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ST.

ANTHONY’S COLLEGE
San Jose, Antique
HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

Week 4 – First Quarter

Learning Competency: Compare and contrast the various 21st century literary genres and the
ones from the earlier genres/periods citing their elements, structures and tradition

HILIGAYNON LITERATURE

Hiligaynon is the lingua franca of the West Visayas in Central Philippines. Politically
labeled Region 6, West Visayas is composed of the provinces of Iloilo, Capiz, Antique and
Aklan on the island of Panay; Negros Occidental, the western half of the island of Negros; and
the new islandprovince of Guimaras which used to be a sub-province of Iloilo. Purely oral, West
Visayan literature before the coming of the Spaniards was in Kinaray-a which must have been
the language in folk literature of the ten Bornean datus who, according to the folk account of the
Maragtas,got the island of Panay from the aboriginal Ati in exchange for a headgear of gold and
a necklace that touched the ground. The coming of the Spaniards and the conversion of the
people to Christianity produced new forms of folk literature. Written literature also started, first
with translations of Spanish texts of prayers and lives of the saints. Important young writers in
West Visayas today include: Hiligaynon– Alicia Tan-Gonzales, Peter Solis Nery, Edgar Siscar,
Resurreccion Hidalgo, Alfredo Siva, Alain Russ Dimzon; Kinaray-a — Ma. Milagros C.
Geremia Lanchica, Alex C. de los Santos, John Iremil E. Teodoro, Jose Edison C. Tondares,
Maragtas S. V. Amante, Ma. Felicia Flores; Aklanon –– Melchor F. Cichon, Alexander C. de
Juan, John E. Barrios.

A simile uses figurative language to compare two different things using the words “like”
or “as.” For example, when we say or write that someone is “as happy as a clam,” we are using a
simile to compare two different things: a person and a clam.

Example: Her handshake was as warm as towels from the dryer.

Figurative language includes special forms that writers use to help readers make a strong
connection to their words. A simile is one kind of figurative language. It makes a comparison of
two unlike things using the words ―like or ―as.

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FICTION – refers to any imagination fact and idea of life. The characteristics and settings are
purely works of the author’s mind and may or may not happen in real life. However, themes and
conflicts raised in some stories are similar in real life context. These make the readers view and
put themselves into the shoe of the characters.

Types of Fiction:

A. Speculative fiction is a broad umbrella category of narrative fiction referring to any fiction
story that includes elements, settings and characters whose features are created out of human
imagination and speculation rather than based on attested reality and everyday life. That
encompasses the genres of science fiction, fantasy, science fantasy, horror, alternative history,
and magic realism.
At the turn of the millennium Speculative Fiction got a much needed boost when the
country‘s most prestigious literary awards body, the Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for
Literature added the ―Future Fiction‖ category (in both Filipino and English languages).

Speculative fiction may include elements of one or more of the following genres:

Fantasy - includes elements and beings from human cultural imagination, such as
mythical creatures (dragons and fairies, for example), magic and magical elements, sorcery,
witchcraft, etc. The Lord of the Rings, Harry Potter

Science fiction - features technologies that do not exist in real life (but may be supposed
to do in the future), including time travel, interstellar travel, flying cars and also beings and
societies from other planets (aliens) Star Wars, Planet of the Apes

Horror - somewhat similar to fantasy, but focusing on terrifying, evil and often powerful
beings, such as monsters and ghosts. Also aims to transmit actual fear and confusion to the
reader/watcher. A Nightmare on Elm Street, Case 39

Utopia – takes place in a highly desirable society, often presented as advanced, happy,
intelligent or even perfect or problem-free. 91

Dystopia - takes place in a highly undesirable society, often plagued with strict control,
violence, chaos, brainwashing and other negative elements.

Alternate history - focusing on historical events as if they happened in a different way,


and its implications on the present.

Apocalyptic - takes place before and during a massive, worldwide disaster.

Post-apocalyptic - focuses on groups of survivors after a massive, worldwide disaster.


One of the 21st century speculative fiction writers in the country is Ian Casocot. His work “The
Sugilanon of Epefania's Heartbreak” is a fusion of magic realism and a love story.

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B. Novel – this is a lengthy narrative story separated into series of chapters. It possesses
complexity of plot and has the capacity to introduce numerous characters in different parts of the
story. It also contains more elaborate settings.

C. Short Story – this is a short narrative story which focuses on a single plot and characterized
by its different elements.

The Elements of a Short Story

1. Setting - refers to the time, place and condition in which the story takes place.

2. Characters – these are the persons, animal or things moving around the plot of the story.

Two Major Types of Characters

a. Protagonist – refers to the main character in the story. He / she is the hero or heroine
of the story.
b. Antagonist – he / she is the villain who opposes the main character in the story.

3. Plot – refers to the series of actions and events happen in the story.

Five Parts of the Plot

a. Exposition – this is the part that sets the mood of the story wherein characters, setting
and background are being introduced.

b. Rising Action – it is the part of the plot that marks the onset of the major conflict in
the story.

c. Climax - this is the part that builds the highest tension and considered to be the story’s
highest point of interest.

d. Falling Action – this marks the revelation and realization of the characters leading to
the resolution of the story’s main conflict.

e. Denouement – this is the final resolution and outcome of the story.

4. Conflict – refers to the struggle of complication involving the characters of the story.

Types of Conflict
a. man vs man
b. man vs himself
c. man vs nature
d. man vs society
e. man vs technology

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5. Point of View – this pertains to the voice used by the writer as a narrator of the story and how
it was seen or told.

Three Point of View

a. Omniscient – the author allows the inner thoughts and feeling of the main characters
to be presented in the text.

b. First Person Point of View – the author is the one observing and speaking in the
story. He can be one of the characters or the one portraying his own identity.

c. Third Person or Limited Point of View – the author chooses a character as a narrator
who will be the central observer and detects action inside the story.

6. Mood - refers to the atmosphere and tone of the story.

7. Theme – this pertains to the central idea which conveys truths and values according to the
author’s purpose and perspective on the human’s experience.

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