Chapter 31A - Electromagnetic

Induction
AA PowerPoint
PowerPoint Presentation
Presentation by
by
Paul
Paul E.
E. Tippens,
Tippens, Professor
Professor of
of Physics
Physics
Southern
Southern Polytechnic
Polytechnic State
State University
University

© 2007
Objectives: After completing this
module, you should be able to:
• Calculate the magnitude and direction of
the induced current or emf in a conductor
moving with respect to a given B-field.
• Calculate the magnetic flux through an
area in a given B-field.
• Apply Lenz’s law and the right-hand rule
to determine directions of induced emf.
• Describe the operation and use of ac and
dc generators or motors.
 Induced Current
When aa conductor
conductor moves
moves B
When
across flux
across flux lines,
lines, magnetic
magnetic
forces on
forces on the
the free
free electrons
electrons
Down I
induce an
induce an electric
electric current.
current.
I
Right-hand force
Right-hand force rule
rule shows
shows
current outward
current outward for
for down
down andand
inward for
inward for up
up motion.
motion. (Verify)
(Verify) Up

Down Up v F
B B
F v
 Induced EMF: Observations
Faraday’s observations: B Flux lines  in Wb

• Relative motion induces emf.

• Direction of emf depends on
direction of motion. N turns; velocityv
• Emf is proportional to rate at Faraday’s Law:
which lines are cut (v).
• Emf is proportional to the 
number of turns N.
E = -N
t

The negative sign means that E opposes its cause.

 Magnetic Flux Density
• Magnetic flux lines 

 are continuous B A
A
and closed.
• Direction is that
of the B vector at Magnetic Flux
any point. density:

When
When area
area AA isis 
perpendicular
B  ;  = BA
perpendicular to
to flux:
flux: A

The unit of flux density is the weber per square meter.

 Calculating Flux When Area is
Not Perpendicular to Field
The flux penetrating the
area A when the normal n
vector n makes an angle A 
of  with the B-field is:


  BA cos B

The angle  is the complement of the angle  that the

plane of the area makes with B field. (Cos  = Sin )
 Example 1: A current loop has an area of 40 cm2
and is placed in a 3-T B-field at the given angles.
Find the flux  through the loop in each case.

x x x x n n
x x x x n 
A
x x x x
x x x x

A = 40 cm2 (a) = 00 (b) = 900 (c) = 600

(a) = BA cos 00 = (3 T)(0.004 m2)(1); 12.0 mWb

(b) = BA cos 900 = (3 T)(0.004 m2)(0); 0 mWb

(c) = BA cos 600 = (3 T)(0.004 m2)(0.5); 6.00 mWb
Application of Faraday’s Law
Faraday’s Law: A change in flux can
occur by a change in area or
 by a change in the B-field:
E = -N
t  = B A  = A B

Rotating loop = B A Loop at rest = A B

n
n

n
Example 2: A coil has 200 turns of area 30 cm2.
It flips from vertical to horizontal position in a
time of 0.03 s. What is the induced emf if the
constant B-field is 4 mT?
N = 200 turns
A = 30 cm2 – 0 = 30 cm2 n
 = B A = (3 mT)(30 cm2) 
N B S
 = (0.004 T)(0.0030 m2)

 = 1.2 x 10-5 Wb B = 4 mT; 00 to 900

 1.2 x 10-5 Wb
E  N  (200) EE== -0.080
-0.080 VV
t 0.03 s

The negative sign indicates the polarity of the voltage.

 Lenz’s Law
Lenz ’s law:
Lenz’s law: AnAn induced
induced current
current will
will be
be in
in such
such aa direction
direction
as
as to
to produce
produce aa magnetic
magnetic field
field that
that will
will oppose
oppose the the
motion
motion of of the
the magnetic
magnetic field
field that
that isis producing
producing it. it.

Induced B Induced B
Left motion I Right motion

N S N S
I
Flux increasing to left induces Flux decreasing by right move
loop flux to the right. induces loop flux to the left.
Example 3: Use Lenz’s law to determine direction
of induced current through R if switch is closed
for circuit below (B increasing).
Close switch. Then what is
direction of induced current?

The rising
The rising current
current in
in right
right circuit
circuit causes
causes flux
flux to
to increase
increase
to the
to the left,
left, inducing
inducing current
current in in left
left circuit
circuit that
that must
must
produce aa rightward
produce rightward field
field to
to oppose
oppose motion.
motion. Hence
Hence
current II through
current resistor RR isis to
through resistor to the
the right
right as
as shown.
shown.
 Directions
Directions of
of x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x xI x x
Forces
Forces and
and EMFs
EMFs x x x x x x x x x
x x I x x x x v x vx
An
An emf
emf EEisis induced
induced by by x x x x x Lx x x x
moving
moving wire
wire at velocity vv
at velocity x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
in constant BB field.
in constant field. Note
Note x
direction
direction ofof I.I.

From
From Lenz ’s law,
Lenz’s law, wewe see
see I x x x
I
that
B x x
that aa reverse
reverse field
field (out)
(out) isis x x x v
created.
created. This
This field
field causes
causes x x
aa leftward
leftward force
force on
on the
the wire
wire x x x
v
that
that offers
offers resistance
resistance to to the
the x x
motion. Induced x x x B
motion. UseUse right -hand
right-hand
force
force rule
rule to
to show
show this.
this. emf Lenz’s law
 Motional EMF in a Wire
Force F on charge q in wire:
x x x x x xI x
F = qvB; Work = FL = qvBL x x x x x x F
B
x x x x x x x
Work qvBL x Ix x x x x
E=  x x x x Lx xv x
q q v
x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
EMF: E = BLv x

If wire of length L moves with

velocity v an angle  with B: B
v sin  
E = BLv sin  v
Induced Emf E
Example 4: A 0.20-m length of wire moves
at a constant speed of 5 m/s in at 1400 with
a 0.4-T B-Field. What is the magnitude and
direction of the induced emf in the wire?

E = BLv sin  v North


E = (0.4 T)(0.20 m)(5 m/s) sin140 0 B

E = -0.257 V South

North
Using
Using right -hand rule
right-hand rule,, point
point fingers
fingers v I
to
to right,
right, thumb
thumb along
along velocity,
velocity, and
and B
hand
hand pushes
pushes in in direction
direction of of induced
induced
emf —to the
emf—to the north
north inin the
the diagram.
diagram.
South
 The AC Generator
• An alternating AC current is Rotating Loop in B-field
produced by rotating a loop
B
in a constant B-field. v I
• Current on left is outward I v
by right-hand rule.
B
• The right segment has an
inward current.
• When loop is vertical, the
current is zero.

I in R is right, zero, left, and then zero as loop rotates.

Operation of AC Generator

I=0

I=0
 Calculating Induced EMF
Rectangular
loop a x b a n . n
 B
Each segment a B
b 
has constant b/2 x v
velocity v. Area A = ab

Both segments a moving with v v = r

at angle  with B gives emf: n
 B
E = Bav sin  ; v   r    b 2 
r = b/2 v
ET  2 Ba  b 2  sin  x 
v sin 
ET  BA sin 
Sinusoidal Current of Generator

x
.

x
+E

-E
The emf varies sinusoidally with max and min emf

For N turns, the EMF is: E  NBA sin 

 Example 5: An ac generator has 12 turns of
wire of area 0.08 m2. The loop rotates in a
magnetic field of 0.3 T at a frequency of 60
Hz. Find the maximum induced emf.
 = 2f = 2(60 Hz) = 377 rad/s
. n
Emf is maximum when  = 900.  B
Emax = NBA ; Since sin   1 x
Emax = (12)(0.3 T)(.08 m 2 )(377 rad/s) f = 60 Hz

The maximum emf generated is therefore: Emax = 109 V

IfIf the
the resistance
resistance isis known,
known, then
then Ohm law ((VV == IR
’s law
Ohm’s IR)) can
can
be
be applied
applied to
to find
find the
the maximum
maximum induced
induced current.
current.
 The DC Generator
The simple ac generator Commutator
can be converted to a dc
generator by using a single
split-ring commutator to
reverse connections twice
per revolution.
E
t
DC Generator

For
For the
the dc
dc generator:
generator: The
The emf
emf fluctuates
fluctuates in
in magnitude,
magnitude,
but
but always
always has
has the
the same
same direction
direction (polarity).
(polarity).
 The Electric Motor
In
In aa simple
simple electric
electric motor
motor, , aa current
current loop
loop experiences
experiences aa
torque
torque which
which produces
produces rotational
rotational motion.
motion. Such
Such motion
motion
induces
induces aa back
back emf
emf to
to oppose
oppose the the motion.
motion.

Applied voltage – back emf

= net voltage Eb
VV –– EEbb == IR
IR I
Since
Since back
back emf emf EEbb increases
increases with
with
rotational
rotational frequency
frequency, , the
the starting
starting V
current
current isis high
high and
and thethe operating
operating
current
current isis low:
low: EEbb== NBA
NBA sin
sin  Electric Motor
 Armature and Field Windings
In the commercial motor,
many coils of wire around
the armature will produce
a smooth torque. (Note
directions of I in wires.)

Series-Wound Motor: The

field and armature wiring Motor
are connected in series.

Shunt-Wound Motor: The field windings and the

armature windings are connected in parallel.
Example 6: A series-wound dc motor has an
internal resistance of 3 . The 120-V supply
line draws 4 A when at full speed. What is the
emf in the motor and the starting current?

Eb Recall that: VV –– EEbb == IR

IR
I 120 V – Eb = (4 A)(3 
V
The back emf
Eb = 108 V
in motor:

The starting current Is is found by noting that Eb = 0

in beginning (armature has not started rotating).

120 V – 0 = Is (3  Is = 40 A
 Summary
Faraday’s Law: A change in flux can
occur by a change in area or
 by a change in the B-field:
E = -N
t  = B A  = A B

Calculating flux through an area in a B-field:


B  ;  = BA
A
  BA cos
 Summary (Cont.)
Lenz ’s law:
Lenz’s law: AnAn induced
induced current
current will
will be
be in
in such
such aa direction
direction
as
as to
to produce
produce aa magnetic
magnetic field
field that
that will
will oppose
oppose the the
motion
motion of of the
the magnetic
magnetic field
field that
that isis producing
producing it. it.

Induced B Induced B
Left motion I Right motion

N S N S
I
Flux increasing to left induces Flux decreasing by right move
loop flux to the right. induces loop flux to the left.
 Summary (Cont.)
An emf is induced by a wire
moving with a velocity v at an B
angle  with a B-field. 
v sin 
v
E = BLv sin  Induced Emf E

InIn general
general for
for aa coil
coil of
of NN turns
turns ofof area
area AA rotating
rotating
with
with aa frequency
frequency in in aa B-field,
B-field, the
the generated
generated emfemf
isis given
given byby the
the following
following relationship:
relationship:

For N turns, the EMF is: E  NBA sin 

 Summary (Cont.)
The
The ac
ac generator
generator isis
shown
shown toto the
the right.
right. The
The
dc
dc generator
generator andand aa dc
dc
motor
motor are
are shown
shown below:
below:

V
DC Generator Electric Motor
 Summary (Cont.)
The
The rotor
rotor generates
generates aa back
back
emf
emf in
in the
the operation
operation of
of aa
motor
motor that
that reduces
reduces the
the
applied
applied voltage.
voltage. The
The
following
following relationship
relationship exists:
exists:
Applied voltage – back emf
= net voltage
VV –– EEbb == IR Motor
IR
CONCLUSION: Chapter 31A
Electromagnetic Induction