" "" .. •. ... " "• •. "
    •"
    ' .
    n eo es
    ••"
    ,•
    • '-
    ~
    ~

    -..-- • • ..•
    " "
    .. .
    " • " •" .. • •" .. '".. " " • • ..• •"
    , • ,• "•
    '
    .." .. •
    , •• •
    • • "• " "

    .. -
    _en-'-OII)
    "
    • " • , ... ,.. .. • '. .• . .. " •• ••.
    • • " "
    "

    •.." "" ."" . .. •" .."" •" ".•" • .. " "" •• ."
    •
    .. --
    "
    •"
    ~-
    - " '"
    ..•" ." • •
    "
    ~

    .• ,. • • •
    •,,
    .• .." ",.• •.. ..• '
    • ,.
    ,. ,.
    ,"
    • •" ." •.
    "

    - -
    u.,..,_ .......... •• •"
    "" """ •" '". "•, .
    m • • •"
    " • •
    ••"
    "" •,.,..
    ••"
    ---
    ~

    ..... .. . .
    • ,w " "
    "..• •" ,.
    ..•..". "" ,"• "
    .."" ••
    ...... --
    •
    - ,"",
    • •
    m

    ,.. ,.
    ..'
    .
    . .
    "
    • ••
    ..
    • ••
    ,•
    ' "'"" " ••
    ••
    --
    ~
    " " • * *"
    " " •" "" •"
    ••" .- .."
    ..
    .. .. ,. • ,. ..
    m •, • •
    •
    """ •,. "••" • •, •" •"
    .. .. ,.,"',,.. ,.
    ~

    '
    . .
    • "
    " " ,w•
    ," " •

    .. , --......- • •" "


    • ..""" .. •
    . ,. .. . .
    ~
    " • , •w •" " " •"
    "
    •• . . "
    " "
    • •
    • • • " ,," '"• • • '" ," " • ,w • ••
    "
    •
    ••
    • • • • " ~
    • •" " , • • • • ••
    ,w
    "
    _ _ _ _ .. """" d .. ""*"<11.... '99O..-". . . . . . _ ,...._'J.

    •
    -_. ... ---- - --
    • - •• -
    -- - -•
    • - • -
    •
    •• --
    - ••
    ,.
    •
    -. .-- ..
    -
    ...
    - -
    ... - --- --
    -- -
    -- --
    u_,
    ••
    •ea•

    -- •• •. • •• .,.'. ,. •• •• ,.• '. • •• • •


    • '"• , •• • • . ".
    m
    " " "", "• •"" •"""
    • --
    ea m
    " ....... - ~
    • •• " • "
    " "" " ~
    "" ""
    _/>'.1IIl
    , " ,. ,. ,. •
    •• .-
    ,- •
    " "" .
    • •
    ,.
    • ,. " ' . ,.
    "
    • ,. m
    "
    • " "
    . "
    .• - ...... • '. •• '•. •• '. '.
    •• • - ,.• •
    .. • • • • '" • " • • " "" "
    """
    -
    .." lM-ncRop, <I
    " " "
    ••
    " "
    " "
    ~

    m
    " ' . '
    '
    •. • • • • • .• • •" ••
    n .
    . '"
    • •
    tza
    •• •• •
    " ~

    " •" "


    "
    • - • • • . '.
    ~
    "~ m see •
    ""
    •,
    ""
    •• ••
    ".
    ~

    " • "sa
    • - ,
    .
    ' , " "" '" '"
    ,.
    ~

    '" "
    • ',.. • . •
    • •
    ,
    "•• -
    " , • ' . ' .
    ". •
    ,. •
    '" '"
    •
    •• • •• ••..
    ,
    " rr
    -- • ••
    '. ,"
    ,.
    m «o
    " "
    •• --
    ~

    • • • • eee
    '" •
    m
    • ,.
    '" ,. ,.
    ,oo
    ," ,.
    •• ,
    ••• •, .
    ,.
    • -
    .~
    •• • •• •• '. • •, • • ,"'" "" reo
    ce• reo

    ,. ,.• ,'. ,.'.


    aa

    •• -
    •• •" " '"
    ' .
    • • '. ,
    ,m

    . • "
    ---
    ~ 110"
    " • •

    -- • •" • •• '. ,.• •• ,. '. • •• • •


    ~ ~

    m '"
    ' . •• •• •• • ••
    •• -
    " " , • ••
    • •'. '. ,.• '. • • • • • ,•
    • ee- ",
    ~ en ,m ~ ""
    ""
    • -
    • ~

    r....::.
    "
    rr
    ~
    •
    • • • ••
    ••
    ~
    "
    "" "" • • •
    m

    '
    m
    .
    ese m
    ,~

    ,. '
    ,.
    .
    '" '"
    ,"
    , .•
    • ".• • • • •, •• •
    '" •• • , rz
    "
    "
    ,.--
    ,~ ,~

    "
    ,. " "
    0 0

    ••,. -
    ~--
    • •
    " " " . m m
    m
    , 0
    ,.. ,.,.
    --- •••• •• • • .• ••". .... ,.•• '."• ,... •• •• •••••. •••,• ••...
    ",
    m
    , " "
    "
    "
    ,.,.''.. •.. •• • • ". ,. ,. .. ,. •. .• •
    ,. , '"
    ~
    ," " -..... "• ,~

    • •
    ~

    • •..
    T...-. ~
    • ~ ~
    " ,
    ~
    - ...,. ,'.. ,.• ,.,.• ,. ,. ,• ..•
    ~ ~
    ," ,""
    ',.'.. -- •
    • "
    'W
    • " • • w m ~ W
    • ""
    ... -
    C>o<l ..... ~1'·
    " " " "
    •• • • • ... •... • " • . .. .. • • ..
    • . ••, ..•,
    ,m m

    ,.,. ,.'. ,.'. •


    '"
    ~
    ,,' ." ," ", ,"
    '"
    '"
    '"
    '"
    ~

    ..'", -
    --
    ...
    - • ••
    "
    •• •• • •
    .. . • --
    -
    ...
    ~
    ~

    ""
    ."
    =
    =,.
    '
    '"
    .~
    ...•
    '" ,.
    ,"
    "
    '
    .,
    • • ,. • ..
    ,ro
    " .
    "" "
    " ,,ro
    • •• ,• ..•
    •..
    •
    '",ro
    ' . ,.
    'ro " "
    m
    .., ....... • • -
    -- -
    W W

    ,.
    •~

    ,.
    '" ,"
    ," ,"
    ,. ...
    • ...
    ,. '
    "
    .,ro
    '. ,.
    •
    ,.
    •• • •. • "
    ", i!:.':
    _x"..,
    ,.'. -
    ~
    •
    '''".. -...... • •
    -
    .,.
    .'
    -
    -- -
    ,.
    .. ,.
    ~
    m
    ,. '"
    ,ro

    '
    '
    •
    .
    .
    ,.
    '" ,ro
    •
    ,ro
    ,"
    '"
    .. ..
    •
    • ,.• •
    ,.
    " ,.'"
    "
    '"
    ,"
    '"
    '" .. - • • -- '•.
    'I0OI."'...
    ~~
    ~ •• '" _.
    ~
    W
    m
    ,. ",
    m
    ' .
    ..
    •
    0
    ,.
    ...
    ,.
    ,.
    'ro ,.•
    ..
    ,ro
    •
    ,. • ,,"
    • ,.
    ,ro
    ,m
    ,.
    •
    • ' .
    •
    •• "
    ,..
    .
    ,ro ,ro
    . w
    "
    "
    ,
    a ! n~8liSlliS!:: 1Illj:y;111l 1ll~lS ~1 & ~ I/; ,';t l b.e ~ ! fll 1II':l1ll1 &I. ~1:I 1:!':l' l ea eea !tn~!;! t:I ~ I l!!lii ;. ::: .. 1~;;: w.,;:: I a ........ I .. ....,.,_
    ~
    ~
    I 9:'
    !! ifill ilff~I ifUff EWII Imli FitII ill (illt nUfJ HIill lHI! !!lli flmr Illifl! Fji11
    ., .. "' "' ~ 6 -~ .. '" .. "'0. -
    ,, I·-'·'I·-·',-I·,"'I-'···I·'·,-I! I'-'I--!--I·'·-'I'·'··1··"·1-···'1··'··1- 1· -11'110-. .. ., .. ~ 0 0; _ .. .. ., "' l.> .. !!l
    i
    ... _"' ........ " ..10 .. ~........ .co. ~ .. .. .. .... 6..
    .,"'1'_" -I' -"'1 """" ~ I, .. -",1' i:""'I.. plll_,1 E~eg;" 1 "'I:::'" -f"I"e- ·-I po"""I-sees! o· -1;"'1 ' ·1 ' _ 0 _ tolo "' .. tolo :;
    I
    § ,
    ::a:;;: 1:;;:1 t eee t: I: b:t:~t:I t::t:: :~ eIta:t:: ~~I t: r:: 1=:<::: I t:gl.: t: ~I eesseII:: t:t: t:: 1::1 ':, 0;et: I~t:t:l:: t:: It:~;;;: 11;::;;: ~t;: 1~
    ~ ~ ~~ - ~ ~... .... ..
    Ir
    ':::;:1: et::11: I:: (;;!:: ~ Io::s:t::l:f::: I~~ ~~~ Ito:~; !: ~ I t: !" I - .. . , "" I '
    '" I"''''.... ...' ' 1'""" 1"-"1 ~ I" "' !" !" I " " " -~ 'I ". !"!"-
    ......... .. ..... il>!ll l~
    j ,;;<0 .. e ~ I lUi.. :'!'" I <;l2H:I~tll l t1~ iO~t! 1 ~t!?I n'" III ~ llltil eee l:l ~ I ~tU~ lll )! I ~ e e ::l!tl l ~rJ1 ~ ::! :t I tJl!ll8l~!Il1 :t!tl~ :t!tlll:lill ~ l!! tlIl 11
    I
    I
    ...... ::51 ..5.... ,,1 ..,..... ::1: ........1;;-;: .. ;0:; 1_ :::.. ;;;10:: .. ;;; .... 0;;:;::: :::.. 1s: aa ".. I ;::.; " ....I e 0\;;;0; 21 121 ..~1:i2l1 til'!;;; t:! .. I.;
    ,'I',
    • 5?
    C5
    -
    I ~ ~u~1 MlMlil ua ~~ l l/;lSMl!l1 t: ~Jll1l~ l. M~ I t u u l !:!~u!!: 1 t.&.tlSs l &U l> lS IlSU,,!!: ls~l:I~ ~ 1 .llI;1!:lI;.t ! &
    < 1IlIUI &t:l1 ~~lIlij':l'l MaI!t~ 1 &'ttl'l':': 1~U l!al ll 1!/l;~1 t.t;l; hll; l !l .l ~!>l!1 U !l!>l;'ll iIlillt.lIl!!:f t,&;U s jl;'lt.!!:l:lllll I; !!: t. !!: /;, I.!I ,, ". iJl
    I; toS U I~;!;;!!: t ~ I t " !l to 1>1.e to t..l/l l ot .!: n /l;I' I eee 11Il 1H:l l:ltlo I !l Shill !lllll!l S~iIll IIlIil !l /l /l I!l ill iIl!Uil !llll !i!illl ll$iIl t1l:1lil j'
    IllBIll8B 9'8 i'~1! eeeee ~ IiH!a'i' eeaaare ~ ~.!:I eeeee !lll1!1lI!:!:~ !!:lI:l<l&l!!: iSM!:!:!!: 1I:t.&to l u tla .M&I:l& II :II-
    e'::l:~e 1~: e:li:;;1::1:: l::~ Il:i eel:t:i:: 1!:~.:: ~el e ~::: 1I: e~:;:; 1 :::: ~:: 1e1:1: l!::! !::!:I::!:' 1I: C::l::1::C:t:!:;:1 e: :!e:;el c IIli

    t e ';'!lll to l ~Sl u s l ::l lllee ~ I ~ .la<J!!: I /'I &l !IlM:l1 " ~ tlI&11 !l ;0 I! !!: 51 Ulil to tl ll:l ~ ;; Willi a.... ;;; .. 1&; .t1ll!!.. 1.... 1tl1'l ;;;Iij ;;;!tl .. ~I e
    '1I-
    ' ' ......1.." ·.. "' I"
    ~
    .. -.."'I 1"'''--''1 ·- • I
    ......... ..... ,1 ....,"',.1
    . .... ., , _ --~ I ._;:: .... . I·. t: '-I l.> .. t I"
    ... e ~ "m ,..''''!II 1: ............ "'~!:' ... : l: "'
    -..1 ,....,..=1 ' ,• I-IIi
    '..........1 1, ,..... .....
    "'1" .. '" _ ...",
    -" .. 1·',...;;1 ,......1-bo.........
    "" .. " 1 ~ ~'- 1'_,-· " ·1 _b"' .~
    0 "'....-..1'
    I el ,
    .......... - .."' '..1
    ".. -.. --,.1" 1"".... -'1 ' .,
    - _.
    -
    -- - - - - - --
    -
    --
    . - -
    .. .
    .. ..
    .. ----
    •
    . ..
    •
    .. -
    •• •• •• •••
    ..
    ••
    • ••
    " " •
    • .- .-
    ,• " .,u
    ••

    . --- ... . " ,..


    .. .. ,"" "•• •" •• •" •"" "
    •• u
    •• ~. .~

    " . •• •• •" • ," " " •• "" "'.'


    "
    --
    -.--
    ~:=, -
    _I',.!'OI
    " "tr aaaa
    ... .. .... .. .... .. .... . ... .... ",• •• •• •"
    "
    ,
    " "

    -
    ....... ,
    u u

    .. .. .. ..
    ~

    •
    ,""n ~; ....
    ••
    . .
    '"u "" .. ..
    ,••
    u
    ".. "u •• ••• "" ",, •• " " "•"" "
    . - .. . . . .. .. ... .. ..
    .,"., "" " "" • • • "" "u
    ,, ....
    ., -- ...... .-
    ••• .. .. .. • •
    " •"•
    •".• ,u•• " u
    ...". .." .... " ,.." .".
    ," •••
    , "" • "
    .."eo ". .." ..•, .. "
    "
    ,•" "
    "
    ... .. "
    u

    ...--
    u ee ••
    "..
    ~
    "ae
    ,"" "• •"
    .
    ,
    ""
    " "
    "" •r•
    ...•" """ ,....
    '.'
    ••"
    " .. ...,
    ~

    -- ......", ".••. "".. .."•• •• ..•• ,".•


    "" " "•• •• rr

    ....
    "
    .... ..
    .
    ----. .- _-
    ""
    " ea u "•
    ",,
    "
    .. •" ee ••
    ..ea
    u

    ••
    •" = ..
    n.. ., "
    . ..
    , ..
    "
    o•" " "• "
    •
    • .. ,•
    a
    • "
    •
    ,
    ea
    ••
    ....
    ""
    ," "..
    " "• ..."
    u
    u

    ..
    .....", ....
    " "

    .• -
    ".."
    •• -
    - .. ". "
    "..
    ..
    "
    "
    "
    .
    ".
    ..
    . ..
    '.'
    .
    "
    •.."
    •• . • • " " ••
    • ...•
    , . ""
    •"
    "
    ••

    ".." .. ..
    " u
    .."" "•
    , ...
    • ,•n
    "• .•"" .... ...
    0
    ~

    •. rr~
    " ~
    u
    "
    ~

    u
    •
    "" •
    •
    •
    0
    •
    ""
    . ••
    •
    u
    ~
    .. .. "

    ....... ..••
    "
    ~-- ,,--
    - - .. . "
    • . .....•
    ••,. - .. . ...•
    u u • •
    ,• ..• ".
    -
    ,~

    .••, '__ T_ ".. "" ".. .,


    ~
    " ~

    "..
    ~

    .."• ••. •"


    •••
    "" ••n
    ......•• "
    u

    ..•.. .
    ••
    .. .. ....., ...•
    ,~ ~ ~
    ~
    ," "

    '•••.• -- ..
    " . ".. " • .."• . .....
    .. . . .."...•. ~ "" M

    '"
    -
    ~
    •
    ... ..,..
    U

    ,oo
    •••• -
    ..
    .. .. ~

    .. ,.
    ..
    ~
    "
    ".. " "• • •" .
    •
    . "..
    ,•
    •
    "
    ..".
    W
    ..•, " ,

    " ....
    ~ ~

    ...... .. "... ,".. " ..'. . ..•• ."• "... ...


    ~
    • • • "• ••• ... ....
    ....'". - .. • .. • .. ....
    ~ ~

    •"•
    ...'" - - ~
    ". .
    ", . .. ..•, ..•• •.. .
    ..
    ~
    ,.
    ~

    .. .
    ..
    ,•
    , "•
    •.
    .. ,.•
    ~

    . .
    ...... -- ,.o. .." ".. ..".. ..• •.... ....."
    - ". ..
    " '
    ~
    ~
    ~
    ~
    ... ..
    .. . "
    •"
    ."" •.. ••" ....
    " .
    ,.•. ". ..""
    0'

    ."•• -
    '" , "
    "-
    " ., ".. ".., .."• •.. ... ......
    .."" "" .."
    •• "
    'OO
    ~

    •• -
    '" -
    ......
    ..........
    ...
    ~
    ~

    " .. " •• .. . .. ...


    ~ ~ "
    ..••,.. .. . ..'••. •,•• .••• •".. .......
    ~ ~
    ," ,•
    "" ,..
    .."" ,.,• ......
    •
    " ..•"
    '.'
    "
    ~

    ." ..
    ~

    ... ...."
    "
    - •. "" "• "• •" ..
    •oo ~ "
    ~ ~
    ••
    m ~~
    'N
    'N '
    ~
    M
    ~
    ~
    ~
    ~ ..
    N
    N . .", "
    ~

    ..
    TABLE 6' ECONOMIC INDICATORS
    ~.

    ••
    ~
    -
    - -
    ~.­ -_.
    ,._-
    -- - ----- ---
    --.
    - -- ...
    ••
    •
    ~.
    --
    ...
    - .. .-., - ---
    -.
    "
    D_

    ~
    D_

    •
    -'
    ~

    ,,,
    -,. .' ...,
    • ,• • " ..'. ,•. "ic-
    .. ..
    ,. ~

    .
    ••, .,"ro
    "
    ,", ,
    •
    "
    , •om• • ,. .. •• ".
    e-
    om ". '"
    ,
    ,• --.... --
    •• " ,., , • "
    ,. .,.
    ,• "
    •• .".
    "
    .
    w
    , " " "•
    •"" ,
    "•
    """•
    -
    ~

    •"• ,,
    >rn
    "" , •
    -
    m
    ""
    .""
    ... .... m'. .
    om
    ~

    ."
    es "
    ,
    "•
    ·1 .1
    ~"se W
    , ,.,. se-,•
    e-
    .
    ~

    -.•. "
    ," •"
    " ",,
    a
    •,
    ..
    ,. , •.
    •
    ,'.. " '... •
    ~ W
    " •
    .
    .•"
    >rn ·1 ,~ w
    ,. m
    "

    "."".
    m
    M
    " ,
    •

    .... ...,"..,.. ••...",


    M
    ,.,.
    ". • •• ",
    " " " '.'
    "e , "
    "•
    -
    >rn
    ~
    "t"r,
    , .

    . ---
    V
    •
    • ,-
    -
    •• ~~
    ~ .
    ."
    w

    ,
    m

    ., , • •
    •... • s- "' .•
    " "s
    .
    " s "•
    ..
    >rn

    " , ,
    "•"" ...".. '.,, m
    ,
    ,,
    ,
    ., ..•, .' "• ,
    "
    ':10'

    ~
    e
    ,
    "•
    , •" •..
    ..", .. ..,. .." ,,
    , llg

    •
    uc- , • om ,
    '" ee, ",
    •" " ,
    •s ,, •
    -ea

    -- '.
    · 1.8

    •
    U ~

    • " , "

    .. .-...
    " ''''
    -
    "

    "s- • ,.. ",,


    _ 17'H<OCI)
    , , ,
    •
    --.... .,
    ••
    .'.,...
    "
    ",,
    "
    •"" ••e•e- ••, ..e " ,. .
    ~
    , ,• z"a .
    - ~­ V G

    .••". .......
    •" •r •, ,••
    • • ".
    W

    -----
    "" ,.•" , • " ", •s ,
    .. •..
    •
    •" -
    - .,
    " ..""
    •,
    •
    •e
    ,•
    e-
    "
    '"". ..••
    ",• " "
    .,," "• ",•• "•.
    -
    •• ..
    •" u" .,,..~

    , ,,• ,, z..r
    ..
    •
    ..•
    U
    W
    ""
    • ie-
    ". •
    ,~

    ee
    .. •
    •"
    .
    II

    ,., ••
    " • • .. ,• " •"
    . ,• ",• ••"

    '..
    "" "
    _1.1

    •, "·".
    ••
    .. ."". ...• ..
    ~

    ..•.
    ~ " •• ••• •, "m ,• , ",
    "
    ", ". , • •, •
    .
    " · 1,2 ee. •
    ~-
    ~--
    __ rol --- ~.
    _
    -_.
    ....- ...
    -..,- --.. -- -. - - - - .--,,.. -- ----
    "
    , ~-
    ~-
    ."
    ~-
    - '

    -
    •. i:' -
    .• ....,..-,... ••
    • •• •• M
    •
    ., • .-"
    .," .,
    m
    "
    •
    N

    -- ..., ... . - ... ..... .,.... ..


    , , ,
    •• " "•
    •• ~

    , • •
    oo• ", ""

    --
    ~ ~

    • .1:,Aop.
    00 ~ <0
    • • "s- a "• ,
    " "

    .. .-- -- ...,- ... .. - .


    _ I I ' ·"'!

    ••• • • ,• "• •
    .m M

    •"
    ..... .. . .. " ••,
    M

    ,,• "oo ""•


    0

    --- -.,-- .... .... -... .. . . =..-.. ..


    . .. . ., ,, • "oo
    ~

    "o. • • ••"
    ", ;:;.- ........
    n
    "" • "" <0

    " ". " •• •


    ~
    • "
    ,•n
    , -
    --
    ~

    .... .....
    • ~
    m.
    =
    ~

    = ..
    M

    ""
    .,
    ..
    .,.•• ,

    ". ,., .,. m


    " "
    ••
    ,
    oo
    0 ..
    0

    oo• "
    "
    , • ,•
    , "
    • 0
    "
    ,
    • •e " ,•
    • ee ",
    ,
    0

    ,..• • ea ea
    • 0

    -- ... ..
    . .-
    ••
    - "" " ", , •• . .. . .,
    , w• •, "• "0'
    .....-,- ......
    ~
    • ,m 0
    "
    , ,
    --- ...
    0 0

    . ---
    '00 0
    • ,
    .... .. •,, ." •,
    ~

    • "" « ,•, ,,' • . . . "-e ••• • •,


    •• ".
    ..,'-- . ....
    ,m
    " M

    •• "
    •
    ..
    " •'"
    • ... •" .
    ," • •. ." ,• •, "•
    •
    .. .
    0

    .. •• oo •.s-
    ..
    ~ M
    ••" ~,.,:: ., .
    --
    - ---
    -
    "
    .-..,- .,.. ...
    M

    u
    "
    "
    0
    • " ... " ••
    "• •
    . ..•
    ,
    ~

    -
    " •, "oo •

    ..
    ,. -
    ••.oo • ••
    ,m a
    "1,7
    "••, • '" •
    .... .... .
    '0'50 ·2.'
    ." r~....,r_
    •
    ." • , , • • • e-"
    ..
    0

    •••• :::=
    .ro

    ''.. --
    e..u _ _
    ~

    .....-•• ..., ..
    ,"
    esc
    " ..,
    0
    ~ . 0

    "
    • ,
    "
    ••
    - ..." ""
    ,""
    .• "0
    "oo
    , •",
    • •• ,• ••
    ••
    --- ,,...--. ..
    se
    ". ~ ~oo
    \ ~ l .l(1 "ae "oo "
    '"
    '"
    ,,'
    ~
    = " " 0
    "oo
    0

    ,• 0

    " "" ,• ", ,••


    0
    ".
    -- , •
    0.'

    ... -
    '"
    " 0

    '" .--... .
    " " •
    ••
    , <Ii, O
    " , 0 ""
    ",•
    .., ""
    •
    .
    ...,. -
    ,' ",. " , •
    n.
    ,.
    - ..
    0

    oo,•

    - ""• 0
    "
    -.... ..
    '0

    ." • •
    .......
    ~
    ",. " 0
    •
    ...,. -
    .oo
    ,,'
    ,. W
    •
    0
    " ", ,,
    '" . ...
    "' ... ' " ,,
    0
    •
    ••
    on
    •• -:::~
    ,roo
    .."
    ",ro
    - oo
    " ""
    ",.
    ", ""n
    ,,
    ,
    "•
    ", • ."" ,•
    , •
    .
    _
    _..._.-
    TABLE7' WOMEN

    -- ---
    _.. -- - -- ..
    -
    .- - -
    .., ... - - • -- -
    --'-"-
    .
    •- - - --
    - ,
    •• •••

    ,,--:::-
    ~t-U·l

    ...-
    ,~

    •
    • 0

    ..
    • ,
    •,.
    0

    •,
    •
    •• -=-
    --
    ,~

    '0. ••" • "sa•


    •..
    ,.-=
    > ~
    e ,~
    • ,
    •-
    ,• ,~
    •• • •0 •• n •"
    ,.,
    1100 0

    •r
    • -,-
    ~-
    ....
    --
    ~

    •.
    ,.,
    '.,
    ,~
    • •..
    • ..
    •
    •
    "••
    0

    .
    ••
    ..
    •
    •
    r
    ,,.,.
    0
    •
    ••"
    •
    •• --
    .. 0

    '.-
    "n
    ,~

    , 0

    ... - ••,
    ,~
    ,.
    ""
    .... - -
    ~

    •.'
    '.'
    ,~

    '
    ~
    0
    •
    ..
    ••
    .•
    •
    • ,
    ••
    ~

    •
    ,
    .. , • ,
    -
    0
    ,.,,., 0

    . -
    • •
    . " " ".

    -=-
    n ~

    . .. .
    0
    •• ",
    •• ••
    , -
    ~
    .,
    ,~

    ~
    •w •" • • 's'o
    m
    ,=
    ,., •" •••
    n
    • •"• ."s
    .
    ...
    ...-
    0 m
    ...... ,., ••" m
    •"" ~
    '.0
    , 0
    • • "•,. •n o.

    -
    ee
    .•
    ".

    •" ,-
    e.-...... _ 101./ ~
    0 •.. •
    ee 0
    ••
    ~
    m
    ••• ,- "O-ll
    1011.'

    ••se • • •
    --
    ,~
    0 ~ m
    .. ''''',9
    ...•
    e •• 120

    •• :::-
    •• -
    -- ,=
    ,~

    ,.,
    •.
    '00.0 •
    0

    •
    ••
    0
    ••
    ee
    •"
    ••
    ••
    0

    •"
    ~" m
    m

    -
    ~ ,~
    >
    • ::I: '' 0 ' •• •• •• • •..n •"".
    -
    reo-
    0
    • 100.0
    • " • "
    0
    •
    ....
    •. - -- -(7"'""1 ,., .
    n ..•" .
    0
    • •0 •
    •• -
    ,m
    •• ",a,. ,
    --,.
    '0'
    • ~-
    -
    ,~ 0 0
    ,., ,.•• •
    .. - ,.•
    '0. 0 ~

    •
    •" "'.0 "
    •• •0
    •,.
    ..•••
    0

    - -,.
    '0' 0

    .e
    • ,,-,"'lb"""""'" ,.,
    ,~

    '.'
    0
    •
    •
    •
    0

    • ••
    •• •
    . -
    •
    • ....
    ~
    ,= 0
    0

    . .
    ••
    ~

    ..•• •
    seo-
    ,
    -,--
    ,~

    "
    •"" ""
    -- '.'
    ,= ..
    M

    •"
    0
    ee
    ,= =
    ,., •" •"
    za
    ..• .
    0 0 0
    • •
    . •
    -'.
    0 0

    - ,=
    0 n~ ~
    0
    • "'~ •. •
    . ,•
    ,oo 0
    n,
    . • se
    .....
    "eo
    ,.,.,.••
    •" ~ '.'
    '0' • 0 0 0
    0

    ,.,

    -
    •• =..
    . ".
    • . =
    0

    ...... n~ n• 0
    0
    0
    =
    0
    •
    '.'
    ,~

    ,~

    _ _ ... _.,.....,... 9«*«".


    0
    '.
    •
    ,oo

    l!lllO~"'''''>"lOIIy_'''' _ ,~
    •
    '"
    "
    •'"
    •
    'oo
    ,"
    =

    •
    _
    _. --
    --- ---
    .. _., _.'---
    ",.,-- _.- - -- ..
    -
    .- - -
    --- • • ,. -
    ," ,-
    -
    - - - N
    •• ••
    ••"
    •" ---
    --
    ,",
    ,.,
    'W,
    ~
    ••
    •
    • ,.•
    •
    '" =
    ,"• •"•
    •"
    ..•"
    0

    "
    •••".
    •
    'M
    ~
    sco

    .. - ,.••
    - (21.""
    • ,-
    n"
    n
    --...---- ' 07.1
    ,~

    ,~
    ,~

    ,~
    ,oo "
    ••""
    ,oo
    •
    •"
    •• •
    •"n
    "
    ••"
    "e-
    •
    "
    ••"
    ..
    •
    oo·
    ••
    •
    'oo
    ,oo
    =•
    ,oo

    ----
    ,~

    '.,
    M
    " "
    ""
    "n
    ~
    ........ ,.,
    -,
    ,w,
    ••
    •" ,.
    '"
    ••
    ••
    ,oo
    •••
    "
    ••"
    M

    •
    ,oo
    ~

    ..
    ~

    n"
    "M
    " • •"
    '. , •" '"
    • ~

    -
    •"" ..-
    • --
    ....
    ,.,
    ' OII , ~

    ,
    'Oil
    ~
    .
    • ,.,oo•• '"• •..
    ..
    " ••
    ,.•" •
    ,.'.
    ,oo
    , '"
    •"
    •" --....-
    .~

    ,~

    ..
    '.,
    ,~

    "1(11.1
    •• •"
    •
    '"• "•
    •
    ••
    " ,~
    •n ,.•"

    ----
    ~

    •• ..- ,,,, icc • ,. •n- n •• •"


    ••" ..
    ,~
    ,~

    '
    ••• ,",,,' OO
    ' OO '"
    ""
    "•"
    n
    • •
    •• •••
    ,'. ..
    'oo
    ••
    ---"'--- ••" • ••ee-
    ~ "M
    110.'
    •• ,"• •"
    • • •"
    ,~
    0
    "
    ,~

    " •
    - - "
    ' OO

    • -
    ,~

    .. 'oo
    '
    ,.. n • 0

    ',.. -
    •,oo ,
    ,(l!j,S ,oo
    ••
    ",.• ,,..•
    ~

    " ,OO '" " W " ,~ '",0

    ,""
    T...-....,,_ 1, ~
    " " w
    'oo " -
    • 'OO
    •
    ,.,.'. '.
    W'~

    ::::;: n •on

    '. --
    n Ul
    'OO 'OO
    '"
    ,"
    •"ra"
    .' •••
    ~,

    •" "•"
    .. ,,, • '•
    ~ m•.,
    '"
    --
    eo", • '11'-
    ,~

    ,
    ,oo M
    •OO ",
    ,". 'OO
    'oo
    ,,'• ••
    ,"
    'OO
    "• 0

    .,.., • ,.'",oo • •
    ~ '"11,1.1 0

    ,,''"
    -- ,•
    ,~

    ,", 'oo "on". ,e


    ,
    '" •
    ,.'".",.
    'oo •• ,
    '"
    '"
    '"
    ,"
    ,,'
    '"
    ,oo
    '"
    --
    --.............._."
    .......
    '"'
    ,~

    lQlI.2
    ,~

    ....
    Ill.'
    ,. ,
    ,~

    ,",
    • 'oo
    ,,,'"•
    •"
    '"•
    ,",.
    ",
    •
    •
    ".
    n'

    "n '
    M
    ,oo
    ,~

    ,~

    ••
    ,~
    ,"
    0
    •
    ,,
    0

    -
    ,oo
    '" , '" •
    ,. --- '.
    '" ....... • 'oo n
    ~

    • ,
    '"'" ",
    ,~

    - • •
    '
    ,",
    ,~

    'OO
    ,"'au,
    •• '"'oo
    ," n
    •n
    ,~
    ,~

    "0
    '" ,", ee
    ,oo ,oo
    ,~
    ,oo
    'N
    " "
    ss
    TABLES' BASIC INDICATORS ON LESS POPUWUS COUNTRIES
    -,
    ----- ••
    -- - -
    ,. '. " "
    - -
    _
    -
    . .- -
    .- - _
    .-
    -- . -
    -
    -
    -•

    --
    • ••
    .,
    ••

    ..
    ••
    .. - -
    -
    .
    '- -
    -
    .. - -
    -
    ~

    . -
    - --
    ,. -
    ••
    ,
    ,•
    ~

    ,• -
    •• -
    m
    v.
    m - ... ,." •..•,
    ' ~

    " ••' ."•


    ,
    .
    ~
    ~

    ,
    .
    .
    G "'
    'M
    =
    '
    .
    M
    ••
    m
    G
    •• -'
    '2'0' "'
    ~
    ~

    ••
    ..
    "w .w"' ••"
    • ,~

    •
    .
    -
    .
    ~

    .
    •.• ..••• '.
    •
    -
    • "' ~

    ..
    • w

    •-• = ..•• .. •
    ~ ~
    ••"' ""
    .... -
    M
    • . ,.•
    •" '..., ."'-
    xo reo

    "" --
    ~

    • ""
    G ~

    - '..
    "- ~

    .- .. . . ,.
    M

    ... . ..
    .
    ",'
    So<>r.... _ _

    "" ,-
    St.eh'

    .... -
    .
    •
    . .
    ."
    " .,•
    '
    "
    m
    •.. ••
    ,"
    "
    ••
    .. M

    - •
    . .~
    "'
    ~

    • .. •.
    ..
    •
    ,
    ." ". .. ....•
    .
    ~
    ~
    ",

    •• ,. ••• " '" .. ,.. ..


    ~
    • • 0 ,~

    • •

    ..,• -
    ".. -
    • ae•• ,m
    • •
    •--- . .. " ••• -
    • ..•
    ~- M
    ~
    ~
    ",
    ".
    ..
    ~ ~

    ..
    'M

    "" -
    . "
    - ,. •
    V
    "
    ..... _
    r........ CIoa>o_

    .. -- • .. ~

    •• .
    "
    In
    .-
    • " .."
    .. "

    ..
    ..
    •
    ,~

    ,,~

    • " ....
    •
    .
    •
    ~

    ~.."'"'
    -
    u .~

    • • ..
    •• ,- -- .
    "• ".• ,.
    .-, .... "•• •••
    •.. ,.. • "
    •
    ' 0'

    •• • •"• .. ..
    l I l . _ l. . ~
    " an '

    .. -
    V U us- . .w·

    •... --
    .. .. •..• ..
    ~ ~

    •" .. .. '"• ..,. ..


    •• tr
    . ...
    ~

    .
    ,w
    ,w

    • --
    ..•• -
    -
    ...-
    - ~
    • ,. ." •. ..
    " " ". ",
    to
    ...
    ..
    OJ!
    ca
    18te
    •
    "
    ''Y':''

    "
    .
    ".
    .•• ." .•" "" ,"..'.' ...,•• ..... ..•" ..•• "'... .•.
    ..
    •• , ••
    n
    '00
    •

    .•• -- ---- .• "•• •" "•• ... ,-.- • r


    ssa
    roo
    ~
    ~
    m
    ~
    ~

    "'.'
    ssec
    ,,~
    0
    0
    •".
    ~

    • ~

    __...._ ..........0''""'"''''_,_ ..............,._.......""_ ... ~_._


    Measuring human development
    An Introdudlon 10 r... 9
    • da\ 'I " "U 11 !hll 19906 .. l<J -..m a rmre eerooons 01 !hll1'101:l not 1189CO Idil 9 oroer 01 !her
    tur81la::e It>EJ1 !hlIAl ....... 8 ...... ' ....... do""'.--:! b'
    a........,. 0I..........r.g tumn as ~ as ecoO'1c
    progo-. Fn7n LNCEF"s pci1T 01 VfilW, ;, ~ ,
    llvu Is a.--:! for "" 'V"'ld malt'od oIll'llll1:Slri"l the
    JIMlj 01 d*l ~ Inl its rwtol d'oIr'ge.

    The In:Ieo' l'Jto(Ilt'IOf1*v rate (U5MRl is ~ n r.... 9


    "--
    per capite GNP bJl h deooei odi 'II 0IdiIf oIl18" L.ndef

    Moeaunng !he m a 01 progrea

    The ~ 01 progo .... ;., re<l>:;lng flo U5MfI <8'l be


    ..........-ed by ~ Is IMJ8g!llW'nllll rll<1cticl'1
    I"e>d PitiJel as lhe P'I"dI:le irdc8tor oIll.d'l po ago-. lIIt9 VlAAAl. U'*<8 Ite 00""",,,'00" 01 ~
    chInga$, ee ~ nllIects the facI IIu; lhB ImIs lO
    LI5M'l has - . . ~ ffsl. • _ lI'l ~ we f«lI'ooct'Old orfI """ h. I III <:iIfo.IIy.
    IlI"d ~ '" lhll d!:Mlk;p'''''l pnx:ll8I f8lher!han .. As bMlr .... '" ..... IMI mortaIir\I ..... read1ed. lor
    '~' ll.d'l as sc:t'ooI .. , ,,, , e ........, per e:apm_ e:<an"4lIB, Ite """'" 8bIloOJ:e reo:b:ti:rl ~
    10> "...,., CO' tho IUl1blIr 01 o:x:ten I» lflClISlnCl 'llj>,*, '10 II goo:e.- peiwiIll\JlI 01 fllI:1.cIg\, The
    POP' 101m." oI..tO::1l n moons ICl "" srd, A/lHlltlB<tllor& ,..."..., a h9>er >lIle 01 poogoass b',
    S<\)'.a len POi'I AlCio::tion , !hal rec1JcIiotl Mopens at B
    8e<::oxl. !he U5/"IR is l<n::J,yn 10 be !hII >e!lJI cI a _ _ .......of ...... M rratafly, lA !pi ;, U5MA 0110
    ViII'er'j 01 ~ the f"IUll'iIicMI _ srd me _ peWlls from 100 to !J:l,epo_ ... B reWcIol 01 lCl'l',
    ~ d ~ lhe ....... cI iTm.rizubon srd v.nereas ee _ 11).poim !pi lrOO1 20 III 10
    OAT .-; 1tlIt ~ 01 rmltmIIl ;n:l d*I heal\tI J(lpr8:l8nIs a...o..:fu1 aI 5O'9l.~
    !ll'r'vIOtl!I (i'lc1d'Ig pm.reUII c::lQj: r.::on& Inl Jood
    """ " ' f n lte ImWy: lho It ' 'Alf 01 dean "'9le.- We> \.ISIIld ii CO"j<n:!D'1 ""'" G/IP Ir"WIh - . tte
    and ""'" ... . IiII1o~ a'lCIlho <MtaI salely "'!he d'tiB U5MR ...-.:l irs Ml1lo::liQ1 """ em IneIab e g.ll a pictJn
    _i,.. '.H. aI h "\09_ 00iIg rl'lIdt blIlln\' <XU'IIrY a regicr\
    ...-.:llMll' tJnf pI1Md cf eee. 1ONa'de It'e sarish " " aI
    Thim, ~ is _ ~ Itwl.!!at. _ ClIIPIII s:me cf 1hIl mosl m lIB cf Iunln 00IIds.
    G/'.J> 10 Ih9 faIocy 01 tho IIIIllrOQO. n.s .. beQula IN
    _ !lQlII'I does not '*'" !he ctti"81 01 "'" ridllO As Tablo 9 lI'1cY<s, Itere .. no fiI<ad ,'*40 01 '"
    be U'I8 1I'o.I!iinllmCl: as lIcdy 10 SU\1Ie, lM!I1
    ~ ~ does p<rniI I!lem Ie hIM llOII
    'the t:et-. 1M am.JlI nd.cuon Illla cf tho w.f'lln!
    1nII . - cf gtlWIh n ll8' ~ G/IP. SudI
    ~ _ 15 """"" i-cx:rre. In eltw 'Ml'dIs, ~ ill <D1 roo.. ~ 10 Itmw 1M "IP ! UI 10 tte
    rru:h ITIC<1I dtrIcUl fof I I'I'EIliM1 rrilanly to atre<:I a pr:ti:l$, ~ ...-.:l ot'1oo" la:;tcrs Yorich dOOnYh
    01110'1". I.J:5I*l. IIJld ~ a..... u ~ B mom 1M mIlO " " " - ' an ...' tic lnl .9OOIlI po \09.....
    Il<XU'aII!. • fa" mm pertuer. po;llnI oIlt"ol ~ S1<llU!l
    cJ!he ~ rA<tIIo78l \lind 01 ~ as B """dlII- ffI!IIy. the tme """ !he 10:11 IriiI:y rmo for ili!dl
    <::<:u'fr'/ lnlll$ sYerlIQ!l ........... tato cf 'llCi.o:::ticn _ .....
    Fer a- feB9O"I!. 1IIll1J5IIt'I is CI'QlEf1l71' LNCEF as be saar1 tha1 mEI'lI' ':J tte retions whid11'1fMl ~
    11$ .-.gle mosI ~ f>ck:alcr 01 the stale cI B Iigo tka ( nld.Jcticno J1 IJ5MR ' - also at1'OIMld
    nation's cttien. ThaI Js vmt!he stallS!IC8I &"fleX Isls sigl i6:a' ( red:lcIict'IS iilerllty.
    • ::I la :ilgg3I a~ 3:l 31 :J::l:l 331 :;:I:I:I:! l:l:;: g:il l:l::;a..:;: 14~~ :l ql:l 3:! ..,..
    , lao", l 0...... _ _' 1'.,·...
    o ",,~ , I"' . .,1 ..·...._
    -.. ..- 11
    .1"'1.'111
    •
    <; 1. 43:1. I;~ 3::1 :11 4.:1 :141 ;':l:l~ Iqa:;;:ilCi I q ~ <? <;i ~ If;j~~q;:' Iase ~:jI 12::::l o I::::::::11 '. ~<1~ II
    21::1d:l4:1lq:!;'
    I I :I I : ::' ;: ::I I ~ :I :! ::I ;: I:::::t:I;': ::l:i I:::: :;:; ; I:: ::::I:;l I:!::;;:;: I::::~ 21~::;;= l::::;::~ I:;;:;:; 1:=:=;I:;;:::~I:
    J
    I :I I::;: ;:::lI:::I:!::: I: == =: 1:'::;I:::: ; ; : I;: ~;: : 1::':;1 S;;:; I.::::: II•
    ::11:;1::1:0:; 1::l:!~:i:ol1:2:~::! 1:':1::1:;;::~:
    f :;1::l: : : :lI ::I d ~:;;.: 1:0 S:::I: I:!:l:l~ ~ I:l: ~ :;; ; :; !:l:l3:l; I::;::::1 1::::1 :I 1 = ::! :l ~ ' 1 ::I = ~ ::l :l I : :! ::I : ~ I::I==::!::!I ~=:l:il:! I ~
    II. •I ~ I:; :!~ I~~ :I; I ~=~:;l~ I~ ~!!~I ga:.l!! I~~ :;~ I'3~ :~ a l ~ ;~ ~ 1;~:?~~l1~:!=~al~:l:l:;~ ; ~; ~~~ ~ I
    IIll ll ' I • :'''1. ""1,'· ·'1' • •
    ....0 . __ .. o;"J<;I M " 0 ~:;Iq~ l:;~ : ~ :; I :;l ::O ~ ~ I:;I~~ :! 1:;:l:!l :l: I~:l: :::l ~I;j~::S1!: ~'!'!!~ :I:: :: Ji
    fIl • II
    , 1-'
    '-_ -"
    '- :!ll 1
    0
    _ ·!:!\:!
    "·"I.........,
    :;: :: :: ;: ;:'11 11-"""''':;; ~. "Q 1"'=:;"·'
    i'll""" ",,".. " 1",- "1"-.. :; 1::::::.1::;:;:;:I::;:;:;:; 1:;; :;:;:;1 :;:;:;;:; II• t
    ~ jl. ~ le::;~::! I~ !:'':!! I:: ,:!" I':!~ :',!' 1:I:: I , ::l:';l l::l ::I:::::: I:!:l::.l~:: I ' ::l ~ ::I I':! ~~:3= I:!::l : ;;~ I~:; =:;= I;;:l:i :!:l l ::!~'::l:: i f
    I
    5< . ,1 1 :l 1' ::!::! ::I:3 I~ ~:::.~ I::l=~::l!: I;;:l::l~:ll ::1:3;; ::1::11 t .I
    ~! I
    :! 1;: ~ ~:; ::ll eae, :: I :; ::l ~ :l::ll a;:;io:':! I ~ :! :::1' l :! " ::.l ~ I:;:!''3::l1:l:1:::1
    ~ I f I Ir6lllJJn I lil U IS ~ ! fi U ~ rll ll! n !lI U fl ! ~ I ~ ' ~ ~ !! I'~~;l ! IS''! S! . lnn!lI!!!!~!! I§lan l"~lIiIl ·llIIul tI
    i~
    iI
    I II . iO i ll l l ~ Ul ii l lll fi il l ll l i ' l ! 11,1" 111 "~ I ! " !! If U ii l! niHl l a ~!l ~Ht 18!~!!1S!!I~~ I
    ~ f 11" 111 IUli.liil;!lllilllniiillli.. llili~ 1,1i Blu m Im l , ll ! l i l lm u l, m l l
    ~ I t f I'
    III I'i'llI Ulb hlh 1I11IIII'II iUu1
    f
    1111 If! I~tit 1m!
    ! IIlh
    ••
    m
    ~ II " I I
    nlllI dill
    f
    lilt! itIi
    ~ - .... ~ .. 1· """11 I::!:!!:!:! !II ~:::!t!!liIl.. IilIUi~ 11ll., IU:j;l I;:; RJ:i.Ul l lll"' lIl IIti;f,fQ n .. ~ .. "'<iSlA 1i'1I~1 IBn'; ~ I 1:1
    -'--- _....
    -. ~. -
    --_•. T,",_ _

    --- .
    •.••-=.--- N
    ,.
    ,.,. ,.,"
    N N

    •• .."" " .... -


    ,- ,-,. - .. -.,.. .... ...'.''
    .. N N
    .... -". -""
    N
    ••

    !:.-
    ~

    '. ••"
    ~ 0'
    .. . .'" ., "" ...
    ~
    U U
    "" ,."
    -- ,.
    ~ aa ~,
    ' 0
    • as
    .
    ae ae

    • .. .. .. ..
    U 0'

    , ..
    - _ 1 2',101
    ,. ,'..
    ,. •
    •• ..'.' ., ". .. " " .. ..
    .. " = .. ..
    ~

    ...., .. .
    ...." ..." .."."
    ~

    ..---
    ••n ~-
    . .. . ..
    A t 0 aa
    "
    •• .. ...." . .." ." " .."
    ~ U
    '- ~ 0.' O..
    "" '" •
    0
    eo
    "
    0'
    "
    '".. ,"•
    • .." .. ... .." .." ".
    0'

    .. ..
    11<1, _ _ f\olI. ..
    " ~

    ..
    ..,. ••
    00
    "" "
    U

    -
    ,0 • .0 ae
    •"
    0 U
    m ee
    .• " ." .. ,."" ..,.... ••"
    0.' se- M
    " 00

    - ,"
    ..
    ~ so ae

    " .."
    •"
    ' 0

    •..• .." ..,... .." ".. " "" ..""


    U 0'

    • -
    ••
    . ..... " "" .."
    m "0

    • .... " ..
    se
    "" .,
    0.'

    ," •"a
    • .
    m

    ..
    ~
    "
    -- . " " "
    0

    " "..
    u
    ".." "
    .1.1

    ,.,." "as "


    - ,,•• .." ., " "..
    •
    •
    ~

    • "" O.

    " ... . ....


    e.t 0'
    .. ..O•

    ".. "
    "
    ,.~ ""
    ..
    ,."" ""0'

    ---
    aa ca

    .. ---
    0 0
    "z.a ""
    " " ..",. ,." .. .." ..,."" ,."..
    •
    ,.
    ,.
    ~ se
    ••" .• .,
    •"
    "•"- ,.
    •• i:'~
    ~

    ~
    ,. ~

    ,.
    e
    •• V
    •••" .." ,.
    • .. " .. " .. ..",. ..,.
    ae

    ,," .... " ." .."" =


    0'
    0'
    ..
    0.'
    ~

    "

    .,.." ,. "
    ae
    0'

    ... " .,.


    "" ,." "
    "
    " ""
    0'

    '
    ". ""
    ' .0 0., 0.0

    '" " " ""


    ""
    "
    --
    "'--
    ~--
    '"
    •
    ,•" "• .. ..
    ,. ..
    ..
    "
    .. ..
    .. .. .. ...." ". ....
    - •,.ro " ., ., ",.
    .. ..
    ,.''.. -
    •"
    •m
    ~

    "" .,
    M
    ..
    "" ".. " '.' . ,. " .."
    .,
    ~ .-T.r ~

    .. "
    ,.
    ....." ".... ..".
    u
    M

    - " " "


    U
    ," r_ n'_ • ., u

    ."" " .... .,"." .,"... ., .,,." ""


    0 " . '
    ',"'.. --
    ,. ,~r .... ,""
    ••m
    •
    ••"
    0'

    "" ,." .." " .. " ",. "


    w w

    " ... ..
    u
    " ., .
    .."... .." ..",."
    "
    00

    ''"'". -- . , ..,." .. .,
    ,~ 00

    ••m •"
    " "" ..
    " .. ,.
    ..
    " . u

    - ,., "..,.
    ,ro ' 0

    "" "0,
    " u ,.u
    •• "" " ",. ."" " ". ,. u
    ... " u

    "",•• ".. .. .," .." .... ...," .."...


    ~
    0'
    ---
    m

    .. - -- " .."
    ~
    " "
    " ..
    ,.'"'", "." ., ., u u

    ••""
    ,, .... .." .,.."" .... ..,., .." ,..
    '0 u u

    . ...." ...."
    u

    '... -.....
    M
    "• 0' u
    "u "
    _.....
    w
    '" V

    ,, .,,." .. ., .."" ..",. .


    "

    ..,."" ...."" .."""


    ,,'
    ". ,• "" ", ..
    ''.. -- •••m "•." ,• .. .. , .. ",." ".."
    ro, ~
    '.' ,.
    , .." .." ,. ...,
    0' 0'
    u 0'

    ,•,, "" ,." ., ..,. ..""" .," .,"'.' ,....'.'.• ,. ...


    ," .,
    .- "
    0'
    "
    ••"" •"",, .,
    .." .."
    00 0. ' "
    =:- .."
    ,m
    m
    •• '.' ,. ""
    • " "" ., "
    0.0 0' 00 u -1.1
    ," " u u

    "
    Footnotes to Tables
    Table 1:

    .... ---
    ----
    -
    ,- -
    ,w

    --'.
    'lI"J-~

    ""'"
    ,,"'
    -- ---
    --
    ---
    -... ---
    ....
    _ _ _ _a.-_
    _

    --
    _ _ ..o.o.nr_

    ---
    - ~- .,
    ~

    -,-.
    --- ,,,.
    ,'w-"

    ...,...
    '-

    --
    ----
    T_&T_
    ~

    'w
    -
    ""
    "

    .......,
    Table 2:
    _,
    .......
    -- --
    • • •
    -----
    ----
    ....
    ""''' _i'
    . _.
    (> '?..",.-,::

    ---
    ""-
    ~-
    ~

    -- --0
    • •
    _
    1.1&_,

    -.............- -,--
    .a_
    --
    -.-,.
    - ---
    • , •
    ;YO

    --
    "~ -
    ...,--
    ...... -
    --
    ......
    ---
    "'''-' ,-- ._14'_
    ,."'- -
    ~
    ~

    -............
    •u ...._ .• ----'-
    .-
    c... _

    --
    "'=-'
    .-_J
    ~

    .-
    ~,-
    ~ u ..

    ---
    ~

    --- _
    -
    ~-
    --
    -- -~-

    - ......
    u __,

    -- --
    llD.....' _

    ......
    u .. ;. ,~ -
    -- ~-
    ;::::
    .
    ~"""'9 ......

    ..,---
    l>U_9_

    --
    DolO ""'" 9 _
    ' .~ ,m
    no •
    1.0 .... """"
    --~
    ~

    -
    'm
    ....
    ._- -
    '91$; _ ~ .....

    ;.....
    ::::...,., ..._1211_8_
    _._--
    ,m

    ...... ..09.

    ---
    _.w
    _w

    -- _.w
    _ w
    '9'11
    _w
    '1118
    'ilIa.",
    'lIfV;~_"'"
    ,gil

    ,.-
    oro_
    12-2:1_
    ~-

    ..._--
    .~-
    1~"""""
    ~-

    - ~­
    ~-
    '"-
    -_.
    --.... --
    .~-
    0 ·303_
    7'..:ll\_
    BIIl
    HO _ _. . , , _

    &:._-
    ....:ulng_ .-
    BIIl
    _

    -
    1>_",

    ~
    -....
    0011 .........

    ---
    --
    ;::::
    ~-­
    ........ .,,,
    .. _ ...... 11
    ... "'" 09 '
    __
    _ _ ",m _

    -... -._---
    --_
    ,.,
    0.11_
    '3~ · _

    ....
    - • _ _ ':\-201 -.; _

    --~-"'"
    .n_
    .~-
    191""'B
    ,9ft·/II

    _ ....
    3· 3 l I _
    2<-OO"",*"

    ---~
    fl.SIl _ _ !lao1
    ,m
    '"-
    2"""_
    2<136 .
    336 ....
    2<-311 _ ...

    •
    .--...
    ..--
    ,- -
    - ......... --
    ..-
    """-
    c"" _

    -
    ~­
    -
    .::: '.
    :::u ... , .
    •
    --
    ~.

    -----
    .:toN _

    -----
    0

    _a. _ _
    _

    _ A _ _

    -- _&_._I . ... _,
    Va

    ....
    :::
    00; '

    --
    ----
    _.__.. __!o"lo._ _- ::~:::.:.~ .
    _ ~~"

    Table 3 : ....
    -- _ .. _-
    _._-
    _10-- _- ,,.-
    , -
    """"
    -r::.__.....
    _" -c_ _
    _ .. _--
    ... _-
    IlJ. [JOT ,
    ,,--
    ... lll'I. ....... _

    ,
    __

    -
    ,-

    _
    _ lO_ _

    _._- , -
    ~ lll'I. _ _

    _ .. _-
    ....-
    - ,.
    ..-
    ......
    , ~­

    --
    ~.-

    _ .. _- -
    DPl, _ _ '

    ---- _._-
    1Pl. _ _

    . - - ,~

    _._-
    ~ ~

    .--. _ .... _- -
    - -
    III, lPI' ....... _

    _._-
    "'lll'I _ _

    -
    T-..

    -.-.-.. _.--
    _.--
    _._-
    _ .. _-
    , -
    -
    --- _._-
    llPf, _ _

    _ .. _-
    -
    - --
    ---.- _._-
    ~--
    ~

    _10_-
    _ .... _-
    -,-- -
    -
    --'-...
    '-
    .--- _._-
    _
    _.._- -
    . _- ,
    -_-
    -
    , - .
    - "'llf'1 . _ _

    --
    •• .....,
    Table 4:
    -"' ""'-
    .... ------
    N_ -~
    -~

    ---_..."'
    EducatiOn N_ -~
    -~
    .... -~
    -~
    """'
    -
    N.
    N_ -~
    -~

    '.
    ,.,
    ,~"

    --
    """ _I'WQ
    ....... ""'""I' I,m

    ---......
    ~
    N

    -----
    _
    ......_
    N.
    N.
    .....
    I't1Ct -~
    "'10
    -~
    -~
    -~
    '0... ...,_

    ----,.-
    N.
    -~
    ,.,
    '.'

    --...
    ....... _ M1Ct
    N_ -~
    -~
    -~
    N.

    --
    ~

    --
    --- '.,.
    -~
    -~

    ....
    ~
    N_
    -~
    ,-

    - --
    ---
    --
    N .
    _ ~~ IQ

    ,.
    -~
    ,.
    ,tiS

    -~
    -~

    Table 6:
    ''''''''''''
    ---
    ""- --
    --
    ~~­
    ,.,

    ..
    "n
    ,m
    ,.'tn;.n
    --
    IncflCalors ~~-
    GN'",, _
    GN'''''.-.11'.......... ,,

    --
    --
    ~.-
    _lI'O"""_
    CI*' ...
    ".
    ,.
    ".
    ".
    ,-,.
    ,.
    ".
    --- --
    ~~-
    ow

    --
    "" _lI'O"""_
    _
    ,-,
    ___ _"'-.- ....
    "0.0.-._

    ,.'.'...
    _<lGoInooit,,- .....

    - --
    --
    -~-
    GW",, _ ,,tro-ill
    -""
    --
    -- ,t"
    ,.,
    ,-".'.
    -.-
    -~- ,m
    CIPlI_""

    --
    0IiP PI'
    (H' "" _ ,9l\5'1III

    --
    ~~-
    ""'''''--- ,-'.
    't"

    "
    -- -- _- ... ,_.
    ... -
    --
    ,~
    ~""'''''
    CH> .... _ _ _
    '"'

    ---- ....'.'
    'OlI'-t'O

    --
    ~

    ,--
    ~~-

    --
    ... _--
    ~~-
    'm
    ,w

    ,-
    ....,.,,m
    -,-- --
    ~~-

    --
    .-

    --
    'Uri
    ,g,.
    ,m
    _ _ <lL...

    ---,-
    _0- --
    --
    ~~- ,-....
    ,UIR
    ,m

    --
    (U'PO' _ _ _
    'm
    ,m

    - -- .. _... ..,-
    .~.

    '"'
    ,m

    --
    ........ .,. '

    -
    .-"" ......

    -- ,--..
    'm

    --
    ,m

    '-
    ',....,&T_
    ,-- ,,m
    ,-....
    ---
    ,m
    ,-
    ,--
    ~,

    ~
    "'*'"" ....... ,w
    ~~-

    -- _.
    Table 7:
    w~
    --
    eo._""'

    --
    --~
    .....
    C<>6_"-'"

    ......
    'm
    '"'
    .'......"
    'm
    ~""'

    --
    ---
    0<>6_", ......
    eu.._-.... ,--
    --
    ..............ar'v.&'51I.

    ..... ...
    ....
    --
    Cuo6_ _
    0»._-'"

    -- ... -
    ,-.-"

    --
    eu",_ _ ",." ... 'm
    ,U". _
    ...
    ,--
    ~

    --
    eoo _ _ 'm
    ....
    --
    ,m
    ....
    --
    'm
    ,(m Ii

    ..... --
    c<>..
    ,-_
    ,m

    ..•.
    ,... ....
    --
    _~

    Ii"

    -
    --- --
    eo", .... - . , .
    ' ...
    ,~

    ,UII
    _~

    "/79. _ _....
    ,
    u_

    ---
    --_...... --
    --
    --
    '-

    --
    ,-......'.
    ---
    --
    m'

    --- --
    _0"".'_0.
    --
    e...-_ ....
    ..... ---
    ,-,-
    ,m
    'm

    --- --
    ~"

    --
    ~-­

    --
    ~--
    _0:-00
    1m."""'"_ . _
    'm
    ......'-
    .-
    --- ---.... ,- ,-_.......-
    ~~

    So... "I'''" --
    --
    ~

    _0
    .......
    ......0• 0

    ......
    •.
    ,

    .......
    ~_'''91019
    ,m
    ,m

    --
    eo. , . "" .....
    '

    ---
    _~

    --
    Con

    --
    --
    '0_
    ---_
    ,. ..
    1_<11_"-
    "'"

    --
    '~7T

    --
    Coo.. ...,_co
    '-
    '0111;'""'9 .... & _

    ' 9U
    ,"rr

    .... ,.,.
    - ----
    Table 8:
    - --
    ---
    --
    -~ -
    ......
    ,.'
    ,
    ,,sec
    --
    ---
    Indicators
    ~''''''-
    00 ess
    .0_
    ~-

    ..,-
    pop-
    ccouree
    ,~-

    -
    --
    'w
    ,'0'

    -,-,--- ~-
    ,.Itt ....,,·,.........

    -- ..,..
    '.,
    ~
    rH'".._
    ~- 'm

    .. _ --
    --
    r.... DO' """"

    --
    -~-

    --
    ,'.'
    ,-.......
    ,m

    --
    ,
    ,
    ....... ,,-
    --
    --
    --
    --
    ,
    ...,...
    ,'

    -- -- ,-,'......-
    '-
    ,~

    --
    .~-
    """_'M
    - --
    GN'o<>_

    --
    G..P .......... ,-,..
    ''m
    '

    ~-

    .
    ----- --
    --
    --
    .m
    .~

    _T___
    -,--
    -- --
    ~~-

    --
    --
    ••
    ••
    ._
    ••.
    .a•••.•.
    .~-

    "..... &e - _
    ,- --
    ~--

    --
    ---
    ~--
    .-
    •.m
    •

    - --
    --
    ~~ -
    .R
    ••
    .m
    .- ---
    Table 9:
    --
    ,.,.,
    GN' "", _ _ _
    CiN'..... _ _ _
    <»1'"", _ _ _
    .-.-.•.a_-
    .~ -
    ne
    rate 01
    occess ---.....,.
    GN' w _ _ _
    CiN' "", _ __
    CiN'..... _ _ _
    GN' OOt _ _ _
    ...---
    f _ fo<l.lto. .. ~ ""I

    -- .-..•--
    GN' .....
    lH' ___
    .... _".,..... ...

    --
    CiN' W _ _ _
    R CH> ..... _ _ _ 11l&NIll
    GNP ..... _ _ _
    CiN'"", _ __

    ..
    Ii u! I <I li f Un IIi! lit' I u'i II Ii
    III Iii f lii11li I II ~11!1' fii 1ii! I'iii 'Ilflil Ii
    I§ §
    !i ;h I :~IJ ;fl I' , t;JJ HI HIt ,hi! !Ii 'I
    II! III il llJil rii 11 1111!!J1 liill!l ~ IiI If rill II!
    f W~!
    • -I g
    mn IH !; ~i!
    "l> I.
    Uitl ~ Ii jPi if!
    I • l ' II
    I I I 8 I
    HI! I' I!~' '!. t~, i I I' I
    ! II *1 .~!W!~ I!. I i
    Ii t HilliiHh h I I In iii I
    ~ ii' iI' ~'l! III iW Ii! If If I ! •
    Main sources - ---- -
    _.-
    --
    - - - - - - - ---- -

    - - - - -- -
    OfITu_ : _ _ ()glo ; ' (lY>Q.

    _10_:
    •_
    u.oo_~S<**

    Q.ll.oaOvoo"_ '~
    ....

    --- - -- - -- ClIlld lI'8l_~o-:n


    , , $ • ~

    ~-..;~
    ;,;. ~-Pop ' ,-..

    ---
    0-_ ••
    l."OIl<l_,~~_,_

    ... ,'_:-_.... - _....


    ---
    $ $ • •

    Hcl'

    - 'oakl

    _ _ O'. ....... ,(M'q.


    po'Itr1y ....:

    _ _ on:l l""' ...... ~

    ""..,
    Wl)t:l_QlP"'''''~

    1,It_

    -, .....
    - . g _ Cloi'''V...._
    _ t_ ()I1*"_'~ _
    _ & - . Hl.

    ---= -- .SI,. U-_Por


    Ceo"
    __-...-'0
    ,........... " _ ....e-...
    Dor;~;;,__••

    .... _:
    _ . . . . _!IrIrto.

    -' _
    '.
    _ _ " '_~'....
    'O••

    . . . ..,.
    '" ,"" _ _ 0\11O._ _'....

    •
    \n<.'lCliI' l' ' $ .....
    \n<.'lCI'.l' _ .) UN "'"'"' Sew Yook, NY 101117. lISA
    !r.<.'lC1lP ('. ...... 0I50t
    P. . IlnN_ C l l_Il II G<Mva 10, _ _
    tmrcr,p RqionaI Oft'_ fat ~ ..,.l s...nt>tm Mria
    1', 0, l:Io>o ",0). N~ r.:mro
    m.1CFP Rqiono) O!fi<c fat C<DmI fItId "'<>I MIlO
    1'. 0. ..... . .), Ato<lion 04. C<loo d1......
    e.."l<.'1CP.P 0l'Ii« fat "'" _ _ ....... e . -
    ~ _ 1' U . ........ c¥ ...
    \n<.'lCa' Il<P:-l 0lIi<00 ""' &00 _
    1'0. _ J. l lA, . . . . . 1010Il, ~
    IlSIC1!1' a..,.. 08i0r fao . .. - F. - -.I _ Aln<:o
    '.0. _UI 1l1 . " ' - , . . . .
    l.I){JCD' ~ _ _ e - "-
    \n<.1CPJ' 1"-, 7} l .-.Ii - . Nc.lldli 110Il0l, _
    if:o>1Cf.POlllot ~

    rO ._Qlo.o.-\_-..~.
    S.s,... __
    tISICD' 06>0 ~
    n.... _n 1.......... S--..,
    I -I , _~ 1-a..-,,,.......lC., To03'I< 101• .101-
    THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CHILDR EN 1992

    The 1992 SWle of 1M World'. Child_ repon !hat these issues are I>eginnin& to appear on
    .. issued al a time when the wolid order the pclitial agcndJ, in • way that is
    wltich has dominated 1M political and un~ttd in UNICEF. 4O-year btoey.
    economic life of the 20th CC11tury is visibly
    dying. The repon is offm:d, from the TIle most imporwlI sign of thai new political
    panicular J>e"pcctivc of UNlCEFs priority WlII the holdinjr; of the $eptemba"
    expc:rimco: in worI<ing with some of \990 World S......",iljor ChildrPr. With O-"er
    humanity'. most lICUlC problctm, 115 I 70 Presidcnlll and Priml: Minimn in
    oonmbution 10 the debate on the ~ world 1I.ttendanc:e, it WlII \he largest plhcrin& of
    order wh icb is Stl'\lgalina: 10 be born. IIeads ofStalC in history. And it met
    Ip.elkally to di:scuss childrm.
    The repon submits 10 spWf~ propositions;
    taken together, lbI:y add up to I Jlf'OPCliW that Tbc outcome was • oommitm<:nt, now
    ending the absolUle poverty of ()rlt quanti" of signed by Illfm than 120 ~s of state, to
    mankind - the man: than one biI1ion people an ogrccd progrvnmc: for, among other
    who sliD 1,,~
    an d dk with prevaltabk lhings, ending lllIU malnutrition, »='Cfllllble
    hunger, disease, and illiteraCY - should rank disease, and widespr=! iIliteraey before the
    alongside the rdated is$u., of Preserv1na the en d of the de<:a<k. The Hnt of the 1q>On',
    peace and pnxectina the environment as propositions is dUll this great promise 10 the
    priority items on lhe agenda of that new world', children ohouJd now be kept.
    WQrId ordtt.
    Governments must lead. But the report
    Thc report suggcsl$ that one of the most ttrettQ the imJ)OftatlCe of Il'IObili%ing aU
    tlwneful failings of the old world order .. thaI pottible toeial resourc:eo behind the
    a QIWttr of a million childtm :m being commitments WI have been madt and calJs
    aIIO\Io~ 10 die, every ~ and that millions on aU concerned organizations and
    more """ being alII<Immed to I half-life of individuals ttl become involved in '~
    malnulririon and AIrtlo$t pr:nnanenI ill ht:ahb. the promise' .
    By any ~ IWldard of scale or severity,
    tim is an issuI: whic:h sbouId rank in '"A ..... IX'If ;" Wt1rld Iriswry is bM, rumed~
    impor1lll'lCle " ith any on the human agenda. rondudeI UNICEF, "and if IJw -as ofIJw
    But in the plIlI!, sud! problems have had little poI)tf:S' quatUT 11/ --..:t, and of W: dUIdretr
    purchase on priaity bca.usc lhcy ..., primariJy UJht> "'" 1M ....., ~ ofaIJ, an <>,pin
    .\he pi "blahS of the poor and the powerioss. rtkgaud ID IN 100_ of lhal ~ IJwn 1M
    ..... Wt1rld <mJn ",1Iidl is """/1m u.n. will 1M
    Coinciding with the other great d1anga MiIMrwonhy 11/ iss lima ..". capahk 0/
    occurring in the world, 1.h<:rl: are now signs -rUtt IJw ~ 0/ IN fimire. ~

    OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS


    £4.00 net in UK 57.50 ill USA ISBN 0- 19-262228-5

    You might also like