This document provides a timeline of important discoveries and events in genetics from 500 BC to the projected future:
- Pythagoras and Empedocles proposed early theories on reproduction in 500 BC, while Aristotle described male and female semen production in 300 BC.
- Key figures from 1600 to the early 1900s made important early microscopic observations and proposed theories of heredity, including Darwin's theory of pangenesis in 1859.
- 1900-1950s saw the discoveries of DNA, genes, and their roles in heredity, including Avery's identification of DNA as the genetic material in 1944 and Watson and Crick's determination of DNA's structure in 1953.
- From the 1960s onward
This document provides a timeline of important discoveries and events in genetics from 500 BC to the projected future:
- Pythagoras and Empedocles proposed early theories on reproduction in 500 BC, while Aristotle described male and female semen production in 300 BC.
- Key figures from 1600 to the early 1900s made important early microscopic observations and proposed theories of heredity, including Darwin's theory of pangenesis in 1859.
- 1900-1950s saw the discoveries of DNA, genes, and their roles in heredity, including Avery's identification of DNA as the genetic material in 1944 and Watson and Crick's determination of DNA's structure in 1953.
- From the 1960s onward
This document provides a timeline of important discoveries and events in genetics from 500 BC to the projected future:
- Pythagoras and Empedocles proposed early theories on reproduction in 500 BC, while Aristotle described male and female semen production in 300 BC.
- Key figures from 1600 to the early 1900s made important early microscopic observations and proposed theories of heredity, including Darwin's theory of pangenesis in 1859.
- 1900-1950s saw the discoveries of DNA, genes, and their roles in heredity, including Avery's identification of DNA as the genetic material in 1944 and Watson and Crick's determination of DNA's structure in 1953.
- From the 1960s onward
Bacolod City 500 BC Pythagoras Male vapors condensed into semen 500 BC Empedocles Females also have semen
300 BC Aristotle Male and female semen
are produced by the blood 1600 William Harvey Found no coagulating semen in developing chick and deer embryos 1677 Anton van Saw microcopic Leeuwenhook sperm cells 1680 Jan Proposed preformation Swammerdam hypothesis 1790 Caspar Wolff, Proposed epigenesis (gametes Pierre Moreau contain bodies that govern De Maupertius development) 1800 Jean Baptiste Proposed Lamarcke inheritance of acquired characteristics
1859 Charles Darwin Proposed
pangenesis (the body produces tiny physical units called gemmules that give rise to units similar to their origin) 1866 Gregor Mendel Advanced the principles 1856-1863 of segregation and independent assortment
1869 Friedrich Miescher Discovered presence of
DNA in nuclei of pus cells 1900 August Weismann Formulated the germ plasm theory 1900 Hugo de Vries Rediscovered Mendel's Carl Correns principles E. von Tschermak 1902 Archibald Garrod Noted the first genetic disease 1902 Walter Sutton Proposed the chromosome Theodore Boven theory 1906 William Bateson Discovered the principle of linkage; coined the word “genetics” 1908 G. H. Hardy Formulated the Hardy- Wilhelm Weinberg Weinberg principle of population genetics 1910 Thomas Morgan Demonstrated that genes are on chromosomes 1913 A.H. Sturtevant Constructed a genetic map 1927 H. J. Muller Induced mutation by X-rays 1931 Harriet Creighton Obtained physical evidence Barbara McClintock for recombination 1941 George Beadle, Proposed the one gene-one E. L. Tatum enzyme hypothesis 1944 Oswald Avery Identified DNA as Colin McLeod the material genes Maclyn McCarty are made of 1953 James Watson Determined the Francis Crick structure of DNA Rosalind Franklin Maurice Wilkins
1958 Matthew Meselson Demonstrated the semi-conservative
Franklin Stahl nature of DNA replication 1961 Sidney Brenner Discovered mRNA Francois Jacob Matthew Meselson
1961 Francois Jacob Discovered the operon, a gene regulating
Jacques Monod system 1966 M. Nirenberg Finished unraveling the genetic code Har Gobind Khorana 1972 Paul Berg Made the first recombinant DNA in vitro 1973 Herb, Boyer, Cohen First used a plasmid to clone DNA 1977 Walter Gilbert Worked out methods to determine the Frederick Sanger sequence of bases in DNA 1977 Frederick Sanger Determined the base sequence of an entire viral genome 1977 Philip Sharp, et al Discovered interruptions (introns) in genes 1987 Kary Mullis Invented PCR 1990 Lap-Chee Tsui Found the gene responsible for cystic Francis Collins fibrosis John Riordan 1990 James Watson, et al Launched the Human Genome Project to map the entire human genome and determine its base sequence 1996 Ian Wilmut Cloned Dolly the lamb 2000 James Watson, et al Completion of Human Genome Project 2010 Whole organs grown in culture? 2020 Chimp/human hybrids demand human rights? 2050 Self-aware computers demand human rights? HISTORY OF MODERN GENETICS: TIMELINE