FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO VIOLENCE AGAINST FEMALE STUDENTS IN

INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS: A CASE STUDY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF

ZAMBIA

November, 2018
 ABSTRACT

This study targeted the University of Zambia students who are currently enrolled. It adopted
a simple random sampling procedure when selecting the participants for the study. The
sample consisted of 323 female students aged between 17 and 45, who were or are in
intimate relationships at the time of the study. The purpose of this study was to examine the
factors contributing to violence against female students in intimate relationships and how it
results into physical, sexual or psychological harm against women. The rise in violence
against female students in intimate relationships has been the most reported impediment to
academic performance and social development. Therefore, this study established that female
students in intimate relationships are potential victims of gender based violence because of
various factors such as social norms, alcohol among others. In order to explore the factors
that lead to IPV the researchers depended much on both primary and secondary data.
Further, the researchers used the semi-structured questionnaires consisting of 10 multiple
choice questions and 13 open-ended questions which amounts to a total of 23 queries when
collecting raw data from the participants. Afterwards, descriptive statistics such as bar and
pie chart were used to analyse and present information processed from questionnaires
regarding the factors that are contributing to violence against female students at the
University of Zambia. It was found that the main factors that influence intimate partner
violence include are lack of trust, infidelity, and alcohol and drug abuse. Additionally, social
norms in societies where the respondents grew up that dictate wife beating as acceptable
have also led to the prevalence of IPV among the students. Alcohol and drug abuse is also a
major factor that causes Intimate partner violence.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

The term “Gender-Based Violence” refers to violence that targets individuals or groups on
the basis of their gender. Regardless of the target, GBV is rooted in the structural inequalities
between men and women and is characterized by the use and abuse of physical, emotional or
financial power and control (IRIN, 2015). The terms “Violence against Women” and
“Gender-Based Violence” are often used interchangeably. Violence against women is “any
act of gender-based violence that results in or is likely to result in physical, sexual or
psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or
arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life (Kishor and
Johnson, 2004: 12).”

However, this paper is more concerned with Gender Based Violence’s (GBV) negative
implications on females who are attending tertiary education and are indulging themselves in
intimate relationships. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to scrutinize or
investigate the current as well as past records of the factors that are and have led to the
proliferation of GBV cases at the University of Zambia (UNZA). This will be accomplished
through the use of a qualitative research design with the case study as a data collecting tool.
This information will be encoded, analysed, transcribed, and reported as it is, without
manipulating it. Many are the female students who encounter or find themselves grappling
with issues of GBV, however they seem to being capable deal with this social problem.
Hence, the significant importance of this research paper on GBV is to discover the factors
that are promulgating such a problem and therefore, find ways which can be employed by the
victims in order to ameliorate it.

The findings of this research paper will help reduce the cases of GBV at the University of
Zambia and the country at large. Additionally, the findings will help in fostering economic
development as most females will be physically and psychologically extricated from GBV
victimization because of enlightenment. Further, the paper will also give a critical analysis of
the aftermath or repercussions that GBV has on UNZA female students who are in intimate
relationships. Afterwards, a salient conclusion from the discourse will be drawn to sum up
everything.

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1.1 BACKGROUND

In Zambia, GBV has been an issue of concern for activists. The country has continued to
experience high levels of GBV affecting mostly females in all sectors. Certain factors in
society are perceived to be responsible for maintaining gender-based violence in the
country.
Gender-based violence is a widespread problem in Zambia, and just like in many other
parts of the world, it is typically perpetrated by men. Zambia has one of the highest rates
of intimate partner violence in the world (CARE, 2013). ZAMWA (2012) adds on that
violence against women and girls is rampant in Zambia, and includes battery and
domestic violence, murder, sexual abuse and exploitation, rape, defilement, incest, forced
prostitution, sexual harassment, sexual cleansing, assault.
PLAN (2005) conducted a study which was done in the Zambian towns investigating the
situation of GBV in Chadiza, Chibombo, Mazabuka and Mansa districts in Zambia. It was
found that different types of GBV occurred in the units surveyed.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This research paper seeks to find factors that contributing to the increase of GBV cases
among University students in intimate relationships. Violence against women has
attracted a lot of attention world-wide making the most prioritized problem and the
statistics are fierce and debilitating. Violence against women and girls continues to be a
global epidemic that kills, tortures, and maims - physically, psychologically, sexually and
economically. It is one of the most pervasive of human rights violations, denying women
and girls’ equality, security, dignity, self-worth, and their right to enjoy fundamental
freedoms (WHO, 2008). Intimate partner violence is one of the ways through which
violence is meted out on women. When violence takes place within intimate relationships,
as is very often the case, the violence or abuse is effectively condoned by the tacit silence
and the passivity displayed, by the state and law enforcing machinery (Chesire et al.,
2010).
On a global scale, 35 percent of women worldwide have experienced either physical
and/or sexual intimate partner violence or non-partner sexual violence. However, some
national violence studies show that up to 70 per cent of women have experienced physical
and/or sexual violence in their lifetime from an intimate partner. It is estimated that of all

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women killed in 2012, almost half were killed by intimate partners or family
members[ CITATION UNW14 \l 2057 ].
According to a 2007 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey, 47% of women in Zambia
have experienced physical violence since age 15-77% by a current/former
husband/partner. One in five women has experienced sexual violence in their lives, 64%
of which is perpetrated by an intimate partner. However, less than half (46%) of abused
women and girls seek help for various personal, economic, and social concerns;
especially fear of stigma (CARE, 2013). In addition, other findings have shown that hat
27 percent of ever-married women reported being beaten by their spouse/partner in the
past year before 2007; this rate reached 33 percent of 15-19 year-olds and 35 percent of
20-24 year-olds. 59 percent of Zambian women had ever experienced any violence by
anyone since the age of 15 years (Kishor and Johnson, 2004).

1.3 RATIONALE
This paper seeks to find factor are contributing to the increase of GBV cases among
intimate papers. This will be done by interviewing individuals who have had a hand on
experience of GBV. When this data is collected, it will help not only to alleviate but
eradicate GBV and extricate females (those in intimate relationships) from feeling shy to
report, stigmatizations, seeking revenge, and this will eventually lead to a reduction of
GBV cases in among UNZA students.

1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

To find the factors that are contributing to violence against female students in intimate
relationships specifically among the University of Zambia students. The principal aims of
the research project were: to foster awareness and extent of gender-based sexual violence
against female students and. It will also increase the response rate of the university to
such issues and enhance victims access to support services.

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Females in intimate relationships are invariably potential candidates of Gender Based
Violence (GBV) due to their relentless dependence syndrome on men for providence.

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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

It is estimated that more than one in three women in the United States have experienced rape,
physical violence, and or stalking by intimate partners within their lifetime (The Association
of Women’s Health, Obstetric, and Neonatal Nurses, 2015). According to Crane and Testa
(2014), a percentage of 9.0-46.1 percent men and 9.2-41.3 percent of women have been
victimized by their current intimate partners. An earlier study done by the United States
Department of Justice (1997), suggested that 21 percent of college students report having
experienced dating violence by their current partner. Thirty-two percent of college students in
this study experienced dating violence by a previous partner and thirteen percent of students
reported they were forced to have sex by a dating partner. In this study, out of the college
students who were sexually assaulted, major IPV incidents happened during their dating
interactions – 35 percent attempted rapes, 22 percent threatened rapes, and 12 percent
completed rapes.

Often times, on college campuses it has been evident that women are at an increased risk for
IPV soon after leaving a relationship. When an individual who had issues dealing with
attachment security in their early life leaves a relationship, such issues most likely were
found to result in stalking behaviours (Katz & Rich, 2015). Intimate partner violence persists
even after a relationship has ended. Post-breakup stalking and ongoing pursuit are positively
correlated with post-breakup physical and sexual IPV/aggression by the same partner.
According to the law in the majority of the states, stalking is defined as a wilful, repeated
malicious following, or harassment that places a person in reasonable fear of harm (Katz &
Rich).

A study was conducted in the United Kingdom focused on exploring the nature, incidence,
and prevalence of gender-based sexual violence (defined as including sexual harassment,
stalking, and sexual assault and other coercive sexual acts) against female university students
at a medium-sized English university. The university at which the research was conducted is
a rural, campus-based university with a student population of approximately 9,000. A mixed
methods approach included three main methods: (1) An online survey of all female students
at the university16; (2) focus group discussions with a small group of voluntarily
participating female students; and (3) in-depth interviews with ‘key stakeholders’.

The research indicated that victims much preferred to deal with most victimisations
informally, by seeking assistance and support from family members, friends and fellow

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students, rather than invoking more formal processes involving university authorities or
police. It also revealed that victims often do not report their victimisation to such authorities
because of fear of reprisals and that more formal processes will expose them to secondary
victimisation. Furthermore, although the university had substantial policies and institutional
arrangements in place designed to prevent and adequately respond to victimisation, student
awareness and willingness was low (H.M. Government, 2012.)

It was further found that 60 percent of acquaintance rapes on college campuses occurred in
casual or steady dating relations. Over 13 percent of college women reported that they had
been stalked, and of these 42 percent were stalked by a boyfriend or ex-boyfriend (Sexual
Assault Prevention and Awareness Center, 2016). In a related study, the California Coalition
against Sexual Assault (CALCASA) (2016) found that women on college campuses age 18-
24 were at greater risk for becoming victims of sexual assault, domestic violence and stalking
than women in the general population.

In addition, over the average span of a college career, the percentage of completed or
attempted rapes among college students is between 20 and 25 percent (Crawford, et al.,
2016). Further, approximately one in five students reported being physically or sexually
abused by a dating partner in 1999 (CALCASA). Since the majority of the college sexual
assaults remain underreported, the registered numbers of assaults are most likely to
underestimate the problem according to Burgess-Proctor, Pickett, Parkhill, Hamill, Kirwan,
and Kozak (2016). This study found that fewer than 5 percent of victims on college campuses
report sexual assault to law enforcement and campus police. Only 1 in 10 disclosed to
relatives that the occurrence took place (Burgess-Proctor, et al.). In the overall population,
college women are significantly more likely to experience IPV (in the form of physical
aggression) compared to men, women of other ages and women of the same age who are not
on college campuses (Reed, et al, 2015). From this study, results found that there are at least
15.5 percent of college women that experience some kind of sexual assault over a 7-month
period and 30 percent of students experience some act of dating violence over a 12-month
period.

According to Rich, Utley, Jake, & Moldoveanu (2010), in their survey of 264 college men
across twenty-two different universities, 90 percent of respondents admitted that they had
acted in sexually aggressive ways in a college setting such as a bar or party context. Thus,
from this survey, researchers were led to conclude that sexual aggressiveness appears to be

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normative for men in college settings. As commonly, believed, women seem to be the victims
and men the aggressors as depicted by various studies thus far. Colleges and universities are
high-risk settings for intimate partner violence. In order to address these problems, it is
essential for institutions of higher education to take necessary steps and address these
problems. One strategy to prevent dating violence (and IPV) on college campuses is to focus
on intervention efforts targeting the bystanders (Borsky, McDonnell, Turner, & Rimal, 2016).
This can be accomplished by implementing prevention programs that train students from
being potential bystanders to those who can step-in to help diffuse risky situations, identify
and challenge perpetrators, and assist in support of victims (Moynihan, Barnyard, Cares,
Potter, Williams, & Stapleton, 2015).

In Africa, another study was conducted in Nairobi on intimate partner violence (IPV) among
students of the University of Nairobi. The study sought to determine the forms of IPV
prevalent amongst the University of Nairobi students, find factors influencing it and to
establish its consequences. The study was guided by the social learning and was a cross-
sectional study. The study consisted of 100 male and female students, who had been or are in
a relationship. Data were collected through structured interviews. The study findings showed
that physical, sexual and verbal/emotional violence is prevalent among students at the
University of Nairobi. The study also found that physical violence is the highest form of
intimate partner violence. Additionally, the study showed that the main cause of intimate
partner violence among students is infidelity and mistrust. Other factors that influence IPV
are alcohol and drug abuse, and socialization of the victims and perpetrators, where they
learnt that it is okay to beat a woman/man when the occasion called for it. Further, the study
found that the main consequences of IPV among students are unwanted pregnancies,
discontinuation of studies, and attempted suicide, poor academic performance, seclusion from
family and friends and, in worst cases, death from suicide. The study concluded that intimate
partner violence is prevalent among university students. It also noted that IPV is influenced in
one way or another by social norms learned in various environments (Njagi, 2012).

Similarly, in Nigeria, there a superfluidity proliferation of information on the IPV burden and
experience among young women in courtship and dating relationships. This study assessed
the prevalence and correlation of IPV in female undergraduate and postgraduate students in a
tertiary institution. It used a cross-sectional survey and a four-stage sampling technique to
select 1,100 undergraduate and 255 postgraduate female students from the University of
Ibadan, Nigeria. Data was collected using a 43-item self-administered structured

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questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and multivariate analyses were carried out at 0.05 level of
significance. The results showed that life-time prevalence of IPV was for postgraduates 34.5
percent, and for undergraduates it was 44.1 percent, respectively. However, the study also
found that postgraduate and married students were less likely to have experienced IPV than
undergraduate and single students. Further, students who smoked and consumed alcohol had
a higher likelihood of experiencing violence than students who were not exposed to these
behaviours. Hence, it concluded that the prevalence of IPV was high. And that There was the
urgent need for interventions that will reduce vulnerability by addressing modifiable risk
factors like smoking and alcohol consumption (Umana et al, 2014)

Locally, the study which was done on IPV in Zambia used the 2013-2014 Zambia
Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) dataset to examine, on one hand, the
sociodemographic characteristics associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) and, on the
other hand, the relationship between IPV and use of maternal health care (place of delivery
and ANC visits). The study was based on 6,087 women, age 15-49, who were interviewed as
part of the domestic violence module of the ZDHS. They reported having been in an intimate
relationship previously and giving birth in the five years preceding the survey.

The study, found similar results like that which done in Nairobi that women’s characteristics,
including marital status, household wealth, witnessing parental violence, and attitudes
justifying wife beating, were significantly associated with reporting experience of IPV, after
adjusting for educational attainment, occupation, alcohol consumption, area of residence, and
other socio-economic factors. Like other similar studies, it also found that partner
characteristics significantly associated with IPV were alcohol consumption and controlling
behaviour. The study indicated that gender inequality and problematic cultural norms that
privilege men with power over women still exist in Zambia, and thus IPV preventive
strategies should incorporate a way to adjust such cultural norms (Simona, 2015).

In Zambia, GBV has been an issue of concern for activists. The country has continued to
experience high levels of GBV affecting mostly females in all sectors. Certain factors in
society are perceived to be responsible for maintaining gender-based violence in the country.
Gender-based violence is a widespread problem in Zambia, and just like in many other parts
of the world, itis typically perpetrated by men. Zambia has one of the highest rates of intimate
partner violence in the world (CARE, 2013). ZAMWA (2012) adds on that violence against
women and girls is rampant in Zambia, and includes battery and domestic violence, murder,

Page | 9
sexual abuse and exploitation, rape, defilement, incest, forced prostitution, sexual harassment,
sexual cleansing, assault.

PLAN (2005) conducted a study which was done in the Zambian towns investigating the
situation of GBV in Chadiza, Chibombo, and Mazabuka and Mansa districts in Zambia. It
was found that different types of GBV occurred in the units surveyed.

According to Howard (2015), traditional campus programs aimed at prevention are one hour
or less and focus on improving knowledge about the problem dealing with sexual violence.
These efforts alone do not adequately provide a complete program of care and prevention. A
great number of colleges and universities are now mandating robust efforts to further explore
and address the topic. Many schools are using online sources to explain stalking, expose the
dangers of date rape drugs, and to provide information on how to support a friend who’s been
victimized.

3.0 METHODS

 3.1 DESIGN
Since the aim of the study is to identify the causes of violence against female students
in intimate relationships at the University of Zambia, qualitative research is an
appropriate design for this study. Qualitative in the sense that this seeks to find out the
individual hand on experiences of the factors that are causing this violence among
students. According to Creswell (2013), a qualitative method involves data collection,
analysing, interpreting and putting the results of the study down. Factors like
population, sample and design are guided tools in this approach. This study is non-
experimental in nature, therefore, it will employ a case study research design will be
used. This will enable the researchers to collect relevant data for the study, work
effectively and have a deeper understanding about the causes of such factors. The
finding will enable researchers to come up with helpful measures that can be put in
place in order to eradicate this problem.
 3.2 PARTICIPANTS
The target population of the study will include all the University of Zambia students
currently enrolled. This study is going to adopt a simple random sampling when
selecting the participants for the study. Simple random sampling is where each and
every member of the target population has an equal chance of being chosen to be part
of study (sample). The sample will consist of 323 female students aged between 17

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 and 45, who were or are in intimate relationships. Further, the researchers will use the
semi-structured questionnaires consisting of 10 multiple choice questions and 13
open-ended questions which amounts to a total of 23 queries when collecting raw data
from the participants. However, prior to the administration of the questionnaires, the
research supervisor from the psychology department Mrs. Chanda will be given an
opportunity to go through them for thorough scrutiny. Based on the feedback which
will be given by the supervisor, the items of the questionnaire will be modified
according to the comments received. The Questionnaires will then be distributed to
the sample to collect the students' responses. The questionnaires are going to be
segmented into 3-parts; physical violence, sexual violence, and psychological
violence.

 3.3 DATA COLLECTION TOOLS

Data will be both primary and secondary. The primary data will be mainly from
questionnaires that will be administered at the study area. Secondary data is the name
given to data that is extracted from already existing records and used for a purpose
other than that for which they were originally collected. The secondary data will be
derived from books, related thesis as well as published journals. The Internet will also
be another source for secondary data. Diverse conclusions have been made by other
researchers on violence against female students in intimate relationships at various
universities, hence they are deemed to be of great importance to this research study.
However, in view of the purpose of this study, the researchers depend mainly on
primary data as a source of data. Both closed and open-ended questionnaires will be
administered. The respondents will be asked to tick the appropriate box or boxes
matching their preferred opinions. Other questions will also require the respondents to
outline their own opinions subjectively. The questionnaires will be carefully
structured to avoid respondents misinterpreting the meaning of the questions and
response bias. Simple and discernible vocabulary will therefore be utilized so that
respondents will easily understand as well as answer the questions appropriately.

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 3.4 PROCEDURE
When participants first come in the interview room, they will be welcomed and
thanked for taking part into the study. Shortly after the greetings, participants will be
taken through ethical guidelines of the research (i.e confidentiality, informed consent,
free leave at any time of the study,) and other rights pertaining to them. Additionally,
the participants will also be briefed about the reasons and importance of the study.
The administration of questions types and questionnaires will be the same for all the
participants with no exceptions.

 3.5 DATA ANALYSIS

Descriptive statistics such as bar and pie chat, are going to be used to present
information processed from data regarding the factors that are contributing to violence
against female students at the University of Zambia. Primary data collection will be
based on information obtained from sample comprising of students at the University
of Zambia. In all, data will be collected and analysed regarding the three specific
objectives of violence against female students in intimate relationships: physical,
sexual, and psychological violence. They will also interpret the meaning of the data
by relating results of the statistical test back to past research studies.

 3.6 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

The researchers will make sure that the participants have the right capacity to
participate in the study. For instance, they should be able to understand the purposes
of the study. In cases where participants are afraid of having their responses made
public, the ethic of confidentiality will be stressed in order to do away with such
notions. The participants can also revoke their participation at any time of the study
because it is voluntary and they have the autonomy to do so.

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