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oif2004.051 1
Authors
oif2004.051 2
History and Perception
oif2004.051 3
History and Perception
oif2004.051 4
Points of Comparison
Power Analysis
oif2004.051 5
Vertical Eye Opening Comparison
oif2004.051 6
Vertical Eye Opening Comparison
Eye opening for NRZ(red) and 4PAM(blue) vs. equivalent data rate
oif2004.051 for 26" transmission line. (Source: Acuid Corporation) 7
PAM-4 Implementation Notes
Advantages:
Increased transmit eye amplitude
Disadvantages:
Increased power dissapation
May require use of dual-oxide devices in silicon implementation
oif2004.051 8
Horizontal Eye Opening Comparison
Lower baud rate means more eye width due to base cycle.
Implies that absolute value of DJ/RJ for half baud rate design
would be 2x that of full baud rate design.
oif2004.051 9
Horizontal Eye Opening Comparison
oif2004.051 10
Horizontal Eye Opening Comparison
NRZ PAM-4
Total Cycle (11.1 Gbps) 90 ps 180 ps
Total Jitter (0.30 UI) 27 ps (0.27 UI) 48 ps
Loss in Eye Width for PAM-4 0 ps (0.33 UI) 60 ps
oif2004.051 11
Horizontal Eye Opening Comparison
oif2004.051 12
PAM-4 Implementation Notes
Advantages:
Increased eye width due to reduction/elimination of non-adjacent
transition effect.
Disadvantages:
Coding requires overhead (~25% typical) and thereby requires
higher baud rate to achieve same bit rate.
For 25% overhead, net improvement in eye width is ~ 0.13 UI.
Note: NRZ can also increase use coding to set minimum run length
to control spectral content of signal and thereby reduce frequency
dependent losses in channel.
oif2004.051 13
Crosstalk Concerns
PAM-4 vertical eye opening is 33% of NRZ and therefore the victim
signal's tolerance for crosstalk is less.
Crosstalk budget for PAM-4 therefore starts out 9 dB less than for
NRZ.
oif2004.051 14
Power Concerns
oif2004.051 15
Power Concerns
oif2004.051 16
Statistical Eye Analysis
oif2004.051 17
Statistical Eye Analysis (Assumptions)
Similar supply voltage for both NRZ and PAM-4 drivers is assumed
(i.e. signal swing for each PAM-4 signal level is 33% of NRZ case).
oif2004.051 18
Statistical Eye Analysis (Pass/Fail Criteria)
oif2004.051 19
Backplane A Results
Vertical Eye
0.1
NRZ Eye:
Eye Opening Amplitude
0.05
Vertical Eye is Open
0 NRZ
for < 2 aggressors
PAM4
-0.05
Horizontal Eye is okay
-0.1 for < 1 aggressors
-0.15
1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of Aggressors
PAM4 Eye:
Closed
Horizontal Eye
1.2
1
Eye Closure Jitter
0.8
NRZ
0.6
PAM4
0.4
0.2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of Aggressors
oif2004.051 20
Backplane B Results
Vertical Eye
0.05
0.04 NRZ Eye:
Eye Opening Amplitude
0.03
0.02 NRZ
Vertical Eye is Open
0.01
PAM4
Horizontal Eye is okay
0 for < 2 aggressors
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
1 2 3 4 5 6
PAM4 Eye:
Number of Aggressors Closed
Horizontal Eye
1.2
1
Eye Closure Jitter
0.8
NRZ
0.6
PAM4
0.4
0.2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of Aggressors
oif2004.051 21
Backplane C Results
Vertical Eye
0.15
NRZ Eye:
Eye Opening Amplitude
0.1
NRZ
Vertical Eye is Open
0.05
PAM4
Horizontal Eye is okay
0
PAM4 Eye:
-0.05
1 2 3 4 5 6
Closed
Number of Aggressors
Horizontal Eye
1.2
1
Eye Closure Jitter
0.8
NRZ
0.6
PAM4
0.4
0.2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of Aggressors
oif2004.051 22
Backplane D Results
Vertical Eye
0.1
NRZ Eye:
Eye Opening Amplitude
0.05
Vertical Eye is Open
0 NRZ
for < 3 aggressors
PAM4
-0.05
Horizontal Eye is okay
-0.1 for < 2 aggressors
-0.15
1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of Aggressors PAM4 Eye:
Closed
Horizontal Eye
1.2
1
Eye Closure Jitter
0.8
NRZ
0.6
PAM4
0.4
0.2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of Aggressors
oif2004.051 23
Backplane E (Legacy Case) Results
Vertical Eye
0
NRZ Eye:
Eye Opening Amplitude
-0.05
NRZ
Closed
-0.1
PAM4
-0.15
PAM4 Eye:
-0.2
Closed
-0.25
1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of Aggressors
Horizontal Eye
1.2
1
Eye Closure Jitter
0.8
NRZ
0.6
PAM4
0.4
0.2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of Aggressors
oif2004.051 24
Conclusions
oif2004.051 25
Conclusions
oif2004.051 26
References
oif2004.051 27