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HYDRAULIC TURBINE

Monday, 13 April 2020

Submitted by:-Abhishek M Chavan. Roll no:-04


Class:- B.Tech Second Year, Civil Dept. Div:-B
Subject:- Advance Fluid Mechanics (AFM)
Guided by:- Prof Nitin Bhardiya

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Introduction
• Hydraulicturbines may be defined as prime
movers that transform the kinetic energy of the falling
water into mechanical energy of rotation and shoes
primary function is to drive an electric generator.

• A cubicmeter of water can give about 9800 joules


of mechanical energy for every meter it depends and a
flow of a cubic meter per second in a fall of 1 meter
can provide 9800W of power.

• Hydro-power is essentially a controlled method of


water descent usefully utilized to generate power.

• Hydro-electric plants utilize the energy of water


falling through a head that may vary from a few
meters to 1500/2000m. To manage this wide range of

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heads, many different kind of turbines are employed,
which differ in their working component

• The main component of a hydroelectric system may be


classified into two groups

1. The hydraulic system


2. The electric system

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History
• Water wheels have been used for hundreds of years
for industrial power. Their man shortcoming is size,
which limits the flow rate and head that can be
harnessed. The migration from water wheels to
modern turbines took about one hundred years.
Development occurred during the Industrial
revolution, using scientific principles and methods.
They also extensive use of new materials and
manufacturing methods developed at the time

The construction of a Ganz water

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• Water wheels- China & Egypt- thousand of years ago
• Reaction runner- J A Segnar-1950
• Euler turbine theory- Leonard Euler- valid till today
• Turbine is a designation that was introduced in 1824 in
a dissertation of the French Engineer Burdin

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Working Principal

Hydraulic turbines
convert the potential
energy of water into
mechanical work.
Leonardo da Vinci once
said “The power of
water has changed
more in this world than
emperors or kings”. It
was very rightly stated
by him as in present
time Hydropower, the
power generated from
water, has major contributed to the world’s total power
production. This all was made possible by the
development of Hydraulic Turbines which can transfer
the energy from flowing water to the shafts of dynamos
producing electrical power

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Classification
Hydraulic turbines are generally classified as

• Impulse Turbine- Pelton, Turgo turbine

• Reaction Turbine- Francis, Kaplan and


Propeller turbine

Based on flow direction, they are further classified as

• Tangential flow

• Radial flow

Pelton Francis Kaplan


Turbine Turbine Turbine

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Pelton Turbine
This turbine is named after Lester A. Pelton (1829-1908)
an American Engineer developed it in the year 1880.
Pelton Wheel is a high head turbine to the runner. So it
is a tangential flow impulse turbine. A Pelton’s runner
consists of a single wheel mounted on a horizontal
shaft. Water falls towards the turbine through pipe
called penstock and flows through a nozzle. The high
speed jet of water hits the bucket ( vanes) on the wheel
and causes the wheel to rotate. A spear rod which has a
spear shaped end can be moved by a hand wheel.

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Parts of Pelton Turbine

1. Nozzle and Flow Regulating Arrangement

2. Runner and Buckets

3. Casing

4. Braking Jet

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Francis Turbine

Francis Turbine is the first hydraulic turbine which


radial inflow. It was designed by an American Scientist
James Francis. If the water flows radially through the
runner, from outwards to inward then it is known as an
inward radial flow turbine

Francis Turbine is a reaction turbine as the energy


available at the inlet of the turbine is a combination of
kinetic and pressure energy

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Main Components of Francis Turbine

1. Spiral Casing
Spiral casing is the inlet medium of water to the turbine.
The water flowing from the reservoir or dam is made to
pass through this pipe with high pressure. The blades of
the turbines are circularly placed, which mean the water
striking the turbines blades should flow in the circular
axis for efficient striking. So the spiral casing is used,
but due to circular movement of the water, it looses its
pressure.
To maintain the same pressure the diameter of the
casing is gradually reduced, so as to maintain the
pressure uniform, thus uniform momentum or velocity
striking the runner blades.

2. Stay Vanes 
Stay vanes and guide vanes guides the water to the
runner blades. Stay vanes remain stationary at their
position and reduces the swirling of water due to radial
flow, as it enters the runner blades. Thus making turbine
more efficient

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3. Guide Vanes
Guide vanes are not stationary, they change their angle
as per the requirement to control the angle of striking of
water to turbine blades to increase the efficiency. They
also regulate the flow rate of water into the runner
blades thus controlling the power output of a turbine
according to the load on the turbine.

4. Runner Blades
The performance and efficiency of the turbine is
dependent on the design of the runner blades. In a
Francis turbine, runner blades are divided into 2 parts.
The lower half is made in the shape of small bucket so
that it uses the impulse action of water to rotate the
turbine.
The upper part of the blades use the reaction force of
water flowing through it. These two forces together
makes the runner to rotate.

5. Draft Tube
The pressure at the exit of the runner of Reaction
Turbine is generally less than atmospheric pressure.
The water at exit cannot be directly discharged to the
tail race. A tube or pipe of gradually increasing area is
used for discharging water from the exit of turbine to the
tail race.

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This tube of increasing area is called Draft Tube. One
end of the tube is connected to the outlet of runner
while the other end is sub-merged below the level of
water in the tail-race.

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How Does a Francis Turbine Work?
The water is allowed to enter the spiral casing of the
turbine, which lead the water through the stay vanes
and guide vanes. The spiral case is kept in decreasing
diameter so as to maintain the flow pressure.

The stay vanes being stationary at their place, removes


the swirls from the water, which are generated due to
flow through spiral casing and tries it to make the flow
of water more linear to be deflected by adjustable guide
vanes.
The angle of guide vanes decides the angle of attack of
water at the runner blades thus make sure the output of
the turbine. The runner blades are stationary and can-
not pitch or change their angle so it’s all about the guide
vanes which controls the power output of a turbine.
The performance and efficiency of the turbine is
dependent on the design of the runner blades. In a
Francis turbine, runner blades are divided into 2 parts.
The lower half is made in the shape of small bucket so
that it uses the impulse action of water to rotate the
turbine.
The upper part of the blades use the reaction force of
water flowing through it.  Thus runner blades make use

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of both pressure energy and kinetic energy of water and
rotates the runner in most efficient way.
The water coming out of runner blades would lack both
the kinetic energy and pressure energy, so we use the
draft tube to recover the pressure as it advances
towards tail race, but still we cannot recover the
pressure to that extent that we can stop air to enter into
the runner housing thus causing cavitation.

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Applications of Francis Turbine
• Francis turbine is the most widely used turbine in
hydro-power plants to generate electricity.
• Mixed flow turbine is also used in irrigation water
pumping sets to pump water from ground for
irrigation.
• It is efficient over a wide range of water head and
flow rate.
• It is most efficient hydro-turbine we have till date.

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Kaplan turbine
Kaplan turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine. The
water flows through the runner of the turbine is an axial
direction and the energy at the inlet of the turbine is the
sum of kinetic and pressure energy.

In an axial flow reaction turbine the shaft is vertical.


The lower end of the shaft is larger and is known as
‘hub’ or ‘boss’. It is on this hub that the vanes are
attached. If the vanes are adjustable then it is known as
‘Kaplan turbine’ and if the vanes are non adjustable
then it is known as Propeller turbine

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Main Components of Kaplan Turbine
1. Scroll Casing
It is a spiral type of casing that has decreasing cross
section area. The water from the penstocks enters the
scroll casing and then moves to the guide vanes where
the water turns through 90° and flows axially through
the runner. It protects the runner, runner blades guide
vanes and other internal parts of the turbine from an
external damage.

2. Guide Vane Mechanism


It is the only controlling part of the whole turbine, which
opens and closes depending upon the demand of
power requirement. In case of more power output
requirements, it opens wider to allow more water to hit
the blades of the rotor and when low power output
requires it closes itself to cease the flow of water. If
guide vanes is absent than the turbine can not work
efficiently and its efficiency decreases.

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3. Draft Tube
The pressure at the exit of the runner of Reaction
Turbine is generally less than atmospheric pressure.
The water at exit cannot be directly discharged to the
tail race. A tube or pipe of gradually increasing area is
used for discharging water from the exit of turbine to the
tail race. This tube of increasing area is called Draft
Tube. One end of the tube is connected to the outlet of
runner while the other end is sub-merged below the
level of water in the tail-race.

4. Runner Blades
The heart of the component in kaplan turbine are its
runner blades, as it the rotating part which helps in
production of electricity.Its shaft is connected to the
shaft of the generator. The runner of the this turbine has
a large boss on which its blades are attached and the
the blades of the  runner is adjustable to an optimum
angle of attack

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Working Procedure of Kaplan Turbine
The water coming from the pen-stock is made to enter
the scroll casing. The scroll casing is made in the
required shape that the flow pressure is not lost. The
guide vanes direct the water to the runner blades. The
vanes are adjustable and can adjust itself according to
the requirement of flow rate. The water takes a 90
degree turn, so the direction of the water is axial to that
of runner blades.
The runner blades start to rotate as the water strikes
due to reaction force of the water. The runner blades
has twist along its length in order to have always
optimum angle of attack for all cross section of blades
to achieve greater efficiency.
From the runner blades, the water enters into the draft
tube where its pressure energy and kinetic energy
decreases. Kinetic energy is gets converted into
pressure energy results in increased pressure of the
water.
The rotation of the turbine is used to rotate the shaft of
generator for electricity production.

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Advantages of Kaplan Turbine
1. Kaplan turbines are widely used throughout the
world for electrical power production.
2. It can work more efficiently at low water head and
high flow rates as compared with other types of
turbines.
3. It is smaller in size and easy to construct.
4. The efficiency of Kaplan turbine is very high as
compares with other hydraulic turbine.

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Conclusion

Its a predict feels highly obliged that I am try to complete my


term paper about the topic hydraulic turbine, its my glad to
do this report with the help of internet and some books and
some pdf files. I hope that I have done my best hard work to
do this work hard to harvest to achieve my goal. And thanks
to my sir that he has given to me this work to better myself.

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