JUN CARY V.

SUITOS, SN
Arellano University – 0900252
College of Nursing – Batch 2011
III – Muscarinics / Group 64

DRUG STUDY ON EMERGENCY DRUGS

1) AMINOPHYLLINE

Brand Names: Phil Pharmawealth/Atlantic Aminophylline amp Theofil amp

Classification: Antiasthmatic & COPD Preparations
Dosage: Initial: 225-450 mg twice daily, increased if needed. IV Acute severe bronchospasm. Loading dose: 5
mg/kg (ideal body wt). Maintenance: 0.5 mg/kg/hr. Rate should not exceed 25 mg/min.
Indication: PO Chronic bronchospasm as hydrate
Action: Increases the level of cAMP resulting in bronchodilation
Adverse Reactions: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, headache, insomnia, dizziness, anxiety,
restlessness; tremor, palpitations. Potentially Fatal: Convulsions, cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension and sudden
death after too rapid IV injection.
Nursing Measures:
• Administer to pregnant patients only when clearly needed—neonatal tachycardia, jitteriness, and withdrawal
apnea observed when mothers received xanthines up until delivery.
• Caution patient not to chew or crush enteric-coated timed-release forms.
• Give immediate-release, liquid dosage forms with food if GI effects occur.
• Do not give timed-release forms with food; these should be given on an empty stomach 1 hr before or 2 hr after
meals.
• Maintain adequate hydration.
• Monitor results of serum theophylline levels carefully, and arrange for reduced dosage if serum levels exceed
therapeutic range of 10–20 mcg/mL.
• Take serum samples to determine peak theophylline concentration drawn 15–30 min after an IV loading dose.
• Monitor for clinical signs of adverse effects, particularly if serum theophylline levels are not available.
• Ensure that diazepam is readily available to treat seizures.
• Take this drug exactly as prescribed; if a timed-release product is prescribed, take this drug on an empty stomach,
1 hr before or 2 hr after meals.
• Do not to chew or crush timed-release preparations.
• Administer rectal solution or suppositories after emptying the rectum.
• It may be necessary to take this drug around the clock for adequate control of asthma attacks.
• Avoid excessive intake of coffee, tea, cocoa, cola beverages, chocolate.
• Smoking cigarettes or other tobacco products impacts the drug's effectiveness. Try not to smoke. Notify the care
provider if smoking habits change while taking this drug.
• Frequent blood tests may be necessary to monitor the effect of this drug and to ensure safe and effective dosage;
keep all appointments for blood tests and other monitoring.
• These side effects may occur: Nausea, loss of appetite (taking this drug with food may help if taking the
immediate-release or liquid dosage forms); difficulty sleeping, depression, emotional lability (reversible).
• Report nausea, vomiting, severe GI pain, restlessness, seizures, irregular heartbeat

2) AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE
 Brand Names: Anoion tab Cordarone Cordarone inj Sandoz Amiodarone HCl tab
Classification: Cardiac Drugs
Dosage: PO Initial: 200 mg 3 times/day for 1 wk, reduce to 200 mg twice daily for a further wk. Maintenance: 200
mg/day or lowest effective dose. IV Initial: 5 mg/kg infusion via central venous catheter. Max: 1.2 g/24 hr.
Indication: Ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.
Action: Blocks potassium chloride leading to prolongation of action potential duration.
Adverse Reactions: Blue-grey discoloration of skin, photosensitivity, peripheral neuropathy, paraesthesia,
myopathy, ataxia, tremor, nausea, vomiting, metallic taste, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, alopecia, sleep
disturbances, corneal microdeposits, hot flushes, sweating. Heart block, bradycardia, sinus arrest, hepatotoxicity,
heart failure. Potentially Fatal: Pulmonary toxicity including pulmonary fibrosis and interstitial pneumonitis,
hepatotoxicity, thyrotoxicity. Ventricular arrhythmias, pulmonary alveolitis, exacerbation of arrhythmias and rare
serious liver injury. Generally in patients with high doses and having preexisting abnormalities of diffusion
capacity.
Nursing Measures:
• Monitor cardiac rhythm continuously.
• Monitor for an extended period when dosage adjustments are made.
• Monitor for safe and effective serum levels (0.5–2.5 mcg/mL).
• Doses of digoxin, quinidine, procainamide, phenytoin, and warfarin may need to be reduced one-third to one-half
when amiodarone is started.
• Give drug with meals to decrease GI problems.
• Arrange for ophthalmologic exams; reevaluate at any sign of optic neuropathy.
• Arrange for periodic chest x-ray to evaluate pulmonary status (every 3–6 mo).
• Arrange for regular periodic blood tests for liver enzymes, thyroid hormone levels.
• Drug dosage will be changed in relation to response of arrhythmias; you will need to be hospitalized during
initiation of drug therapy; you will be closely monitored when dosage is changed.
• Have regular medical follow-up, monitoring of cardiac rhythm, chest x-ray, eye exam, blood tests.
• These side effects may occur: Changes in vision (halos, dry eyes, sensitivity to light; wear sunglasses, monitor
light exposure); nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite (take with meals; eat small, frequent meals); sensitivity to the
sun (use a sunscreen or protective clothing when outdoors); constipation (a laxative may be ordered); tremors,
twitching, dizziness, loss of coordination (do not drive, operate dangerous machinery, or undertake tasks that
require coordination until drug effects stabilize and your body adjusts to it).
• Report unusual bleeding or bruising; fever, chills; intolerance to heat or cold; shortness of breath, difficulty
breathing, cough; swelling of ankles or fingers; palpitations; difficulty with vision.

3) ATROPINE SULFATE

Brand Names: Anespin amp Atropol amp Euro-Med Atropine Sulfate amp Isopto Atropine eye drops Phil
Pharmawealth/Atlantic Atropine amp
Classification: Other Cardiovascular Drugs, Muscle Relaxants, Mydriatic Drugs, Antidotes, Detoxifying Agents &
Drugs Used in Substance Dependence
Indication/Dosage: IV Bradycardia 500 mcg every 3-5 mins. Total: 3 mg. IV/IM Organophosphorus poisoning 2
mg every 10-30 mins until muscarinic effects disappear or atropine toxicity appears. IM/SC Premed in anesth 300-
600 mcg 30-60 mins before anesth. IV/IM/SC Overdosage w/ other compd having muscarinic actions 0.6-1 mg,
repeat 2 hrly. Ophth Inflammatory eye disorders As 0.5-1% soln: 1-2 drops 4 times/day. Eye refraction As 1%
soln: 1 drop twice daily for 1-2 days before procedure.
Action: An anti-cholinergic that inhibits acetylcholine at the parasympathetic neuroeffector junction, enhances the
conduction of AV node and increases heart rate
Adverse Reactions: Dry mouth, dysphagia, constipation, flushing and dryness of skin, tachycardia, palpitations,
arrhythmias, mydriasis, photophobia, cycloplegia, raised intraocular pressure. Toxic doses cause tachycardia,
hyperpyrexia, restlessness, confusion, excitement, hallucinations, delirium and may progress to circulatory failure
and respiratory depression. Eye drops: Systemic toxicity especially in children, on prolonged use may lead to
irritation, hyperemia, edema and conjunctivitis. Increased intraocular pressure. Inhalation: Dryness of mouth,
throat. Potentially Fatal: Atrial arrhythmias, AV dissociation, multiple ventricular ectopics.
Nursing Measures:
• Ensure adequate hydration; provide environmental control (temperature) to prevent hyperpyrexia.
• Have patient void before taking medication if urinary retention is a problem.
• When used preoperatively or in other acute situations, incorporate teaching about the drug with teaching
about the procedure; the ophthalmic solution is used mainly acutely and will not be self-administered by the
patient; the following apply to oral medication for outpatients:
• Take as prescribed, 30 min before meals; avoid excessive dosage.
• Avoid hot environments; you will be heat intolerant, and dangerous reactions may occur.
• These side effects may occur: Dizziness, confusion (use caution driving or performing hazardous tasks);
constipation (ensure adequate fluid intake, proper diet); dry mouth (suck sugarless lozenges; perform frequent
mouth care; may be transient); blurred vision, sensitivity to light (reversible; avoid tasks that require acute vision;
wear sunglasses in bright light); impotence (reversible); difficulty in urination (empty the bladder prior to taking
drug).
• Report rash; flushing; eye pain; difficulty breathing; tremors, loss of coordination; irregular heartbeat,
palpitations; headache; abdominal distention; hallucinations; severe or persistent dry mouth; difficulty swallowing;
difficulty in urination; constipation; sensitivity to light.

4) BUMETANIDE

Brand Names: Burinex amp Burinex tab

Classification: Sulfonamide Diuretics
Indication/Dosage: PO edema 1 mg once daily, 2nd dose 6-8 hr later if needed. Refractory edema Initial: 5
mg/day, may increase dose depending on response. Max: 10 mg/day. HTN 0.5-1 mg/day. Max: 5 mg/day. IV
Pulmonary edema 1-2 mg, repeat 20 mins. later if needed. IV/IM Emergency edema 0.5-1 mg, then adjust
according to response.
Action: inhibits Sodium and Chloride reabsorption at the ascending loop of Henle
Adverse Reactions: Muscle cramps, dizziness, hypotension, headache, nausea, impaired hearing, pruritus, ECG
changes, musculoskeletal pain, rash, chest discomfort, renal failure, premature ejaculation, thrombocytopenia,
hypokalemia, hypomagnesaemia, hyponatremia, hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, hypocalcaemia.
Nursing Measures:
• Give with food or milk to prevent GI upset.
• Mark calendars or use reminders if intermittent therapy is best for treating edema.
• Give single dose early in day so increased urination will not disturb sleep.
• Avoid IV use if oral use is possible.
• Arrange to monitor serum electrolytes, hydration, liver function during long-term therapy.
• Provide diet rich in potassium or supplemental potassium.
• Record alternate day or intermittent therapy on a calendar or dated envelopes.
• Take the drug early in day so increased urination will not disturb sleep; take with food or meals to prevent GI
upset.
• Weigh yourself on a regular basis, at the same time, and in the same clothing; record the weight on your
calendar.
• These side effects may occur: Increased volume and frequency of urination; dizziness, feeling faint on
arising, drowsiness (avoid rapid position changes; hazardous activities, such as driving; and alcohol
consumption); sensitivity to sunlight (use sunglasses, sunscreen, wear protective clothing); increased thirst (suck
sugarless lozenges; use frequent mouth care); loss of body potassium (a potassium-rich diet, or supplement will
be needed).
• Report weight change of more than 3 lb in 1 day; swelling in ankles or fingers; unusual bleeding or bruising;
nausea, dizziness, trembling, numbness, fatigue; muscle weakness or cramps.
5) CALCIUM GLUCONATE

Brand Names: Phil Pharmawealth/Harson Calcium Gluconate amp

Classification: Electrolytes
Indication/Dosage: PO Hypocalcaemia 10-50 mmol/day. IV Hypocalcaemic tetany 2.25 mmol via slow inj , then
58-77 mL of 10% soln diluted and administered as a continuous IV infusion. Antidote in severe
hypermagnesaemia; Severe hyperkalaemia 10 mL of 10% soln, repeat every 10 mins if needed.
Action: replaces Calcium and maintains Calcium level
Adverse Reactions: GI irritation; soft-tissue calcification, skin sloughing or necrosis after IM/SC inj.
Hypercalcaemia characterised by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, muscle weakness,
mental disturbances, polydipsia, polyuria, nephrocalcinosis, renal calculi; chalky taste, hot flushes and peripheral
vasodilation. Potentially Fatal: Cardiac arrhythmias and coma.
Nursing Measures:
• Make sure prescriber specifies form of calcium to be given; crash carts may contain both calcium gluconate
and calcium chloride.
• Tell patient to take oral calcium 1 to 11/2 hours after meals if GI upset occurs.
• Give I.M. injection in gluteal region in adults and in lateral thigh in infants. Use I.M. route only in
emergencies when no I.V. route is available bec. of irritation of tissue by calcium salts.
• Tell patient to take oral calcium with a full glass of water.
• Monitor calcium levels frequently. Hypercalcemia may result after large doses in chronic renal failure. Report
abnormalities.

6) CAPTOPRIL

Brand Names: Ace-Bloc tab Capomed tab Capotec tab Capoten tab Captor tab Captril tab Cardiovaz tab
Conamid tab Hartylox tab Normil tab Phil Pharmawealth/Panion & BF Captopril tab Prelat tab Primace tab
Retensin tab Spec-Ace tab Tensoril tab Unihype tab Vasostad tab
Classification: ACE Inhibitors
Indication/Dosage: PO HTN Initial: 12.5 mg twice daily. Maintenance: 25-50 mg twice daily. Max: 50 mg 3
times/day. Heart failure Initial: 6.25-12.5 mg 2-3 times/day. Max: 50 mg 3 times/day. Post MI Start 3 days after MI.
Initial: 6.25 mg/day, may increase after several wk to 150 mg/day in divided doses if needed and tolerated. HTN in
diabetic nephropathy 75-100 mg/day in divided doses.
Action: inhibits ACE, reduces Sodium and water retention, lowers blood pressure
Adverse Reactions: Hypotension, tachycardia, chest pain, palpitations, pruritus, hyperkalaemia. Proteinuria;
angioedema, skin rashes; taste disturbance, nonproductive cough, headache. Potentially Fatal: Neutropenia,
usually occurs within 3 mth of starting therapy especially in patients with renal dysfunction or collagen diseases.
Hyperkalaemia. Anaphylactic reactions.
Nursing Measures:
• Administer 1 hr before or 2 hr after meals.
• Alert surgeon and mark patient's chart with notice that captopril is being taken; the angiotensin II formation
subsequent to compensatory renin release during surgery will be blocked; hypotension may be reversed with
volume expansion.
• Monitor patient closely for fall in BP secondary to reduction in fluid volume (excessive perspiration and
dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea); excessive hypotension may occur.
• Reduce dosage in patients with impaired renal function.
• Take drug 1 hr before or 2 hr after meals; do not take with food. Do not stop without consulting your health
care provider.
• Be careful of drop in blood pressure (occurs most often with diarrhea, sweating, vomiting, dehydration); if
light-headedness or dizziness occurs, consult your health care provider.
• Avoid over-the-counter medications, especially cough, cold, allergy medications that may contain ingredients
that will interact with ACE inhibitors. Consult your health care provider.
• These side effects may occur: GI upset, loss of appetite, change in taste perception (limited effects, will
pass); mouth sores (perform frequent mouth care); rash; fast heart rate; dizziness, light-headedness (usually
passes after the first few days; change position slowly, and limit your activities to those that do not require
alertness and precision).
• Report mouth sores; sore throat, fever, chills; swelling of the hands, feet; irregular heartbeat, chest pains;
swelling of the face, eyes, lips, tongue, difficulty breathing.

7) CLONIDINE

Brand Names: Catapin amp Catapres amp Catapres tab

Classification: Other Antihypertensives
Indication/Dosage: PO HTN Initial: 50-100 mcg 3 times/day. Max: 2,400 mcg/day. Menopausal flushing; Migraine
prophylaxis 50 mcg twice daily, up to 75 mg twice daily. IV Hypertensive crisis 150-300 mcg via slow inj. Max: 750
mcg over 24 hr. Epidural Severe cancer pain Initial: 30 mcg/hr as continuous infusion in combination w/ an opioid.
Transdermal HTN As patch releasing 100-300 mcg clonidine base/day at constant rate: Apply once wkly.
Action: stimulates alpha 2 receptors and inhibits central vasomotor centers, lowers peripheral vascular
resistance, blood pressure, and heart rate
Adverse Reactions: Dry mouth, drowsiness, dizziness, headache, constipation, impotence, vivid dreams, urinary
retention; dry, itching, burning sensation in the eye; fluid or electrolyte imbalance, GI upset, paralytic ileus,
orthostatic hypotension, weakness, sedation, pruritus, myalgia, urticaria, nausea, insomnia, arrhythmias, agitation.
Reduced GI motility at times may cause paralytic ileus. Potentially Fatal: Transient hypertension or profound
hypotension, respiratory depression, convulsion. Clonidine withdrawal syndrome could be life threatening.
Bradycardia, coma and disturbances in conduction (in individuals with preexisting diseases of SA/AV nodes,
overdose or on digitalis).
Nursing Measures:
• Take drug 1 hr before or 2 hr after meals; do not take with food. Do not stop without consulting your health
care provider.
• Be careful of drop in blood pressure (occurs most often with diarrhea, sweating, vomiting, dehydration); if
light-headedness or dizziness occurs, consult your health care provider.
• Avoid over-the-counter medications, especially cough, cold, allergy medications that may contain ingredients
that will interact with ACE inhibitors. Consult your health care provider.
• These side effects may occur: GI upset, loss of appetite, change in taste perception (limited effects, will
pass); mouth sores (perform frequent mouth care); rash; fast heart rate; dizziness, light-headedness (usually
passes after the first few days; change position slowly, and limit your activities to those that do not require
alertness and precision).
• Report mouth sores; sore throat, fever, chills; swelling of the hands, feet; irregular heartbeat, chest pains;
swelling of the face, eyes, lips, tongue, difficulty breathing.
• Take this drug exactly as prescribed. Do not miss doses. Do not discontinue the drug unless so instructed.
Do not discontinue abruptly; life-threatening adverse effects may occur. If you travel, take an adequate supply of
drug.
• Use the transdermal system as prescribed; refer to directions in package insert, or contact your health care
provider with questions. Be sure to remove old systems before applying new ones.
• Attempt lifestyle changes that will reduce your BP: stop smoking and using alcohol; lose weight; restrict
intake of sodium (salt); exercise regularly.
• Use caution with alcohol. Your sensitivity may increase while using this drug.
• These side effects may occur: Drowsiness, dizziness, light-headedness, headache, weakness (often
transient; observe caution driving or performing other tasks that require alertness or physical dexterity); dry mouth
(suck on sugarless lozenges or ice chips); GI upset (eat small, frequent meals); dreams, nightmares (reversible);
dizziness, light-headedness when you change position (get up slowly; use caution climbing stairs); impotence,
other sexual dysfunction, decreased libido (discuss with care providers); breast enlargement, sore breasts;
palpitations.
• Report urinary retention, changes in vision, blanching of fingers, rash.

8) DIAZEPAM

Brand name: Valium

Classification: Anxiolytics
Dosage: 10mg/2ml
Indication: relief of anxiety, agitation & tension due to psychoneurotic states & transient situational disturbances
Action: a benzodiazepine that probably potentiates the effects of GABA, depresses the CNS & suppresses the
spread of seizure activity
Adverse Reaction: drowsiness,dysarthria, slurred speech, tremor, transient amnesia, fatigue, ataxia, headache,
insomnia, paradoxical anxiety, hallucination
Nursing Measures:
• Do not administer intra-arterially; may produce arteriospasm, gangrene.
• Change from IV therapy to oral therapy as soon as possible.
• Do not use small veins (dorsum of hand or wrist) for IV injection.
• Reduce dose of narcotic analgesics with IV diazepam; dose should be reduced by at least one-third or
eliminated.
• Carefully monitor P, BP, respiration during IV administration.
• Maintain patients receiving parenteral benzodiazepines in bed for 3 hr; do not permit ambulatory patients to
operate a vehicle following an injection.
• Monitor EEG in patients treated for status epilepticus; seizures may recur after initial control, presumably
because of short duration of drug effect.
• Monitor liver and kidney function, CBC during long-term therapy.
• Taper dosage gradually after long-term therapy, especially in epileptic patients.
• Arrange for epileptic patients to wear medical alert ID indicating that they are epileptics taking this
medication.
• Discuss risk of fetal abnormalities with patients desiring to become pregnant.

9) DIGOXIN

Brand name: Digitek, Lanoxicaps, Lanoxin, Novo-Digoxin (CAN)

Classification: Inotropics
Dosage: 5mg/2ml
Indication: Cardiac failure accompanied by atrial fibrillation; management of chronic cardiac failure where systolic
dysfunction or ventricular dilatation is dominant; management of certain supraventricular arrhythmias, particularly
chronic atrial flutter & fibrillation.
Action: inhibits sodium-potassium activated adenosine triphosphate, promoting movement of calcium from
extracellular to intra-cytoplasm and strengthening myocardial contraction, also acts on CNS to enhance vagal tone
Adverse Reaction: nausea, vomiting, anorexia, headache, facial pain, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, drowsiness,
disorientation, mental confusion, bad dreams, convulsions
Nursing Measures:
• Monitor apical pulse for 1 min before administering; hold dose if pulse < 60 in adult or < 90 in infant; retake
pulse in 1 hr. If adult pulse remains < 60 or infant < 90, hold drug and notify prescriber. Note any change from
baseline rhythm or rate.
• Check dosage and preparation carefully.
• Avoid IM injections, which may be very painful.
• Follow diluting instructions carefully, and use diluted solution promptly.
• Avoid giving with meals; this will delay absorption.
• Have emergency equipment ready; have K+ salts, lidocaine, phenytoin, atropine, cardiac monitor on
standby in case toxicity develops.
• Monitor for therapeutic drug levels: 0.5–2 ng/mL.

10) DIPENHYDRAMINE

Brand name: Benadryl

Classification: antihistamine
Dosage: 50mg/ml
Indication: Hay fever, urticaria, vasomotor rhinitis, angioneurotic edema, drug sensitization, serum & penicillin
reaction, contact dermatitis, atopic eczema, other allergic dermatoses, pruritus, food sensitivity, parkinsonism,
motion sickness.
Action: prevents histamine mediated responses, drug provides local anesthesia and suppresses cough reflex
Adverse Reaction: CV and CNS effects, blood disorders, GI disturbances, anti-muscarinic effects and allergic
reactions.
Nursing Measures:
• Monitor carefully, assess for confusion, delirium, other anticholinergic side effects and fall risk. Institute
measures to prevent falls.
• Assess movement disorder before and after administration.
• Caution patient not to use oral OTC diphenhydramine products with any other product containing
diphenhydramine, including products used topically.
• It can cause excitation in children. Caution parents or caregivers about proper dose calculation; overdosage,
especially in infants and children, can cause hallucinations, seizures or death Inform patient that this drug may
cause dry mouth. Frequent oral rinses, good oral hygiene, and sugarless gum or candy may minimize this effect.
Notify dentist if dry mouth persists for more than 2 weeks.

11) EPINEPHRINE

Brand name:
Epinephrine Bitartrate
Aerosols: Primatene Mist
Epinephrine Borate
Ophthalmic solution: Epinal
Epinephrine Hydrochloride
Injection, OTC nasal solution: Adrenalin Chloride
Ophthalmic solution: Epifrin, Glaucon
Insect sting emergencies: EpiPen Auto-Injector (delivers 0.3 mg IM adult dose), EpiPen Jr. Auto-Injector (delivers
0.15 mg IM for children)
OTC solutions for nebulization: AsthmaNefrin, microNefrin, Nephron, S2
Classification: Sympathomimetic, Alpha-adrenergic agonist, Beta1and beta2-adrenergic agonist, Cardiac
stimulant, Vasopressor, Bronchodilator, Antasthmatic drug, Nasal decongestant, Mydriatic, Antiglaucoma drug
Dosage: 1mg/ml
Indication: Acute asthmatic attacks, Advanced cardiac life support
Action: Naturally occurring neurotransmitter, the effects of which are mediated by alpha or beta receptors in
target organs. Effects on alpha receptors include vasoconstriction, contraction of dilator muscles of iris. Effects on
beta receptors include positive chronotropic and inotropic effects on the heart (beta 1 receptors); bronchodilation,
vasodilation, and uterine relaxation (beta2 receptors); decreased production of aqueous humor.
Adverse Reaction: drowsiness, headache, nervousness, tremors, cerebral hemorrhage, dizziness, weakness,
vertigo, pain
Nursing Measures:
• Monitor heart rate.
• Use extreme caution when calculating and preparing doses; epinephrine is a very potent drug; small errors
in dosage can cause serious adverse effects. Double-check pediatric dosage.
• Use minimal doses for minimal periods of time; "epinephrine-fastness" (a form of drug tolerance) can occur
with prolonged use.
• Protect drug solutions from light, extreme heat, and freezing; do not use pink or brown solutions. Drug
solutions should be clear and colorless (does not apply to suspension for injection).
• Shake the suspension for injection well before withdrawing the dose.
• Rotate SC injection sites to prevent necrosis; monitor injection sites frequently.
• Keep a rapidly acting alpha-adrenergic blocker (phentolamine) or a vasodilator (a nitrate) readily available in
case of excessive hypertensive reaction.
• Have an alpha-adrenergic blocker or facilities for intermittent positive pressure breathing readily available in
case pulmonary edema occurs.
• Keep a beta-adrenergic blocker (propranolol; a cardioselective beta-blocker, such as atenolol, should be
used in patients with respiratory distress) readily available in case cardiac arrhythmias occur.
• Do not exceed recommended dosage of inhalation products; administer pressurized inhalation drug forms
during second half of inspiration, because the airways are open wider and the aerosol distribution is more
extensive. If a second inhalation is needed, administer at peak effect of previous dose, 3–5 min.
• Use topical nasal solutions only for acute states; do not use for longer than 3–5 days, and do not exceed
recommended dosage. Rebound nasal congestion can occur after vasoconstriction subsides.
• Do not exceed recommended dosage; adverse effects or loss of effectiveness may result. Read the
instructions that come with respiratory inhalant products, and consult your health care provider or pharmacist if
you have any questions.
• To give eye drops: Lie down or tilt head backward, and look up. Hold dropper above eye; drop medicine
inside lower lid while looking up. Do not touch dropper to eye, fingers, or any surface. Release lower lid; keep eye
open, and do not blink for at least 30 sec. Apply gentle pressure with fingers to inside corner of the eye for about 1
min; wait at least 5 min before using other eye drops.
• These side effects may occur: Dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, apprehension (use caution if driving or
performing tasks that require alertness); anxiety, emotional changes; nausea, vomiting, change in taste (eat
frequent small meals); fast heart rate. Nasal solution may cause burning or stinging when first used (transient).
Ophthalmic solution may cause slight stinging when first used (transient); headache or brow ache (only during the
first few days).
• Report chest pain, dizziness, insomnia, weakness, tremor or irregular heart beat (respiratory inhalant, nasal
solution), difficulty breathing, productive cough, failure to respond to usual dosage (respiratory inhalant), decrease
in visual acuity (ophthalmic).

12) FUROSEMIDE

Brand name: Apo-Furosemide (CAN), Furoside (CAN), Lasix, Myrosemide (CAN)

Classification: loop diuretics
Dosage: 20mg/2ml
Indication: edema, hypertension
Action: inhibits Sodium and Chloride reabsorption at the proximal and distal tubules and the ascending loop of
Henle
Adverse Reaction: vertigo, headache, dizziness, paresthesia, weakness, restlessness, fever, nocturia, oliguria,
polyguria
Nursing Measures:
• Monitor BP after administration
• Administer with food or milk to prevent GI upset.
• Reduce dosage if given with other antihypertensives; readjust dosage gradually as BP responds.
• Give early in the day so that increased urination will not disturb sleep.
• Avoid IV use if oral use is at all possible.
• Do not mix parenteral solution with highly acidic solutions with pH below 3.5.
• Do not expose to light, may discolor tablets or solution; do not use discolored drug or solutions.
• Discard diluted solution after 24 hr.
• Refrigerate oral solution.
• Measure and record weight to monitor fluid changes.
• Arrange to monitor serum electrolytes, hydration, liver function.
• Arrange for potassium-rich diet or supplemental potassium as needed.

13) HYDRALAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Brand name: Supres

Classification: antihypertension
Dosage: 20mg/ml
Indication: For hypertensive patient
Action: a direct acting peripheral vasodilator that relaxes arteriolar smooth muscles
Adverse Reaction: tachycardia, palpitation, angina pectoris, severe headache, dizziness, weight gain, GI
disturbances, pruritus, rashes, nausea and vomiting
Nursing Measures:
• Give oral drug with food to increase bioavailability(drug should be given in a consistent relationship ti
ingestion of food for consistent response to therapy).
• Drug may cause a syndrome resembling systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Arrange for CBC, LE cell
preparations, and ANA titers before and periodically during prolonged therapy, even in the asymptomatic patient.
Discontinue if blood dyscrasias occur. Reevaluate therapy if ANA or LE tests are positive.
• Arrange for pyridoxine if patient develops symptoms of peripheral neuritis.
• Monitor patient for orthostatic hypotension which is most marked in the morning and in hot weather, and with
alcohol or exercise.

14) HYDROCORTISONE SODIUM SUCCINATE

Brand name: A-hydroCort, Solu-Cortef

Classification: corticosteroid hormones
Stock Dose:100 mg/ 2 mL, 250 mg/ 2 mL
Indication: endocrine, hematologic, rheumatic & collagen disorders, dermatologic, ophth, GI, resp & neoplastic
diseases, edematous states, control of severe incapacitating allergic conditions, TB meningitis w/ subarachnoid
block or impending block when used concurrently with appropriate anti-TB chemotherapy, shock secondary to
adrenocortical insufficiency or shock unresponsive to conventional therapy when adrenocortical insufficiency may
be present
Action: Decreases inflammation, mainly by stabilizing leukocyte lysosomal membranes, suppresses immune
response, stimulates bone marrow and influences protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism
Adverse Reactions: fluid and electrolyte disturbances, decreased carbohydrate tolerance, impaired wound
healing, thin fragile skin, muscle weakness, steroid myopathy, osteoporosis, aseptic necrosis, peptic ulceration w/
possible perforation, cataracts, increased intraocular and intracranial pressure, growth retardation, Cushingoid
state, protein catabolism, psychic derangements, exophthalmos, masking of infections, gasping syndrome,
seizures, menstrual irregularities.
Nursing Measures:
• Give daily before 9 AM to mimic normal peak diurnal corticosteroid levels and minimize HPA suppression.
• Space multiple doses evenly throughout the day.
• Do not give IM injections if patient has thrombocytopenic purpura.
• Rotate sites of IM repository injections to avoid local atrophy.
• Use minimal doses for minimal duration to minimize adverse effects.
• Taper doses when discontinuing high-dose or long-term therapy.
• Arrange for increased dosage when patient is subject to unusual stress.
• Use alternate-day maintenance therapy with short-acting corticosteroids whenever possible.
• Do not give live virus vaccines with immunosuppressive doses of hydrocortisone.
• Provide antacids between meals to help avoid peptic ulcer.

15) ISOSORBIDE-5- MONONITRATE

Brand name: Imdur

Classification: anti- anginal drug
Stock Dose: SL: 5 mg/mL ; Oral: 30 mg, 60 mg
Indication: prophylactic treatment of angina pectoris
Action: Thought to reduce cardiac oxygen demand by decreasing preload and afterload. Drug also may increase
blood flow through the collateral coronary vessels
Adverse Reactions: headache, hypotension w/ dizziness and nausea, tachycardia
Nursing Measures:
• Monitor BP and heart rate.
• Assess location, duration, intensity, and precipitating factors of anginal pain.

16) ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE

Brand name: Isoket IV
Classification: anti – anginal drug
Stock: IV amp 10 mg/ 10 mL
Dose: 10 mg/10mL
Indication: unresponsive left ventricular failure secondary to acute MI, severe or unstable angina pectoris
Action: Isosorbide dinitrate is a smooth muscle relaxant. It is particularly effective on vascular and bronchial
smooth muscle. Its systemic cardiovascular effects are mainly due to a decrease in venous return (pooling of
blood in the peripheral venous system). Consequently, ventricular end-diastolic pressure and volume are
diminished, thus reducing cardiac work and implicitly myocardial oxygen requirements. The arterial vessels are
dilated as well, though to a lesser degree. This results in a slight drop in aortic and systemic blood pressure
relieving the myocardium from a part of its afterload. These nitrate-induced changes account for both the
antianginal effects of isosorbide dinitrate and for its beneficial effects in the treatment of congestive heart failure.
Side effects/ adverse reactions: severe cerebral flow deficiency and decreased coronary perfusion may develop,
nitrate headache and nausea.
Nursing Measures:
• Monitor BP and heart rate.
• Assess location, duration, intensity, and precipitating factors of anginal pain.
17) MAGNESIUM SULFATE

Brand name: Elin Magnesium Sulfate

Classification: anticonvulsant
Dosage: 250 mg/10 mL
Indication: treatment of hypomagnesemia accompanied by signs of tetany, control of HTN, encephalophathy &
convulsions, prevention & control of convulsions in patients w/ preeclampsia or eclampsia, prevention of
hypomagnesemia in patients receiving TPN
Action: may decrease acetylcholine released by nerve impulses, but its anticonvulsant mechanism is unknown
Adverse Reactions: flushing, sweating, hypotension, muscular weakness, sedation & confusion; decreased deep
tendon reflexes; resp. paralysis
Nursing Measures:
• Monitor the following: I.V.: Rapid administration: ECG monitoring, vital signs, deep tendon reflexes;
magnesium, calcium, and potassium levels; renal function during administration. Obstetrics: Patient status
including vital signs, oxygen saturation, deep tendon reflexes, level of consciousness, fetal heart rate, maternal
uterine activity. Oral: Renal function; magnesium levels; bowel movements.

18) MEPERIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Brand name: Demerol

Classification: antivertigo drug
Dosage: 100 mg/ 2mL
Indication: relief of moderate to severe pain, pre-op medication, support of anesth & obstet analgesia
Action: binds with opiate receptors in the CNS, altering perception of and emotional response to pain
Adverse Reactions: resp. depression, circulatory depression, resp arrest, shock, cardiac arrest, GI disturbance,
light headedness, dizziness, sedation, nausea, vomiting, sweating, euphoria, dysphoria, weakness, headache,
tremor, agitation, uncoordinated muscle movements, severe convulsions, transient hallucinations & disorientation,
visual disturbance, flushing, tachycardia, bradycardia, palpitation, hypotension, syncope, phlebitis, urinary
retention, allergic reactions, pain at injection site and local tissue irritation.
Nursing Measures:
• Make position changes slowly and in stages particularly from recumbent to upright posture. Lie down
immediately if light-headedness or dizziness occurs.
• Lie down when feeling nauseated and to notify physician if this symptom persists. Nausea appears to
worsen with ambulation.
• Avoid driving and other potentially hazardous activities until reaction to drug is known. Codeine may impair
ability to perform tasks requiring mental alertness and therefore to.
• Do not take alcohol or other CNS depressants unless approved by physician.
• Hyperactive cough may be lessened by avoiding irritants such as smoking, dust, fumes and other air
pollutants. Humidification of ambient air may provide some relief.
• Do not breast feed while taking this drug.

19) METOCLOPRAMIDE

Brand name: Apo-Metoclop (CAN), Maxeran (CAN), Maxolon, Nu-Metoclopramide (CAN), Octamide PFS, Reglan
Classification: antiemetic & anti-spasmodic
Dosage: 10 mg/ 2mL
Indication: disturbances of GI motility, nausea & vomiting of central & peripheral origin associated w/ surgery,
metabolic diseases, infectious & drug induced diseases, facilitate small bowel intubation & radiological procedures
of GIT
Action: stimulates motility of upper GI tract, increases lower esophageal sphincter tone, and blocks dopamine
receptors at the chemoreceptor trigger zone
Adverse Reactions: extrapyramidal reactions, drowsiness, fatigue & lassitude, anxiety, less frequently, insomnia,
headache, dizziness, nausea, galactorrhea, gynecomastia, bowel disturbances.
Nursing Measures:
• Monitor BP carefully during IV administration.
• Monitor for extrapyramidal reactions, and consult physician if they occur.
• Monitor diabetic patients, arrange for alteration in insulin dose or timing if diabetic control is compromised by
alterations in timing of food absorption.
• Keep diphenhydramine injection readily available in case extrapyramidal reactions occur (50 mg IM).
• Have phentolamine readily available in case of hypertensive crisis (most likely to occur with undiagnosed
pheochromocytoma).

20) MIDAZOLAM HYDROCHLORIDE

Brand name: Dormicum

Classification: hypnotics & sedatives
Dosage: 5mg/5mL
Indication: tab: disturbances of sleep rhythm, insomnia esp difficulty in falling asleep either initially or after
premature awakening, tab/inj: sedation in premed before surgical or diagnostic procedures, induction &
maintenance of anesth.
Action: may potentiate the effects of GABA, depress the CNS, and suppress the spread of seizure activity
Adverse Reactions: rarely cardioresp adverse events, nausea, vomiting, headache, hiccoughs, laryngospasm,
dyspnoea, hallucination, oversedation, drowsiness, ataxia, rash, paradoxical reactions, amnesic episodes.
Nursing Measures:
• Do not administer intra-arterially, which may produce arteriospasm or gangrene.
• Do not use small veins (dorsum of hand or wrist) for IV injection.
• Administer IM injections deep into muscle.
• Monitor IV injection site for extravasation.
• Arrange to reduce dose of midazolam if patient is also being given opioid analgesics; reduce dosage by at
least 50% and monitor patient closely.
• Monitor level of consciousness prior to, during, and for at least 2–6 hr after administration of midazolam.
• Carefully monitor P, BP, and respirations carefully during administration.
• Keep resuscitative facilities readily available; have flumazenil available as antidote if overdose should occur.
• Keep patients in bed for 3 hr; do not permit ambulatory patients to operate a vehicle following an injection.
• Arrange to monitor liver and kidney function and CBC at intervals during long-term therapy.
• Establish safety precautions if CNS changes occur (use side rails, accompany ambulating patient).
• Provide comfort measures and reassurance for patients receiving diazepam for tetanus.
• Arrange to taper dosage gradually after long-term therapy.
• Provide patient with written information regarding recovery and follow-up care. Midazolam is a potent
amnesiac and memory may be altered.

21) MORPHINE SULFATE

Brand name: Morin

Classification: Analgesics (Opioid)
Dosage: Adult 5-20 mg IM/SC 4 hrly. Severe or chronic pain Childn 10 mg IM/SC 4 hrly, range: 5-20 mg; 6-12 yr
5-10 mg, 1-5 yr 2.5-5 mg, 1-12 mth 200 mcg/kg, <1 mth 150 mcg/kg 4 hrly. Max: 15 mg. Analgesic effect Ped 100-
200 mcg/kg SC 4 hrly, max: 15 mg/dose; or 50-100 mcg/kg slow IV. Pre-op 50-100 mcg/kg IM, max: 10 mg/dose.
Indication: Relief of moderate to severe pain not responsive to non-narcotic analgesics. Premed. Analgesic
adjunct in general anesth esp in pain associated w/ cancer, MI & surgery. Alleviates anxiety associated w/ severe
pain. Hypnotic for pain-related sleeplessness.
Action: alters perception and emotional response to pain
Adverse Reactions: Lightheadedness, dizziness, sedation, nausea, vomiting, constipation & sweating.
Nursing Measures:
• Caution patient not to chew or crush controlled-release preparations.
• Dilute and administer slowly IV to minimize likelihood of adverse effects.
• Tell patient to lie down during IV administration.
• Keep opioid antagonist and facilities for assisted or controlled respiration readily available during IV
administration.
• Use caution when injecting SC or IM into chilled areas or in patients with hypotension or in shock; impaired
perfusion may delay absorption; with repeated doses, an excessive amount may be absorbed when circulation is
restored.
• Reassure patients that they are unlikely to become addicted; most patients who receive opioids for medical
reasons do not develop dependence syndromes.

22) NICARDIPINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Brand name: Cardepine

Classification: Calcium Antagonists
Dosage: IV infusion Dilute to 10-20 mg/100 mL (conc of 1.01-0.02%). Initial infusion rate: 5 mg/hr; titrate dose up
to 15 mg/hr until desired therapeutic response is achieved (DBP <95 mmHg, SBP <140 mmHg). Maintenance
rate: Can be tapered down to ≤10 mg/hr. IV bolus inj 2-7 mg w/out dilution given over 1-2 min.
Indication: Hypertensive emergencies or urgencies, peri-op & post-op HTN, hypertensive states of NPO patients.
Action: a Calcium channel blocker that inhibits Calcium ion influx across cardiac and smooth muscle cells, also
dilates coronary arteries and arterioles
Adverse Reactions: Peripheral edema, headache, tachycardia, palpitations, localized thrombophlebitis &
hypotension.
Nursing Measures:
• Patients with hepatic impairment should receive lower dose.
• Monitor blood pressure.Allow atleast 3 days between dosage adjustment to achieve steady plasma levels.
• Advise patient to report immediately if experiencing chest pain

23) NTG PATCH

Brand name: Deponit, Minitran, Nitrek, Nitro-Dur, Nitrodisc, Transderm-Nitro

Classification: Anti-Anginal Drugs
Dosage: Starting dose: 0.2-0.4 mg/hr. Dosing schedule: Daily patch-on period of 12-14 hr & daily patch-off period
of 10-12 hr.
Indication: Prevention of angina pectoris due to coronary artery disease
Action: a nitrate that reduces cardiac oxygen demand by decreasing left ventricular end diastolic pressure and to
a lesser extent, systemic vascular resistance, also increases blood flow through collateral coronary vessels
Adverse Reactions: Headache. Transient episodes of lightheadedness. Infrequently, hypotension. Syncope,
crescendo angina, rebound HTN, allergic & anaphylactoid reactions. Rarely severe, application site irritation.
Nursing Measures:
• Administer transdermal systems to skin site free of hair and not subject to much movement. Shave areas
that have a lot of hair. Do not apply to distal extremities. Change sites slightly to decrease the chance of local
irritation and sensitization. Remove transdermal system before attempting defibrillation or cardioversion.
• To use transdermal systems, you may need to shave an area for application. Apply to a slightly different
area each day. Use care if changing brands; each system has a different concentration.

24) PARACETAMOL

Brand name: Aeknil

Classification: Analgesics (Non-Opioid) & Antipyretics
Dosage: Adult & childn ≥10 yr 2-3 mL, ≤10 yr 1-2 mL. Depending on severity of case, dose may be repeated 4
hrly. In severe cases, dose may be administered by IV very slowly
Indication: Pyrexia of unknown origin. Fever & pain associated w/ common childhood disorders, tonsillitis, upper
resp tract infections post-immunization reactions, after tonsillectomy & other conditions. Prevention of febrile
convulsion. Headache, cold, sinusitis, muscle pain, arthritis & toothache
Action: produce analgesia by blocking pain impulses by inhibiting synthesis of prostaglandin in CNS, relieves fever
Adverse Reactions: Hematological, skin & other allergic reactions
Nursing Measures:
• Use liquid form for children and patients who have difficulty swallowing.
• In children, don’t exceed five doses in 24 hours.
• Advise patient that drug is only for short term use and to consult the physician if giving to children for longer
than 5 days or adults for longer than 10 days.
• Advise patient or caregiver that many over the counter products contain acetaminophen; be aware of this
when calculating total dailydose.
• Warn patient that high doses or unsupervised long term use can cause liver damage.