EE2005

Electronics

Lecture 01
Supplementary Slides
Since EG1108 is a pre-requisite for EE2005, we will assume that you have mastered basic concepts
of analyzing simple circuits (e.g. superposition, KCL, KVL, Thevenin’s theorem).

If you need further examples, these materials are for your self-learning. Exercises are suggested to
test your understanding of KCL and Thevenin’s theorem. If you need more practice, you can try out
problem sets in basic electrical engineering textbooks.

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Constant Current Source: Review
An ideal constant current source supplies a constant current IO, for any
value of voltage VO across it.
An ideal constant current source
has a horizontal I-V characteristics
+

Current Io through
Current Source
IO
Constant Current Value is IO
VO
- IO
Voltage Vo across Current Source

Example 1. Find the value of VO across the current source

in the following circuit:
I The current IO = 1 mA and also flow
through the resistor R.
+ IO = 1 mA
+ VO This allows us to find the voltage VR
4V across R, i.e.
- - VR = IO.R = (1 mA) x (1.5 kΩ) = 1.5 V.
+
R= VR Since VO + VR = 4 V (by KVL),
-
1.5 kΩ we have
GND VO = (4 – 1.5)V = 2.5 V.
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Constant Current Source:
Check Your Understanding

Test your understanding with the following cases for this circuit:
(a) If V1 = 10 V and R1 = 0 Ω,
find I and VO. R1
(Answer: I = 1 mA; VO = 7 V)
VO
+
V1
(b) If V1 = 7 V and R1 = 0 Ω, I - IO +
find I and VO. A
(Answer: I = 1 mA; VO = 4 V) 2m -
+ IR
(c) If V1 = 7 V and R1 = 1 kΩ
Ω, 3V
find I and VO. - R = 1 kΩ
(Answer: I = 1 mA; VO = 2 V)

(d) If V1 = 5 V and R1 = 0.5 kΩ

Ω,
GND
find I and VO.
(Answer: I = 1 mA; VO = 1 V)
Assignment for adventurous students:
Draw your own circuits that comprise at least one current source and
test your understanding. Discuss with your classmates.
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Thevenin’s Theorem: Review
Example 2. Find the Thevenin’s Equivalent
Circuit for the following circuit:

We need to find the value of RTH :

RTH = R1//R2 = 200 kΩ

Ω
R1
We also need to find the value of
600 kΩ
Ω VTH which is equal to the open
circuit voltage VOC. Answer:
The Thevenin’s
B
+ Equivalent Circuit is
10 V +
-
R2 VOC = 300kΩΩ/(300kΩ
Ω+600kΩ
Ω)×
×10V B
= 3.33 V
300 kΩ
Ω
3.33 V
R1//R2 =
- + 200 kΩΩ
A -
A

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Application of Thevenin’s Theorem:
Example 3. A resistor R connected between nodes A and B (below):
(a) If R = 300 kΩ, find VR and IR without
R1 invoking the Thevenin’s Theorem.
600 kΩ
Ω
By voltage division rule,
IR1 VR = (R2//R)/[R1 + (R2//R)]x(10 V)
B
+ = (300kΩ//300kΩ)/[600kΩ +
10 V +
- VR (300kΩ//300kΩ)]x(10 V)
R2 R = (150kΩ)/[600kΩ + 150kΩ]x(10 V)
300 kΩ
Ω = 2 V.
IR
-
IR = VR/R = 2V/300kΩ = 0.0067 mA
A

B
(b) If R = 300 kΩ, find VR and IR by
+ applying the Thevenin’s Theorem.
3.33 V
200 kΩ
Ω We shall use the circuit on the left.
+ VR
- R IR = 3.33V/(200kΩ +300kW) = 0.0067 mA
IR
-
A VR = IRx(300kΩ)= 2 V.

See that the answers in parts (a) and (b) are the same. 1S-5
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Thevenin’s Theorem:
Check Your Understanding
1. Test your understanding: In Example 3, we considered the case where R
= 300 kΩΩ, and answers in parts (a) and (b) are the same. You may wish to
show that this is generally true for any R.

2. Another exercise you can consider: Find the Thevenin’s equivalent

circuit for this network:

R1
2 kΩ
Ω

R3
B
+ 1 kΩ
Ω
Answer:
10 V +
- VOC = 6 V
R2 VOC
RTH = 1 kΩ
2 kΩ
Ω
1 mA -
A

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Thevenin’s Theorem:
Check Your Understanding
3. If a resistor R = 2 kΩ
Ω is connected between A and B, find VR and IR with
and without invoking Thevenin’s theorem. You should see that the
answers are the same.

R1
2 kΩ
Ω

R3
B
+ 1 kΩ
Ω
10 V +
- VR
R2 R
2 kΩ
Ω Answer:
IR
1 mA - VR = 4 V
IR = 2 mA
A

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