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Received 25 August 2006; received in revised form 9 January 2007; accepted 14 January 2007
Available online 1 February 2007
Abstract
In the present work attempts are made to investigate the hydrodynamics and heat-transfer characteristics of a coiled flow inverter (CFI) as
heat exchanger at the pilot plant scale. The experiments are carried out in counter-current mode operation with hot fluid in the tube side and
cold fluid in the shell side. Experimental study is made over a range of Reynolds numbers from 1000 to 16,000 using water in the tube side
of the heat exchanger. The shell side fluids used are either cooling water or ambient air. The coiled flow inverter is made up of coils and 90◦
bends and inserted in a closed shell. The shell side is fitted with three types of baffles to provide high turbulence and avoid channeling in
the shell side. The bulk mean temperatures at various downstream positions are reported for different flow rate on tube side, as well as the
heat transfer efficiency of the heat exchanger is also reported. Pressure drop and overall heat-transfer coefficient is calculated at various tube
and shell side process conditions. The outer and inner heat-transfer coefficients are determined using Wilson plot technique. The results show
that at low Reynolds numbers, heat-transfer is 25% higher as compared to coiled tubes. At high Reynolds numbers, the configuration has less
influence on heat transfer. New empirical correlations are developed for hydrodynamic and heat-transfer predictions in the coiled flow inverter.
䉷 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Coiled flow inverter (CFI); Coiled tube; Bends; Heat transfer; Friction factor
0009-2509/$ - see front matter 䉷 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ces.2007.01.032
V. Kumar et al. / Chemical Engineering Science 62 (2007) 2386 – 2396 2387
centrifugal
obtained under the condition of significant molecular diffusion
force and in the case of negligible molecular diffusion the value of
a b dimensionless time at which the first element of tracer appeared
at outlet was as high as 0.85.
Jones et al. (1989), Acharya et al. (1992, 1994a,b), Duchene
et al. (1995) and Peerhossaini and Le Guer (1992) presented an
centrifugal
alternative regime in laminar flow that has dispersive properties
force close to a turbulent regime using the phenomenon of chaotic
centrifugal centrifugal
force force
advection. In chaotic advection, the fluid–particle trajectories
are chaotic and enhance mixing, consequently increasing heat
Dean roll-cells
transfer. Such tools were addressed in Mokrani et al. (1997).
Regular flow (Dean flow) Alternate Dean flow The details of the chaotic and temporal flows are discussed by
Acharya et al. (1992) and Chagny et al. (2000).
Fig. 1. Generation of spatially chaotic particle paths in coiled tube by inserting In the present work, chaotic flow is generated by the phe-
a 90◦ bend. (Source: Kumar and Nigam, 2005; Castelain et al., 2000) nomenon of flow inversion by inserting 90◦ bends between reg-
ular coil tubes. The axis of each coil is rotated by 90◦ with
respect to the neighbouring coil; this makes the generation of
helically coiled circular tubes, and found that a pair of sym- roll-cells in a plane perpendicular to the previous one, due to
metric vortices was formed on the cross-sectional plane due to the reorientation of the centrifugal forces. This geometrical per-
centrifugal force. The strength of secondary flow is character- turbation is the main cause of flow inversion phenomenon.
ized by Dean number The aim of the present work is to characterize the perfor-
NRe mance of a coiled flow inverter (CFI) as heat exchanger for
NDe = √ , (1) a water–water or water–air (tube side fluid–shell side fluid)
counter-current flow system experimentally on the pilot plant
where is the curvature ratio and is defined as the ratio of coil scale. The effect of the fluid flow rate on the heat transfer and
diameter to tube diameter i.e., = D/d. Extensive reviews on hydrodynamics were studied in the tube as well as in the shell
flow fields in curved ducts were reported by Berger et al. (1983), side of the heat exchanger. In the present work bent coils were
Shah and Joshi (1987), Nandakumar and Masliyah (1986) and considered as tube side which is inserted into a cylindrical shell.
Saxena and Nigam (1986). The shell of the heat exchanger is comprised of three types of
baffles. These features along with the pilot plant scale study are
1.1. Chaotic configuration (combination of coils and bends) being reported first time, which is not considered in the pre-
vious literature. The most important information in the design
There is global heat-transfer enhancement in the helical of the heat exchanger is the pressure drop and the heat-transfer
coiled tube; still the isotherms of temperature for different coefficient. Based on the fitting of experimental data, new cor-
fluids contain segregated cold and hot regions. The Dean roll relations of the heat-transfer coefficient and friction factor for
cells divide the cross-section into two zones in each of which the CFI are proposed for practical applications.
the isotherm forms the closed curves. Fluid particles inside the
Dean roll cells are prevented from approaching the hot walls;
thus mixing is poor, giving rise to a heterogeneous tempera- 2. Experimental study
ture field. Therefore in the coiled tubes, heat and mass transfer
can be further enhanced by inserting some perturbation in the The purpose of the study is to determine experimentally
geometry. the hydrodynamics and fully developed heat-transfer variations
Techniques commonly used to enhance mixing often involve with flow rates in the CFI as heat exchanger. Experiments on
the generation of turbulent flow. In some cases, however, flu- the heat exchanger were carried out in order to obtain a mea-
ids with long molecular chains can be damaged by high shear sure of their relative performance in terms of heat transfer and
stresses, and also energy is lost by turbulent agitation. In the pressure drop and the results obtained were compared with the
regular laminar regime, mixing is induced mainly by molec- data reported in the literature for coiled tube. Since the exper-
ular diffusion. The idea of generating a spatial (Lagrangian) iments were carried out over a range of Reynolds numbers,
chaotic behaviour from a deterministic flow by simple geomet- therefore the comparison was made based on the inner heat-
rical perturbations has attracted much attention in recent years. transfer coefficient as well as the pressure drop in this range.
Saxena and Nigam (1984, 1986) proposed a new technique, The pressure drops and heat-transfer experimental data analy-
“bending of helical coils,” to cause multiple flow inversion at sis were also carried out in shell side of the heat exchanger.
low flow rates. For the case of fully developed secondary flow,
a 90◦ bend induces a flow inversion, which narrows the RTD 2.1. Experimental apparatus
for equal arm lengths before and after the bend (Fig. 1b). They
assessed their device by the fact that even at a Dean number A schematic diagram of the heat exchanger test facility is
of 3 the value of the dispersion number as low as 0.0013 was shown in Fig. 2. The test facility was composed of a primary hot
2388 V. Kumar et al. / Chemical Engineering Science 62 (2007) 2386 – 2396
Fig. 2. Experimental setup for the pilot plant of coiled flow inverter heat exchanger.
loop and a secondary cold loop. The primary hot loop consists ibrated as per IS code 2056-1962. The thermocouples were
of a liquid storage vessel (V-101), made of SS-304 with a ca- also provided after every bank of the heat exchanger (a bank is
pacity of 500 l, a reciprocating plunger type pump (P-101) ca- comprised of 16 turns with three bends). For the pressure mea-
pable of flow rates from 30 to 320 1/h is provided to pump the surement of the tube side fluid, capacitance type pressure trans-
water (PL 2017, Positive Metering Pumps Pvt. Ltd., Nashik, mitter (PT 101 and 102) calibrated to a span of 0–5 bar were
India). To minimize the fluctuations in the tube side flow a used (Emerson Process Management Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India).
dampener of 10 l capacity made of SS316 is provided after the The accuracy of the pressure-measuring device was ±1.0%.
pump (P-101). An in-line electric resistance preheater (E-101) The cooling water pressure was measured by using pressure
of 22 KW rating is being designed for handling pressure up to gages (PT 104 and 104) (0–2 bar) having an accuracy class of
5 bar and temperature range from 40 to 180 ◦ C heats the liquid 1.6%. The flow rate is measured by a turbine rotameter type flow
to the desirable inlet temperature. An automatic PID regulator meter (FI-101) with a range of 30–300 l/h and signal is trans-
(TIC-101) was provided to control the outlet temperature of the mitted to an electrical transmitter, which provides an electrical
preheater. output in the range of 4–20 mA (Scientific Devices Pvt. Ltd.,
The secondary cold loop fluids consists either cooling wa- Mumbai, India). The turbine flow meter has only moving parts,
ter or ambient air. An induced draft type counter-flow-cooling a precise helical rotor. Rotation of the rotor is electronically
tower (CT-101), manufactured by Patel Cooling waters, Bar- detected and processed. The flow meters used were calibrated
oda, India was used for pumping cooling water directly into before, after and during the experiments. Afterwards the flow
the shell side of the heat exchanger. In case of ambient air meters were calibrated by weighing the water that was poured
in the shell side of the heat exchanger a blower (B-101) was into a bucket while the time was taken by a stop-watch. The ac-
used. curacy of the flow meters was found to be within ±2%. For the
The temperatures were measured with Teflon coated, gage shell side, the flow rate was measured by a turbine rotameter
30 and copper-constantan thermocouples (Yenkay Instruments type flow meter (FI-201) with the range of 500–3000 l/h.
and Controls Pvt. Ltd., Pune, India) at the inlet (TE 101 and The experiments were conducted at higher temperature
TE 109) and outlet (TE 111 and TE 112) of the tube as well as (60–120 ◦ C). At these higher temperatures the liquid may
the shell of the heat exchanger. These are T type thermocouples convert into vapour. Therefore to keep tube side fluid in
ranging from 0 to 300 ◦ C and an accuracy of 0.3 ◦ C or 0.4%. single phase only a pressure-regulating bottle is provided.
The thermocouple junction was kept small to achieve accuracy Through this vessel the process line was pressurized from
in local measurements. These thermocouples were soldered to 3 to 5 kg/cm2 g to maintain single phase in the tube side.
the bottom of 30 mm long pieces of 2.5 mm diameter brass tub- In the pressure-regulating bottle a level of liquid was main-
ing penetrating inside the tube. The thermocouples were cal- tained through a liquid level controller (VALFLO, Ahmedabad,
V. Kumar et al. / Chemical Engineering Science 62 (2007) 2386 – 2396 2389
India) and the excess liquid was recycled back to the feed tank
(V-101).
constant shell side flow rate. The shell side flow rates were 20
varied from 800 to 2500 l/h. Temperature data were recorded Qs = 800 kg/hr
at every 10 s. Temperature measurements from the 300 s of the Qs = 1000 kg/hr
stable system were used, with temperature reading fluctuations Qs = 1500 kg/hr
within ±0.15 ◦ C. Though the type-T thermocouples had limits 10
Qs = 2000 kg/hr
of error of 0.5 ◦ C, when placed in a common water solution the
2.4. Calculation of heat-transfer coefficient Fig. 6. Thermal equilibrium criterion vs. Reynolds number.
The heat-transfer study was carried out for both shell and tube
side, which was done by measuring the overall heat-transfer T1 , and the outlet temperature difference, T2 , using the fol-
coefficients. The total thermal resistance between the two flu- lowing equation of White (1984):
ids was due to the inner and outer heat-transfer coefficients, as (T2 − T1 )
well as the resistance of the tube wall, which is very small. The TLMTD = . (5)
criterion for thermal equilibrium of the whole system was ver- ln T2
T1
ified for each experiment before recording the measurements;
The inner and outer heat-transfer coefficients are usually ob-
measurements were taken when the heat balance was within
tained from the overall thermal resistance consisting of three
5%. This takes into account the heat-transfer losses from the
resistances in series: the convective resistance in the inner
shell to the surrounding air. To check the heat balance, the pri-
surface, the conductance resistance of the pipe wall and the
mary and secondary heat fluxes were compared. The primary
convective resistance on the outer surface by the following
and secondary heat flux is determined as
equation:
q = ṁt cp,t (tin − tout ) = ṁs cp,s (Tin − Tout ), (2) 1 A0 A0 ln(do /di ) 1
= + + , (6)
where the subscript ‘s’ refers to the shell fluid and ‘t’ refers Uo Ai hi 2kL ho
for tube side. Since the secondary fluid is the cold one, the where do is the outer diameter of the tube; di is the inner
secondary heat flux is negative. The fluid properties were de- diameter of the tube; k is the thermal conductivity of the wall;
termined at mean inlet–outlet temperature. The criterion for and L is the length of the tube.
thermal equilibrium is then written as Heat-transfer coefficients for the shell side, ho , and for the
qs − qt tube side, hi , were calculated using traditional Wilson plot tech-
× 100 ± 5%. (3)
qt nique as described in Rennie and Raghavan (2005) and Kumar
et al. (2006). For the calculation of inner heat-transfer coeffi-
The above-mentioned criterion for thermal equilibrium is
cient, the mass flow rate in the shell side was kept constant;
plotted against the Reynolds number in Fig. 6. The figure rep-
and assumed that the outer heat-transfer coefficient was con-
resents the thermal equilibrium criterion for various process
stant. The inner heat-transfer coefficient was assumed to be-
conditions in the tube side as well as in the shell side of the heat
have in the following manner with the fluid velocity in the tube
exchanger. The values scatter within ±5%. When the thermal
side, Vi :
equilibrium state is verified, the heat exchangers can be char-
acterized by temperature and pressure loss measurements. The hi = CV ni . (7)
overall heat-transfer coefficient was calculated from the tem-
perature data and the flow rates using White (1984) equation Eq. (7) was placed into Eq. (6) and the values for the constant
and is given below: C and the exponent n were determined through curve fitting.
The inner and outer heat-transfer coefficients could then be
q
Uo = , (4) calculated. This procedure was repeated for each shell side flow
A0 TLMTD rate. Similar procedure was adopted for the calculation of shell
where A0 is the surface area and TLMTD is the log-mean tem- side heat-transfer coefficient (by keeping tube side flow rate
perature difference, based on the inlet temperature difference, constant and shell side flow rate was varied).
V. Kumar et al. / Chemical Engineering Science 62 (2007) 2386 – 2396 2391
Temperature,°C
curves used for pipes and tubes. To permit this type of repre-
60
sentation for outer heat-transfer it has been found advantageous
to employ an equivalent diameter De concept. The equivalent 50
diameter is four times the hydraulic radius, and the hydraulic
radius is, in turn, the radius of a pipe equivalent to the annulus 40
3. Result and discussion 3.2. Heat-transfer efficiency of the CFI as heat exchanger
The heat exchanger has been analysed in terms of tempera- Experiments were carried to out examine the effect of flow
ture variation along the downstream length and heat exchanger inversion on global heat transfer by assessing the efficiency of
efficiency before discussing the friction factor and fully de- heat exchange in the CFI as heat exchanger. This requires the
veloped heat-transfer coefficient in the tube and shell side, measuring of bulk fluid temperature at the entrance and exit of
respectively. both tube and shell side. The physical properties of the tube and
shell side fluid were calculated at average temperatures. The
3.1. Variation of bulk mean temperature at various banks heat-transfer rate for the tube side was calculated using Eq. (2).
The efficiency was calculated by the following expression:
Fig. 7 shows the cross-sectional average temperature at var- qt
ious locations in the heat exchanger. In the figure the shell side = . (11)
(ṁcp )mm (Tin − tin )
flow rate was kept constant for various tube side flow rates.
For all the three experiments the tube inlet temperatures were In the present work the term (ṁcp )mm corresponds to the tube
maintained at 80 ◦ C. From Fig. 7 it can be seen that as flow go side fluid. Therefore the above equation reduces to the ratio of
2392 V. Kumar et al. / Chemical Engineering Science 62 (2007) 2386 – 2396
ε = (tout - tin)/(Tin - tin)
1.1 1.40
0.8 0.60
0.40
0.7
Tangent 1
0.20
0.6
0.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Flow rate, lt/hr
0.5
2000 7000 12000 17000
Reynolds number Fig. 9. Pressure drop vs. tube side flow rate on various process conditions in
the heat exchanger.
Fig. 8. Efficiency of coiled flow inverter as heat exchanger vs. Reynolds
number.
Gupta (1979) for coiled tube and is given below:
0.1 figure that the friction factor in the tube side of the heat ex-
Tt,in = 80 °C;Qs = 1500 l/hr changer is higher as compared to the coiled tube and straight
T
t,in
= 100 °C;Q = 1500 l/hr
s
tube, respectively.
Tt,in = 120 °C;Qs = 1500 l/hr
T
t,in
= 80 °C;Q = 1000 l/hr
s 3.3.1.2. Shell side friction factor Fig. 11a shows pressure drop
Proposed empirical correlation
vs. flow rate in the shell side. It can be seen from the Fig. 11a
that as the flow rate in the shell side increases the pressure drop
f
0.4 0.0120
Bent Coil heat Exchanger
0.35
Straigh tube
0.0110
0.3
Pressure drop, kg/cm2
Friction factor
0.25
0.0100
0.2
0.0090
0.15
0.1
0.0080
0.05
0 0.0070
0 500 1000 1500 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
Flow rate, lt/hr Reynolds number
Fig. 11. (a) Pressure drop and (b) friction factor in the shell side of the heat exchanger.
2394 V. Kumar et al. / Chemical Engineering Science 62 (2007) 2386 – 2396
120 QS = 2000 l/hr; Water The maximum deviation between the model results and the
QS = 750 Nm3/hr; Air
QS =620 Nm3/hr; Air experimental data was approximately ±1%.
100 Proposed empirical correlation
80 4. Conclusion
60
Experimental study of a new-coiled configuration was per-
40
formed on the pilot plant scale. The new design of CFI as heat
20 exchanger is presented which comprised of coils and 90◦ bends.
The insertion of 90◦ bends between the coiled tube generates
2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
Reynolds number
the phenomenon of flow inversion that increases the mixing be-
tween the fluid elements and enhance the heat transfer. Experi-
Fig. 13. Inner heat-transfer coefficient vs. Reynolds number various process mental study was made over a large range of Reynolds numbers
conditions in the heat exchanger. (from 1000 to 16,000) using water in the tube side of the heat
exchanger. The shell side fluids used were either cooling wa-
ter (cooling tower) or ambient air (blower). The shell side was
Fig. 13 illustrates the comparison of experimental values of fitted with baffles to provide high turbulence and avoid chan-
fully developed Nusselt number in the tube side of the heat neling in the shell side. The effect of flow inversion on temper-
exchanger with the empirical correlation predictions. It can be ature distribution at the outlet of the various banks, as well as
observed that the model results agree fairly well with the mea- on the overall efficiency of the heat exchanger was reported. It
surements. The maximum difference between the model results was found that the maximum decrease in the temperature was
and the experimental data was approximately ±4%. within the area of 0.22 m2 (first bank). Further the efficiency
The present experimental and empirical correlation predic- of the heat exchanger at low Reynolds number was near one
tions were also compared with the data reported in the literature and as the Reynolds number increases the efficiency decreases.
for coiled tube (Shchukin, 1969). In the present study, higher Pressure drop and overall heat-transfer coefficient was calcu-
values of heat transfer are obtained as compared to the coiled lated at various tube and shell side process conditions. It was
V. Kumar et al. / Chemical Engineering Science 62 (2007) 2386 – 2396 2395
900 450
Nusselt number
700 300
250
600
200
500 150
300 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 1000 2000 3000
Flow rate (l/hr) Reynolds number
Fig. 14. (a) Overall heat transfer heat coefficient and (b) Nusselt number in the shell side of the heat exchanger.
observed that the overall heat-transfer coefficient increases with U overall heat-transfer coefficient, W/m2 K
increase in the tube side Reynolds number for a constant flow v velocity, m/s
rate in the shell side. Similar trends in the variation of overall Greek letters
heat-transfer coefficient were observed for different flow rates
in the shell side for a constant flow rate in the chaotic tube. A curvature ratio, D/d
new empirical correlation was developed for friction factor and density of fluid, kg/m3
heat transfer for shell and tube of the heat exchanger. The in- dynamicviscosity, kg/ms
ner heat transfer in the heat exchanger was compared with the Subscripts
coiled tube heat-transfer data reported in the literature. It was
observed that at low Reynolds number the heat transfer was CFI coiled flow inverter
25% higher and at higher Reynolds number it was 12% higher t tube side
as compared to the coiled tube data reported in the literature. s shell side
Notation Acknowledgement
a radius of the helical pipe, m The authors gratefully acknowledge the Ministry of Chemi-
A area, m2 cal and Fertilizers, GOI, India for funding the project.
C constant in Eq. (6)
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