Lista verbelor neregulate

Infinitiv Trecut Participiu trecut Traducere

to abide abode abode a astepta, a sta, a locui

to arise arose arisen a se ridica

to awake awoke awoke a se trezi
to be was, were been a fi
to bear bore born a se naste
to beat beat beaten a bate
to become became become a deveni
to begin began begun a icepe
to behold beheld beheld a zari, a vedea
to bend bent bent a idoi
to beseech besought besought a implora
to bear bore born a se naste
to bet bet bet a paria
to bid bade bidden a oferi, a licita
to bind bound bound a lega
to bite bit bitten a musca
to bleed bled bled a sangera
to bless blest blest a binecuvanta
to blow blew blown a sufla
to break broke broken a sparge
to breed bred bred a creste
to bring brought brought a aduce
to broadcast broadcast broadcast a transmite prin radio
to burn burnt (burned) burnt (burned) a arde
to burst burst burst a izbucni
to buy bought bought a cumpara
to can could been able to a putea, a fi posibil
to cast cast cast a arunca
to catch caught caught a prinde
to choose chose chosen a alege
to cleave cleft cleft a despica
to cling clung clung a se lipi
to come came come a veni
to cost cost cost a costa
to creep crept crept a se tara
to cut cut cut a taia
to deal dealt dealt a se ocupa, a trata afaceri
to dig dug dug a sapa
to do did done a face
Form of Passive
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

 the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
 the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
 the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is
dropped)

Tense Subject Verb Object

writes a letter.
Simple Present Active: Rita

Passive: A letter is written by Rita.

Simple Past Active: Rita wrote a letter.

Passive: A letter was written by Rita.

Present Perfect Active: Rita has written a letter.

Passive: A letter has been written by Rita.

Future I Active: Rita will write a letter.

Passive: A letter will be written by Rita.

Hilfsverben Active: Rita can write a letter.

Passive: A letter can be written by Rita.

 Tense Subject Verb Object

is writing a letter.
Present Progressive Active: Rita

Passive: A letter is being written by Rita.

Past Progressive Active: Rita was writing a letter.

Passive: A letter was being written by Rita.

Past Perfect Active: Rita had written a letter.

Passive: A letter had been written by Rita.

Future II Active: Rita will have written a letter.

Passive: A letter will have been written by Rita.

Conditional I Active: Rita would write a letter.

Passive: A letter would be written by Rita.

Conditional II Active: Rita would have written a letter.

Passive: A letter would have been written by Rita.

Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2

wrote a letter to me.

Active: Rita

Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita.

Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.

Infinitive or -ing?
Sometimes we need to decide whether to use a verb in its:

• -ing form (doing, singing)

or

• infinitive form (to do, to sing).

For example, only one of the following sentences is correct. Which one?

• I dislike working late. (???)

• I dislike to work late. (???)

When to use the infinitive

The infinitive form is used after certain verbs:

- forget, help, learn, teach, train
- choose, expect, hope, need, offer, want, would like
- agree, encourage, pretend, promise, recommend
- allow, can/can't afford, decide, manage, mean, refuse

• I forgot to close the window.

• Mary needs to leave early.
• Why are they encouraged to learn English?
• We can't afford to take a long holiday.

The infinitive form is always used after adjectives, for example:

- disappointed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved, sad, surprised

• I was happy to help them.

• She will be delighted to see you.

This includes too + adjective:

• The water was too cold to swim in.

• Is your coffee too hot to drink?

The infinitive form is used after adjective + enough:

• He was strong enough to lift it.

• She is rich enough to buy two.

When to use -ing

The -ing form is used when the word is the subject of a sentence or
clause:

• Swimming is good exercise.

• Doctors say that smoking is bad for you.

The -ing form is used after a preposition:

• I look forward to meeting you.

• They left without saying "Goodbye."

The -ing form is used after certain verbs:

- avoid, dislike, enjoy, finish, give up, mind/not mind, practise

• I dislike getting up early.

• Would you mind opening the window?

Some verbs can be followed by the -ing form or the infinitive without a
big change in meaning: begin, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer,
propose, start.

• It started to rain.
• It started raining.
• I like to play tennis.
• I like playing tennis.
Verb combination (Infinitive vs -ing form)

A. -ing and infinitive (1): verb + -ing form or infinitive

1. Verbs followed by -ing form

avoid consider delay deny

dislike enjoy finish can’t help

involve justify like (=enjoy) look forward to

mind miss postpone practice

risk suggest can’t stand carry on

put off
We delayed launching the product because of technical problems.

I look forward to meeting you next week.

I don’t mind staying late.
I really enjoy travelling abroad

Note. In the expression look forward to, the word to is a preposition.

Prepositions (e.g., in, on, at, with, from, etc.) are always followed by the -
ing form rather than infinitive.

2. Expressions bellow are followed by the -ing form

It’s a waste of time/money ...

There’s no point (in) ...
It’s no use ...
It’s (not) worth ...

It's not worth repairing the camera. It would be cheaper to buy a new
one.

3. Verb followed by to + infinitive

afford agree arrange attempt claim

decide demand deserve expect fail

guarantee hesitate hope learn manage

neglect offer plan prepare pretend

promise refuse seem tend threaten

train want would like

He has arranged to meet the visitors at the factory

We were very unhappy with service they had provided. We refused to

pay them.
The company is taking on a lot of new staff. They plan to extend their
researches in a new area.
He was angry about the way company had treated him. They threatened
to stop his project.

4. Passive forms

There are passive forms of the -ing form and the infinitive. The passive form of
the -ing form is made with being + past participle (e.g., being done):

Everyone likes being congratulated when they have worked hard.

The passive infinitive is formed by to be + past participle (e.g., to be done):
She expects to be promoted soon.

B. -ing and infinitive (2): verbs and objects

5. Verb + object + infinitive

There are a number of verbs that can take a direct object and to + infinitive.
common examples are:

advise allow ask enable encourage force

invite order persuade remind tell warn

The lawer advised me to read the contract carefully.
The negotiators persuaded the union to accept the pay deal.
The court ordered the company to pay compensation.
The fall in demand forced us to cut production
They invited me to speak at the conference.

6. Reporting what people say

Many of the words listed above can be used to report what people say

"Could you come back later?" he asked me.

He asked me to come back later.
The verb warn is usually used with not to do:
He said, "Don't put all your money in one company"
He warned me not to put all my money in one company.

7. Make and let

The verbs make and let are followed by an object and the bare infinitive
(e.g., go, work,see)

• We use make to talk about something we have to do (but don’t want to

do)

She wanted to go home, but her boss made her stay until the work was
finished.

• We use let when we talk about being given permission for something.

My boss let me have the afternoon off to go to my sister’s wedding.

• The verb help can be followed by an infinitive with or without to

Could you help me (to) put these boxes in the van.

7. Verbs of perception

The verb of perception (see, watch, notice, hear, listen, feel) are followed by
bare infinitive or by -ing form (present participle).
 • If we want to say that we heard or saw the whole action from beginning
to end, we usually use bare infinitive

I saw him sign the cheque.

• If we want to say that only saw or heard part of the action, we use -
ing form

I saw the consultant waiting in reception.

(I saw consultant. He was waiting in reception.)

C. -ing and infinitive (3): changes in meaning

8. Verb + -ing or infinitive?

Some verbs can be followed by either -ing form or the infinitive and the
meaning of the verb changes. Here are some common examples:

I remember sending them the cheque. I sent and I can remember now that did it.

I remembered to send them the cheque. I remembered, and then I sent it.

I will never forget meeting the President. I met him, and he impressed me.

I won’t forget to give her your message. I have made a note of it, and I will give it
to her when I see her.

We have stopped dealing with that firm. We used to deal with them, but we don't
deal with them any more.

At 12.00 we stopped to have a break We stopped for a break.

I regret saying that I was not interested in I said I was not interested in the work,
the work. and I now think that was a bad mistake.

I regret to say that we will not be able to I am sorry that I have to say this.
give you a contract.

If the printer doesn’t work, try turning Do this and see what happens.
everything off and then starting again.

I will try to negotiate a better deal. I will make an effort to do this.

This advertisement needs redesigning. This advertisement needs to be

redesigned.

We need to increase productivity It’s necessary to increase productivity.

9. Like and would like

When the verb like means enjoy, it’s followed by the -ing form. However, the
expression would like (want to) is followed by the infinitive.

I like going abroad on marketing trips. (I enjoy this.)

I would like to go more often.(I want to go more often.)
We can also use prefer and would prefer in the same way.
I prefer working at home to working at the office. (I enjoy this more.)

10. to + -ing or infinitive?

The word to can be part of infinitive (I want to see you). However, in the
following examples, to is a preposition, so it is followed by the -ing form:

look forward to object to, an objection to be used to, get used to

react to, a reaction to in addition to respond to, a respond to

Mixed examples

There is nothing wrong with the photocopier. It just needs servicing.

We need to look at this proposal very carefully before we make a decision.
I’ll make a note in my diary so that I will remember to send you information
you need.
I am not sure if I have met Mr. Martino, but I remember hearing his name.
LECŢIA 18

VERBE CARE PRIMESC INFINITIVE SAU FORMA IN -ING

A. Forma – verbele care urmează altor verbe au una dintre formele: INFINITIV + to sau
forma în -ING (vezi şi Lectia 15/16). Verbele se împart în patru categorii principale:
1. verbe care pot fi urmate numai de INFINITIV + to:
We agreed to meet at noon.

2. verbe care pot fi urmate numai de forma in -ING:

You risk being late.

3. verbe care pot fi urmate fie de un INFINITIV + to fie de forma in -ING fără a
înregistra o modificare de sens:
I see Harry has started to play golf again. (= în general)
I see Harry has started playing golf again. (= în general sau numai în
momentul de faţă)

4. verbe care pot fi urmate fie de INFINITIV + to fie de forma in -ING dar cu o
schimbare majoră de sens:
I forgot to go to the bank yesterday. (= Nu m-am dus.)
I have forgotten going to the bank yesterday. (= Nu-mi amintesc să fi
fost.)

B. Utilizare.
1. INFINITIVUL + to se foloseste de obicei după:
afford
agree
appear arrange
ask
attemptdecide
expect
fail
help
hope
learn manage
offer
plan
prepare
pretend
seem promise
tend
threaten
want
wish
I can’t afford to buy a new car now.
I fail to see the point you are making.
We can’t promise you to be there by 8 o’clock.

ATENŢIE: forma negativă este not to + INFINITIV.

The boy promised not to misbehave ever again.

• ask, decide, explain, know, remember, forget, understand urmate de cuvinte

interogative: how, what, when, which, where, whether etc:
I don’t know how to get to the cathedral from here.
We haven’t decided which restaurant to go tonight.
• ask, enable, force, get, invite, order, persuade, remind, teach, tell, warn +
complement:
We invited the Browns to dinner on Saturday night.
Can you ask them to leave, please?
• make în propoziţii pasive:

mean
refuse

When I was at school, I was made to wear a uniform.

Due to the heavy fog, the plane was made to divert to Gatwick airport.

2. forma în -ING este de obicei folosită după:

admit
avoid
consider
delay
deny dislike
enjoy
keep on
feel like
imagine
give upfinish involve fancy
mind
miss
postpone
practice
risk
stand (= bear)
suggest
mention
recall
regret
He admitted stealing the jewels.
Have you considered moving abroad?
I suggest starting from the beginning.

ATENŢIE: forma negativă este not + -ING.

I enjoy not having to work.
NOTA: după admit, deny, regret, suggest se poate folosi şi that.
Sam denied that he had shot his wife. SAU: Sam denied shooting his wife.

•după verbe complexe: carry on, end up, give up, go round, keep on, put off, set
about:
You carry on talking while I eat my lunch.
Frank is always trying hard to give up smoking.

3. se pot folosi atât INFINITIVUL + to cât şi forma in -ING fără diferenţe de sens
după verbele: begin, continue, hate, like, love, prefer, start:
I began to play chess three years ago. SAU: I began playing chess three
years ago.
Mike loves to drive fast cars. SAU: Mike loves driving fast cars.

4. INFINITIVUL + to sau forma în -ING au sensuri diferite după: remember,

forget, try, stop, go on, regret:
Have you forgotten posting that letter? (= Ai trimis-o dar nu-ţi aminteşti.)
DAR: Have you forgotten to post that letter? (= Nu ai trimis-o?)
I stopped smoking cigarettes because they were bad for me. (= Nu mai
fumez.) DAR: I stopped to smoke a cigarette. (= M-am oprit şi am fumat o
ţigară.)

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