PUBLISHED

 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 19-1952

 GAVIN GRIMM, Plaintiff – Appellee, v. GLOUCESTER COUNTY SCHOOL BOARD, Defendant – Appellant. -----------------------------  NAACP LEGAL DEFENSE AND EDUCATION FUND, INC.; INTERACT: ADVOCATES FOR INTERSEX YOUTH; FAIRFAX COUNTY SCHOOL BOARD; ALEXANDRIA CITY SCHOOL BOARD; ARLINGTON SCHOOL BOARD; FALLS CHURCH CITY SCHOOL BOARD; TREVOR PROJECT;  NATIONAL PARENT TEACHER ASSOCIATION; GLSEN; AMERICAN SCHOOL COUNSELOR ASSOCIATION; NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS; PFLAG, INC.; TRANS YOUTH EQUALITY FOUNDATION; GENDER SPECTRUM; GENDER DIVERSITY; CAMPAIGN FOR SOUTHERN EQUALITY; HE SHE ZE AND WE; SIDE BY SIDE; GENDER BENDERS; AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS; AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY; AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PHYSICIAN ASSISTANTS; AMERICAN COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS; AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION; AMERICAN MEDICAL STUDENTS ASSOCIATION; AMERICAN MEDICAL WOMEN'S ASSOCIATION; AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION; AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION; AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION; ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL SCHOOL PEDIATRIC DEPARTMENT CHAIRS; GLMA: HEALTH PROFESSIONALS ADVANCING LGBT EQUALITY; LBGT PA CAUCUS; PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINE SOCIETY; SOCIETY FOR ADOLESCENT HEALTH AND MEDICINE; SOCIETY FOR PHYSICIAN ASSISTANTS IN PEDIATRICS; WORLD PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR TRANSGENDER HEALTH; LEAH FREGULIA; ADELITA

 

2 GRIJALVA; DAVID VANNASDALL, Ed.D.; LOS ANGELES UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT; JUDY CHIASSON, Ph. D.; MONICA GARCIA; WENDY RANCK-BUHR, Ph. D.; SAN DIEGO UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT; ELDRIDGE GREER, Ph. D.; GREGORY R. MEECE; FRANKLIN NEWTON, Ed.D.; DIANA K. BRUCE; DANIEL F. GOHL; DENISE PALAZZO; JEREMY MAJESKI; KAREN CARNEY; SARAH SHIRK; BETH BAZER, Ed.D.; PAULA INSLEY MILLER, Ed.D.; THOMAS WEBER; THOMAS A. ABERLI, Ed.D.; HOWARD COLTER; MATTHEW HANEY; KEN KUNIN; ROBERT A. MOTLEY; CATHERINE FROM; ROGER BOURGEOIS; CYNDY TAYMORE; LIZBETH DESELM; DYLAN PAULY; DELOIS COOKE SPRYSZAK; CRAIG MCCALLA; MARY DORAN; WASHOE COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT; JAMES C. MORSE, SR., Ed.D.; THE SCHOOL DISTRICT OF SOUTH ORANGE AND MAPLEWOOD; THOMAS SMITH, Ed.D.; CRAIG VAUGHN; ARTHUR DIBENEDETTO; LAS CRUCES PUBLIC SCHOOLS; WENDI MILLER-TOMLINSON, M.D., Ph.D.; JOHN O'REILLY; HEIDI CARTER; ANTHONY GATTO; ERIC DOSS; PEYTON CHAPMAN; ZIAD W. MUNSON, Ph. D.; RACHEL SANTA, Ed.D.; KELLIE M. HARGIS, Ed.D.; LINDSEY POLLOCK, Ed.D.; BRIAN SCHAFFER; THE WASHINGTON CENTRAL UNIFIED UNION SCHOOL DISTRICT; WILL BAKER; LISA LOVE; SHERIE HOHS; SHERRI CYRA; LAURA H. LOVE, Ed.D.; JILL GURTNER; MONICA SCHOMMER; BRYAN DAVIS, Ph. D.; PARU SHAH, Ph. D.; TIM KENNEY; STATE OF NEW YORK; STATE OF WASHINGTON; STATE OF CALIFORNIA; STATE OF COLORADO; STATE OF CONNECTICUT; STATE OF DELAWARE; STATE OF HAWAII; STATE OF ILLINOIS; STATE OF MAINE; STATE OF MARYLAND; STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS; STATE OF MICHIGAN; STATE OF MINNESOTA; STATE OF NEVADA; STATE OF NEW JERSEY; STATE OF  NEW MEXICO; STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA; STATE OF OREGON; COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA; STATE OF RHODE ISLAND; STATE OF VERMONT; COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA; DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, Amici Supporting Appellee. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at  Newport News. Arenda L. Wright Allen, District Judge. (4:15-cv-00054-AWA-RJK) Argued: May 26, 2020 Decided: August 26, 2020 Amended: August 28, 2020 Before NIEMEYER, WYNN, and FLOYD, Circuit Judges.

 

3 Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Floyd wrote the majority opinion, in which Judge Wynn joined. Judge Wynn wrote a concurring opinion. Judge Niemeyer wrote a dissenting opinion.

ARGUED:

David Patrick Corrigan, HARMAN CLAYTON CORRIGAN & WELLMAN, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellant. Joshua A. Block, AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION FOUNDATION, New York, New York, for Appellee.

ON BRIEF:

 Jeremy D. Capps, M. Scott Fisher, Jr., George A. Somerville, HARMAN CLAYTOR CORRIGAN & WELLMAN, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellant. Eden B. Heilman, Jennifer Safstrom, Nicole Tortoriello, AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION OF VIRGINIA FOUNDATION, INC., Richmond, Virginia; Leslie Cooper, AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION FOUNDATION, New York, New York, for Appellee. Sherrilyn A. Ifill, President and Director-Counsel, Janai S. Nelson, Samual Spital, Jin Hee Lee, Kevin E. Jason, New York, New York, Christopher Kemmitt, NAACP LEGAL DEFENSE & EDUCATIONAL FUND, INC., Washington, D.C.; Suzanne B. Goldberg, COLUMBIA LAW SCHOOL SEXUALITY AND GENDER LAW CLINIC, New York,  New York, for Amicus NAACP Legal Defense & Educational Fund, Inc. Aron Fischer, Jonah M. Knobler, PATTERSON BELKNAP WEBB & TYLER LLP, New York, New York, for Amicus interACT: Advocates for Intersex Youth. Stuart A. Raphael, Sona Rewari, Washington, D.C., Trevor S. Cox, HUNTON ANDREWS KURTH LLP, Richmond, Virginia, for Amici Fairfax County School Board and Other Virginia School Boards. Howard S. Hogan, Washington, D.C., Abbey Hudson, Corey G. Singer, Keshia Afia Bonner, GIBSON, DUNN & CRUTCHER LLP, Los Angeles, California, for Amicus The Trevor Project. Wesley R. Powell, Mary Eaton, WILLKIE FARR & GALLAGHER LLP, New York, New York, for Amici The National PTA, GLSEN, American School Counselor Association, and National Association of School Psychologists. Asaf Orr, Shannon Minter, NATIONAL CENTER FOR LESBIAN RIGHTS, San Francisco, California; Lynly Egyes, TRANSGENDER LAW CENTER, Oakland, California; Maureen P. Alger, John C. Dwyer, Palo Alto, California, Kyle Wong, Audrey J. Mott-Smith, COOLEY LLP, San Francisco, California, for Amici PFLAG, Inc, Trans Youth Equality Foundation, Gender Spectrum, Gender Diversity, Campaign for Southern Equality, He She Ze and We, Side by Side, and Gender Benders. Aaron M. Panner, KELLOGG, HANSEN, TODD, FIGEL & FREDERICK, PLLC, Washington, D.C.; Devi M. Rao, Washington, D.C., Ethan C. Wong, JENNER & BLOCK LLP, New York, New York, for Amici Medical, Public Health, and Mental Health Organizations. Richard M. Segal, San Diego, California, Cynthia Cook Robertson, Robert C.K. Boyd, William C. Miller, PILLSBURY WINTHROP SHAW PITTMAN LLP, Washington, D.C.; Tara L. Borelli, LAMBDA LEGAL DEFENSE AND EDUCATION FUND, INC., Atlanta, Georgia, for Amici School Administrators from Twenty-Nine States and the District of Columbia. Robert W. Ferguson, Attorney General, Noah G. Purcell, Solicitor General,