Christina Latham-Koenig

Clive Oxenden

OXFORD
 Christina Latham-Koenig
Clive Oxenden

Upper-intermediate Student's Book

Paul Seligson and Clive Oxenden are the original co-authors of

OXFORD
English File l and English File 2 UNIVERSITY PRESS
 Grammar Vocabulary Pronunciation

54 A Music and emotion gerunds and infinitives music words that come from
other languages

58 B Sleeping Beauty used to, be used to, get used to sleep sentence stress and
linking

62 REVISE & CHECK 5&6 ~ Short film The Sleep Unit

64 A Don't argue! past medals: must, might/ may verbs often confused weak form of have
should, can't, couldn't + have, etc.;
would rather

68 B Actors acting verbs of the senses the body silent letters

72 ... COLLOQUIAL ENGLISH 6&7 Talking about... acting, In the street

74 A Beat the robbers ... the passive (all forms); it is said crime and punishment the letter u
and the burglars that..., he is thought to..., etc.;
have something done

78 B Breaking news reporting verbs the media word stress

82 REVISE & CHECK 1&8 ~ Short film The Speed of News

84 A Truth and lies clauses of contrast and purpose; advertising, business changing stress on
whatever, whenever, etc. nouns and verbs

88 B Megacities uncountable and plural nouns word building: prefixes and word stress with
suffixes prefixes and suffixes

92 •411 COLLOQUIAL ENGLISH B&9 Talking about... advertising, In the street

94 A The dark side of the moon quantifiers: all, every, both, etc. science stress in word fami lies

98 B The power of words articles collocation: word pairs pausing and sentence
stress

102 REVISE & CHECK 9&10 ~ Short film The Museum of the History of Science

104 Communication 132 Grammar Bank 165 Irregu lar verbs

113 Writ ing 152 Vocabulary Bank 166 Sound Bank

120 List ening 164 Appendix - gerunds and infinitives

3
 G gerunds and infinitives
V music Music with dinner is an insult bot h
P words that come from other languages to the cook and the violinist.

1 VOCABULARY & PRONUNCIATION 2 SPEAKING

music, words from other languages Ask and an swer the question s with a
a 29 >)) Listen and match w hat you hear with a word in the list. partner.

D a bass guitar D a cello D a choir D a conductor D drums D an orchestra

b
D a soprano D a flute D a violin D a keyboard D a saxophone

30 >)) Listen and check. Practise saying the words. What other words
Yet1F music
Do you have a favourite ...?
do you know for instruments and musicians? • kind of music
• song
c Read the information box below. Then, in pairs, look at Borr owed words • piece of classical music (symphony,
related to music and try to pronounce them as they are pronounced in sonata, etc.)
English. Underline the stressed syllable. • band
• solo artist
p Foreign words that are used in English • composer
English has 'borrowed' many words from other languages, for example in the • conductor
field of music from Italian, Greek, and French. The English pronunciation is
often similar to their pronunciation in their original language, e.g. ch in words Do you play a musical instrument?
which come from Greek is /k/, e.g. orchestra. YES
• What instrument, or instruments, do you
Borrowed words related to music play?
• How long have you been playing it?
From Italian cello /'tJeJ;;iu/; con certo /bn'tJ3:t;;iu/ • Have you had or are you having lessons?
me zzo-soprano /mets;;iu s;;i'pra:n;;iu/ • Can you read music?
From Greek orchestra /'J:k1str;;i/; choir /'kwa1;;i/; chorus /'b:r;;is/ • Have you ever played in a band I orchestra?
microphone /' ma1kr;;ifaun/; rhythm /'rrom/; symphony /' 1mfani/ NO
From French ballet /'brele1/ • Have you ever tried to learn to play an
encore /'olJb:/; genre /'3onrJ/ instrument? Why did you stop learning?
• Is there an instrument you would like to
learn to play?
d 31 >)) Listen and check. How are the pink letters pronounced?
Have you ever...?
e With a partner, try to work out which language these words come from, • sung in a choir
and put them in the right columns. D o you know wh at they all mean ? • performed in front of a lot of people
• taken part in a musical talent contest
architecture barista bouquet cappuccino chauffeur chef chic
croissant fiance graffiti hypochondriac macchiato paparazzi Concerts
philosophy photograph psychic psychologist villa • Have you been to a good concert
recently?
From Italian • Which artist or band would you most like
to see in concert?
From Greek • What's the best live concert you've
From French ever been to?

f 32 >)) Listen and check. Practise saying the words .

•
3 READING
a Think of a song or piece of music that you
remember hearing and liking when you were
a child. Where did you first hear it? How old
were you? Why did you like it?
b Look at the title of a newspaper article. Then
read the article once. Why did the writer
choose this title?
c Read the first paragraph again. Find words
or phrases meaning:
1 completely
2 behave in a way that makes
other people think you are stupid
3 started crying because of
strong emotion
4 not thinking that anything
positive would happen
5 a mixture ofloud and
unpleasant sounds
d What kind of sounds do you think whir, hum,
and clackinB (line 10) are?
e Read the rest of the article again. With a
partner, and in your own words, say why
the article mentions the following pieces of
music or artists.
1 the Lacrimosa from Mozart's Requiem
2 the Rolling Stones, Michael Jackson, Sigur
R6s, Radiohead, Elvis, and Pink Floyd
3 music from the fifties
4 Guillaume de Machaut's ABnus Dei
5 country music
6 Queen's Bohemian Rhapsody
7 Beethoven's Ninth Symphony and Sinatra's
Fly Me to the Moon.
8 the Beatles
9 silence
f Talk to a partner.
• Why do you t hink the journalist says that
Austin's experience may help us understand
more about musical taste?
• Imagine you were going to recommend music
to Austin. Which ...
song or piece of music
decade
would you suggest?
singer
~~~~~~~~~~·
'I can hear music for the first time ever,' wrote
Austin Chapman, a 23-year-old film-maker from
California. 'What should I listen to?'
1 Austin, you see, was born profoundly deaf. For his whole life, music
has been a mystery. 'I had seen people make a fool of themselves,
singing or moving wildly on the dance floor,' he says. ' I had also seen
people moved to tears by a song, which was probably the hardest
5 thing for me to understand.' Then, just a few weeks ago, his parents
suggested that he try a newly developed hearing aid that they had
heard about. He went to the doctor's with no great expectations. But
when the doctor switched on the hearing aid, he was stunned . 'I sat in
the doctor's office, frozen as a cacophony of sounds attacked me. The
10 whir of the computer, the hum of the air conditioning, the clacking of
the keyboard, the sound of my friend's voice.' Austin could hear. And
for the first time ever the world of music was open to him.
It didn't take him long to decide what to do: he was going to listen to
music non-stop. Later that day, he heard his first piece, Mozart's beautiful
15 Lacrimosa (from his Requiem), in a friend 's car. He wept. So did everybody
else in the car. The experience, he says, was 'like the first time you kiss a
girl'. His friends went on to play him the Rolling Stones, Michael Jackson,
Sigur R6s, Radiohead, Elvis, and Pink Floyd. But Austin knew that there
was a vast universe of music to explore, so he decided to seek further
20 help. He described his situation on reddit.com and so far, he's received
more than 14,000 suggestions. As a strategy, he has decided to follow
the advice of someone who posted this message on the site: 'This is like
introducing an alien to the music of Earth. Once you've tired of classical,
you could start with music from the fifties and progress through each
25 decade. That way you can really see the growth of modern music.'
Austin adopted that system, but chose to start much earlier, with a
piece by Guillaume de Machaut called Agnus Dei, from the 14th century.
Currently, he's listening to four or five hours of music a day. As he had
never heard music before Austin isn't influenced by nostalgia and, via the
30 internet, he can listen to just about anything ever composed. Consequently
his experience may help us to understand more about musical taste. So
what has he been listening to? It seems that no one genre dominates
(although he says he's not very keen on country music - too depressing}.
His favourite piece - for now - is Queen's Bohemian Rhapsody. He's also
35 keen on Beethoven's Ninth Symphony and Frank Sinatra's Fly Me to the
Moon. But so far he has not listened to the most recommended band, the
Beatles. 'I'm waiting for a special occasion,' he says.
Austin is also learning how to hear. When we met at a cafe in
West Hollywood, we took a table far from the street to avoid the
40 background noise of traffic. The ability to ignore unwanted noise is
something that will take him time. This may help explain why Austin
says that 'silence is still my favourite sound. When I turn my hearing
aid off, my thoughts become clearer; it's absolutely peaceful.'
Adapted from The Times
 4 LISTENING & SPEAKING c 3 35 >)) Now listen to John explaining how mu sic can
affect the way we feel. Complete the notes below by
a 3 33>)) Listen to some short pieces of music. How
giving examples. Then compare with a partner and try
do they make you feel? Would you like to carry on
to remember what he said.
listening?

b 3 34>)) Listen to John Sloboda, a music psychologist,

talking about why we listen to music. Try to
complete the notes below by writing key words or
phrases. Then with a partner, try to remember as
much as you can of what he said. iAree ~por~ ~tM.-~ etM.-Otio~J
1 Mfpw11
1
3
1 {:,o ~/l..e '1f...
How we feel Affelt/ tAe w~ we ffeAJ., e.!J.
e.!J.
1 Mff:J - ffeA.A. f A-fter / A~Aer
1
1 {:,o Aelp '1f f:.o •••
e.!J. 3

M11J~ topief tN,f, e.!J.

3 {:,oiMJ:e~1if:J···
e.!J. 1 f A-ft I A~A tM.-'1f~ ~/l..ef 11J Mf_f:J_ _
1
3

-- E;<~lef Cpieuf of~~)

M'1f~ fN..ttM.-A.fl..ef 11Jfeel
1 4pf:J1 e·!J·
1 ~r-:; 1 e·!J·
3 1Mf, e·!J·
TAiJ if efpeli~ e;<ploiteA ~... ~

•• --

d Talk to a partner. Ask fo r more details where possible .
1 On a typical day, when and where do you listen to
music?
2 Do you listen to different kinds of music at different
times of day?
3 What music would you play...?
• if you were feeling sad and you wanted to feel
more cheerful
• if you were feeling down and you wanted to feel
even worse
• if you were feeling furious about something or
somebody
• if you were feeling stressed or nervous about
something and wanted to calm down
• if you wanted to create a romant ic atmosphere
for a special dinner
• if you were feeling excited and were getting
ready to go out for the evening
• if you were falling in love
5 GRAMMAR gerunds and infinitives
a Look at some extracts from the listening. P ut the verbs
in brackets in the in finitive (with or without to) or the
gerund (-inB for m).
1 Firstly, we listen to music to make us ___ important
moments in the past. (remember)
2 When we hear a certain piece of music we remember
___ it for the first time ... (hear)
3 If we want fro m one activity to another, we
often use music to help us the change.
(go, make)
b 3 36 l)) Listen and check.
c Look at two sentences with the verb remember. W h ich
one is about remembering the past? W hich one is
ab out rem embering something for the future?
1 I remember meeting him for the first time.
2 Please remember to meet him at the station.
d ~ p.142 Grammar Bank 6A. Find out more about
gerunds and infinitives, and practise them.
e Tell you r partner one thing that . ..
• you'll never forget seeing for the fi rst time
• you somet imes forget t o do before you leave t he house in
t he mornings
• you remember doing when you were under five years old.
• you must remember to do today or t his week
• needs doing in your house I flat (e.g. t he kitchen ceiling
needs repainting)
• you need t o do t his evening
• you t ried t o learn but couldn't
• you have tried doing when you can't sleep at night.
6 3 39 i)) SONG Sing _n
••
 G used to, be used to, get used to
V sleep
P sentence stress and linking
1 LISTENING & SPEAKING
a Do you have problems sleeping? Why (not)?
b 3 40,41, 42 >)) You are going to listen to three people
who have problems sleeping at night. Listen and take
notes on what their problem is, and what has caused
it. Compare with a partner and then listen again to
complete your notes.
Speaker! Speaker2 Speaker3
c Answer the questions with a partner.
I Do you usually sleep with your bedroom completely
dark, or with the curtains or blinds open? Do you have
problems sleeping if there is too much or not enough
light for you?
2 Have you ever worked at night? Did you have any
problems sleeping the next day? Why (not)? Do you
think you would be able to work at night and sleep
during the day?
3 Have you ever flown long haul? Where to? Did you get
jet lag? How long did it take you to get over it?
•
Laugh and the world laughs with you,
snore and you sleep alone.
2 GRAMMAR
used to, be used to, get used to
a Look at some extracts from the listening. Match the
highlighted phrases to their meanings 1-3. What form
is the verb after a) used to b) be/ Bet used to?
D In Spain always used to s eep in complete darkness.
D t's very liara to get used to being awake all night
D And just when I'm finally usea to being on ew York
time, then it's time to fly home.
I I usually did this in the past.
2 It's not a problem for me because it is now a habit.
3 It's a problem for me because it hasn't become a habit
yet.
b > p.143 Grammar Bank 68. Find out more about used
to, be used to and Bet used to and practise them.
3 PRONUNCIATION
sentence stress and linking
a 3 45 Listen and repeat three sentences. Notice the
rhythm and how the words are linked.
1 I'm usedJo working-.Jn___,a team.
2 1can't get usedJ odriving'""'°n t he right.
3 1usedJo get'--'up at six o'cloclcevery day.
b 3 46 Now listen and write down three more sentences.
c Practise saying the sentences quickly, getting the stress
right and trying to link the words.
d Talk to a partner. Ask for and give more information.
I When you were a child, did you use to ... ?
• share a room with a brother or sister
• have nightmares
• wake up very early in the morning
2 Do you have problems if you have to sleep in a bed that
you aren't used to sleeping in (e.g. in a hotel)?
3 Do you think you would find it difficult to get used to ... ?
• getting up at 5.30 a.m. every day
• only being able to sleep for six hours a night
• not having breakfast in the morning
4 READING & SPEAKING
a Read the introductory paragraph of Three things you
(probably) didn't know about sleep. D o you know the answers
to any of the questions?
b Read Livin g your d ream s and m ark the sentences T (true)
or F (false). U nderline the part of the text th at gave you the
an swer.
1 W hen we have a 'lucid' dream we know that we're dreaming.
2 In a 'lucid' dream the person who is dreaming can never
change what is happening.
3 Gamers may be able to control their dreams because dreams
are similar to computer games.
4 T he reason we have nightmares may be to prepare us for
cer tain dangerous situations.
5 Video gamers have more nightmares than non-gamers
because they don't experience dangerous life-threatening
situations.
6 Video gamers are braver in their dreams than non-gamers.
c >- Communication Three things you (probably) didn't know
about sleeping. A Sleeping Beauty p.106 B How our ancestors
used to sleep p.111. Tell your partner som e more interesting
facts about sleep.
d In pairs see if you can remember some of the words and
phrases from the articles you have read or h eard.
Vocabulary Quiz
1 a medical condition, often an unusual one: a - - - - - -
2 an adjective meaning staying f aithful to somebody and
supporting them: _ _ _ _ __
3 an adjective often used with sleep. A person who is in a - sleep is
difficult to wake: - - - - - -
4 a hundred years, e.g. from 1900 t o 2000: a _ _ _ __
5 the time in t he evening w hen it becomes dark: _ _ __ __
6 the verb meaning to speak t o God: _ __ __
7 the word for a person who plays a lot of video games: a video
8 an adjective meaning clear, especially af ter a period of confusion:
9 to change position so as t o f ace the other way: _ _ _ _ __
e An swer the questions in pairs.
1 Do you play video games? D o you think it has any effect
on the way you dream? D o you think it has any positive or
negative effects on you?
2 W hat do you think would be the worst thing for someone
with Sleeping Beauty Syndrome?
3 Do you think sleeping in two shorter periods is a better way of
sleeping? Do you think it would suit you and your lifestyle?
Three things you {probably)
didn't know about
Everybody loves it. Everybody needs it. No-one seems
to get enough of it. We all know that most people need
eight hours sleep, and that REM* sleep is when you have
most dreams, but here are three questions about sleep
which you may not know the answer to:
• How can video games help us control our dreams?
• What is Sleeping Beauty Syndrome?
• What did our ancestors use to do in the middle of the
night (which we don't)?
Living your dreams
university psychologist in Canada believes that people
A who play video games are more likely to be able to
control their own dreams. Jayne Gackenbach studied the
dreams of regular video gamers and non-gamers and found
5 that people who frequently played video games experienced
'lucid' dreams more often. A lucid dream is one in which
we are aware that we are dreaming. In a lucid dream, the
dreamer is sometimes able to control or influence what is
happening to them in the dream - very similar to controlling
10 the action of a character in a video game.
'Dreams and video games are both parallel universes,'
says Gackenbach, 'Gamers spend hours a day in a virtual
reality and they are used to controlling their game
environments, and this seems to help them to do the
15 same when they are dreaming.'
Gackenbach also discovered that video gamers have
fewer nightmares than non-gamers. Some experts
believe that we have nightmares to help us practise for
life-threatening situations in a safe environment. Since
20 video gamers already practise those situations regularly in
games, Gackenbach's research suggests that video gamers
may have less need of nightmares. But, interestingly, when
gamers do have a nightmare they react differently to non-
gamers: 'What happens with gamers,' says Gackenbach, 'is
25 that when they have a frightening experience in a dream
they don't run away like most of us do, they turn round
and fight back.'
•REM is an abbreviation for 'rapid eye movement'
••
5 LISTENING & SPEAKING
a Look at the picture and the headline of the
article. Why do you think the man cooks in
the middle of the night?
The chef who cooks in
b 3 47l)) Now listen to the first part of a radio the middle of the night
programme and check your answers to a .
What kind of things does he cook? Why is it
a problem?

c Read the newspaper article about Robert

Wood. Can you remember any of the details
about him? Try to complete the gaps with a
word or words, then listen again to check.

d You are now going to listen to the second half

of the radio programme. Before you listen,
work with a partner and discuss if you think
the information in sentences 1- 10 is T (true)
or F (false).
1 A sleepwalker can drive a car while he is
asleep.
2 It is easy to know if someone is
sleepwalking or not.
3 About 83 of people sleepwalk from time to
time.
4 Sleepwalking is most common among
young boys.
5 Stress can cause people to sleepwalk. ROBERT WOOD, from Fife in Scotland, often gets up in the middle
6 You should never wake up a sleepwalker. of the night and goes downstairs to the kitchen. Not surprising,
7 Sleepwalkers cannot hurt themselves. you may think. He's probably hungry and looking for something
8 People usually sleepwalk for a short time. to eat. But you'd be wrong. Robert starts cooking - and he does
this while he is fast asleep.
9 Sleepwalkers don't usually remember
anything afterwards. Mr Wood, who is 1 years old and a retired 2 _ _ _ __

10 Sleepwalking is no excuse if you commit a has been a sleepwalker for more than 40 years.
cnme. 'The first time it happened I was 3 ', he said. 'My parents

e 3 48 l)) Listen once to check your answers.
Then listen again and correct the false
statements.
f Have you ever sleepwalked or do you know
anyone who sleepwalks? What do they do
when they sleepwalk? Where do they go?
Does anyone try to wake them up?
heard me wandering downstairs in the middle of the night. Now I
get up 4 times a week and these days I usually head for
the kitchen, although on other occasions I have also turned on the
television very loudly and even filled 5 with water.'
His wife Eleanor says that she often wakes up in the night when she
hears her husband cooking downstairs. She has seen him laying the
table and caught him making 6 and spaghetti bolognese
and even frying 7 . The couple say that because of Mr
Wood's sleepwalking they only get a few hours' sleep a night and
are getting worried that Robert could start a 8 without
realizing. 'I really am asleep and have no idea I am getting up,' said
Mr Wood .

Mrs Wood says that although the food her husband cooks when
asleep looks lovely, she has never eaten it. 'Every night, I think "Is Rob
going to cook tonight?". The last time he was in the kitchen, he spilt
milk all over the place.'
6 VOCABULARY & SPEAKING sleep d Ask and answer the questions in pairs.
A asks the blue questions, and B asks the
a Vocabulary race. In pairs, write the correct word from the list red questions. Ask for and give as much
in the column on the right. information as possible. -----.,

alarm blanketsd
uvet fall asleep Do you sometimes have problems getti~g to

fast asleep . . slee ? Do you take, or have you ever ta en, le

slee~lng pills? Do you ha.v~ any tips for peop
keep you awake Insom nla who suffer f ram insomnia .

nap jet-tagged nightmares Do you prefer to sleep with a du~et or

. log s heet s .
pillow
oversleep
with blankets? How many pillows
do you have? What temperature
do you like the bedroom to be?

set . siesta
sleeping tablets
yawn
. sleep when you're
sleepy snore
Do you nnd it difficult to r planes? Is there any
.
travelling, e.g.
in buses o
k
· h t
s you awake, or t a
food or drink that e~p welt?
sleepy stops you from sleeping .
1 Most people start feeling • around 11.00
at night.
Do you ever have a nap
2 They often open their mouth and • · after lunch or during the day?
3 They go to bed and • their • (clock). How long do you sleep for?
How do you feel when you wake up?
4 They get into bed and put their head on the • ·
5 They cover themselves up with a • . or with
Do you often have nightmares or recurring
• and • . dreams? Do you normally remember what
yo~r dreams were about? Do you ever try
6 Soon they • . to interpret your dreams?

7 Some people make a loud noise when they

breathe. In other words, they • ·
8 During the night some people have bad
dreams, called • ·
9 If you don't hear your alarm clock, you might • ·
10 If you drink coffee in the evening, it may • ·
11 Some people can't sleep because they suffer
from • .
12 These people often have to take • ·
13 Some people have a • or • after lunch.
Have you ever stayed up all night
to revise for an exam the next day?
How well did you do in the exam?
(;',;: ~~u ~light sleeper or do ; u sleep
in th og. ~ow do you usually wake up
e morning?
Do you have a TV or computer in your bedroom?
Do you often watch TV before going to sleep? Do
you ever fall asleep on the sofa in front of the TV?

14 A person who sleeps well 'sleeps like a• :

D~~ou snore? Have you ever had to share a room
15 Someone who is tired after flying to another w1 someone who snores? Was this a problem?
time zone is • ·
16 Someone who is sleeping very deeply is • ·
-
Have you ever fallen asleep at an
e~barrassing moment, e.g. during a class
b 3 49 l)) Listen and check. or 1n a meeting?

c Cover the column of words and test yourself.

 GRAMMAR VOCABULARY
a Complete the second sentence so that it means the a Complete the sentences with an adjective expressing a
same as the first. feeling.
1 They escaped from the jungle because they found the 1 Our son played brilliantly in the concert! We felt very
river. pr_ __
They wouldn't have escaped from the jungle if they 2 I'm feeling a bit h . I really miss my family.
___ _ _ _ the river. 3 Thanks for lending me the money. I'm very gr_ __
2 I can't go to dance classes because I work in the evening. 4 I shouldn't have bought that bag - it was so expensive.
I would be able to go to dance classes ifl _ __ ___ Now I feel really g~--
in the evening. 5 When I heard that I had won the prize I was completely
3 We went to that restaurant because you recommended it. st . I couldn't say anything!
We to that restaurant if you b Complete the sentences with the correct form of the
hadn't recommended it. bold word.
4 Marta goes to bed late, so she's always tired in the
1 That walk was . I need a good rest now. exhaust
morning.
2 I was really when I read Tim's email. shock
If Marta didn't go to bed late, she so
tired in the morning. 3 You really me at the party last night! embarrass
5 After living in London for a year I still find driving on 4 It's very when you think that you are going to
the left difficult. miss your flight. stress
After living in London for a year I still can't get 5 It me when people who don't know me use my
first name. annoy
- - - on the left.
6 My hair was very long when I was a child. 6 Last night's concert was really . The orchestra
didn't play well at all. disappoint
When I was a child I used very long hair.
7 It always me that people actually enjoy doing
7 I get up very early, but it's not a problem for me now.
risky sports. amaze
I'm used very early.
8 We were when we heard the news. horrify
8 It's a pity I can't speak French.
9 What you said to Ruth was rather . I think you
I wish French.
should apologize. offend
9 I regret not learning to play the piano when I was
10 It was an incredibly film! scare
younger.
I wish _____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the piano when I c Write the words for the definitions.
was younger. 1 the person who directs an orchestra
10 I hate seeing your dirty clothes on the floor. 2 a group of people who sing together
I wish your dirty clothes on the 3 a stringed instrument that you hold
floor. between your knees
b Complete the sentences with the correct form of the 4 a woman who sings with a very high voice
bold verb. 5 an electronic musical instrument, like a piano
1 I don't remember _ __ you before. meet d Complete the missing words.
2 The car needs . Shall I take it to the car wash? 1 Could I have an extra p for my bed, please?
clean 2 My husband says I sn really loudly at night.
3 We managed to the airport on time. get 3 I didn't sleep last night, so I'm going to have an~-­
4 Please try late tomorrow. not be now.
5 My sister isn't used to in such a big city. She'd 4 Last night I had a horrible n ___ . I dreamt that I was
always lived in the country before. live lost in the jungle.
5 Don't forget to s___ the alarm for tomorrow
morning.

•
PRONUNCIATION
a Q the word with a different sound. Survival tastes so sweet for
rescued British backpacker
1
CH sheets really relieved sleepy
Contact lens solution is not usually considered
2
~ alarm yawn exhausted snor e a survival tool , but if 18-year-old Samuel
Woodhead hadn 't been 1 it, he might
3
~ chorus chauffeur chemist choir not have survived. The British gap year student
went missing in the 40°C heat of the Australian
4
~ chef shattered architect shocked outback on Tuesday. A fitness fanatic hoping to
join the Royal Marines, Samuel survived for three
5 ~ delighted inspired survival guilty days by drinking the saline cleaning solution ,
which his father had packed in his rucksack, but
b Underline the main stressed syllable. which he had forgotten to 2 when he went
for a run.
1 upjset 2 delvalstajted 3 orlchejstra 4 injsomjnila 5 sleep jwalk
Samuel had been working for only two weeks as a
ranch hand at Upshot cattle station, near the town
CAN YOU UNDERSTAND THIS TEXT? of Longreach in the vast state of Queensland. After
3 out for his run, he lost his way. Australian
a Read the article once. What two factors helped Samuel to survive? authorities had feared for his survival in a region
where heat, a lack of water, poisonous snakes, and
b Read it again and choose the best words to fill the gaps. the possibility of injury could prove deadly.
After a helicopter rescue mission,
1 a carrying b wearing c holding 4 hundreds of people, he
2 a take off b take up c take out was found exhausted about six
3 a watching b finding c setting miles from the station. Alex Dorr,
a pilot with the North Queensland
4 a including b involving c inviting
Rescue Helicopter Service, said
5 a search b film c shoot that he went in the dark to the
6 a so b because c although area where the teenager had
disappeared and used night-
7 a understand b worry c fear
vision cameras to 5 for
8 a found b missing c injured the missing boy. 'Where am I?'
9 a career b course c degree was all that he asked his rescuers
when they found him in the early
10 a underused b misused c mispronounced
hours of the morning. He was
c Choose five new words or phrases from the text. Check their immediately taken for a medical assessment
meaning and pronunciation and try to learn them. before being transferred to a hospital in
Longreach , but was found to be suffering from no
more than sunburn and dehydration, 6 he
had lost 15 kilos.
-~ CAN YOU UNDERSTAND THIS FILM? Clai re Derry, his mother, said she heard that he
VIDEO
3 50 l)) Watch or listen to a short film on sleep research. Choose a, b, was safe from the captain of the plane as she was
flying to Australia to join the hunt for her son. 'I
ore. sobbed , absolutely sobbed and I jumped up and
1 In Britain have problems getting to sleep. hugged the air hostesses and the captain ,' she
said . 'To be honest, I was beginning to
a over 103 b approximately 103 c more than 503 7 the worst. It's been the worst three days
2 One of the more common sleeping disorders mentioned is _ __ of my life, by a long way, since 5.30 a.m. Tuesday
a Sleep paralysis b somniloquy c Exploding head syndrome when two policemen knocked on my front door
and told me they'd got a message from Australia
3 Scientists at the Sleep Unit take measurements in order to analyse
and told me my son was s '
people's _ _ _
Samuel 's training for a 9 in the Armed
a sleeping patterns b brain activity c body movement Services helped him to survive in the hostile
4 Many people today are sleep deprived because they _ __ conditions, his mother said. 'My father was a war
a sleep too few hours hero and Sam was named after him and he's always
wanted to live up to that sort of reputation,' she said.
b sleep different hours every night His father, Peter Woodhead, was visibly emotional as
c wake up a lot during the night. he described the ordeal the family had been through
5 Nowadays many people sleep longer while waiting for news that he was safe. 'The word
hours - - - nightmare these days is much 10 ,' he said.
'This has been a true nightmare.'
a during the week
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
b after a night out
c at weekends Adapted from The Times
 G past medals: must have, etc.; would rather
V verbs often confused My parents only had one argument
P weak form of have in 45 years. It lasted 43 years.

1 GRAMMAR past modals: must have, etc. 2 PRONUNCIATION

a 4 2 l)) Look at the photos. What do you think the people are weak form of have
arguing about in each photo? What were the arguments about? a 4 6 l)) Listen to the extracts from the
Listen and check. conversations in lb again. Underline the
stressed words. How is have pronounced?
b 4 3 l)) Listen to some extracts from the conversations again and
complete them with may have, miBht have, must have, can't have, or b In pairs, read the conversations and
should have. complete B 's responses with your own ideas
Conversation 1
(for responses 5-8 you also need to use must
1 D You _ _ _ _ _ _ finished it.
have, miBht have, should have, or can't have).
Then practise the conversations.
2 D You given it to the cat last night.
3 D I given it to the cat. 1 A It was my birthday yesterday!
B You should have told me.
Conversation 2
2 A I can't find my phone anywhere.
4 D Oh no! We _ _ _ _ _ _ gone wrong.
B You must have
5 D We taken the second exit at the roundabout.
3 A I definitely said we were meeting them at
6 D OK, I made a mistake.
7.00.
B They may have
c In pairs, put A, B, C, or Din the box before each phrase.
4 A I'm so tired. I can't keep my eyes open.
Which phrase (or phrases) in b means you think .. . ? B You shouldn't have
A it's very probable (or almost certain) that something happened or 5 A I failed my piano exam.
somebody did something B
B it's possible that something happened or somebody did something 6 A Why do you think Fiona and Brian broke up?
B
C it's impossible that something happened or somebody did
something 7 A Alberto didn't come to class yesterday.
B
D somebody did something wrong
8 A We're going to be late. There's so much
d > p.144 Grammar Bank 7A. Learn more about past modals, and traffic.
practise them. B

•
3 READING & SPEAKING
a In your experience, wh at do couples
typically argue about? D o you think
men and women use different strategies
when they argue? In what way?
b Read an article about how men and
women argue. D oes it m ention any of
the strategies you talked ab out?
tyou AU A ?l&#(i).l.f '/DU AU A ?l&#(i)l /(j,/~~ISN MA«, '/DU Ht/I~'?
'/DU ~U/t,-r Mt A NDUSt -rNA-r I JUS-r 'At,t, POW« I«,
-rNt« you t;t-r Uf A«P Nl-r Mt wt-rN A fltlt D' SUt;Al<,lA«t, you ?l&#(i).l.f'
c Now read the article again and mark
the sentences T (true) or F (false).
Underline the parts of the article that
give you the answers.
1 The argument D eborah Cameron
describes happened because a wife
considered her husband responsible
for an accident she had.
2 In Papua New Guinea when a woman
is arguing with her husband, he's
supposed to reply to his wife's insults.
3 John Gray says that men are more
assertive in arguments than women .
4 Edward thinks that he could win
arguments more often ifhe were better
prepared.
5 Christine Northam says that older
men are less able than younger men to
talk about their feelings.
6 She says that some women start crying
during arguments only because they
get truly upset.
7 Sarah thinks that her boyfriend is
insensitive to her crying.
8 Christine Northam believes it is not
difficult to learn new ways of dealing
with arguments.
d Look at the higfi ighte words and
ph rases which are related to arguing.
With a partner, try to work out what
they mean and then check with a
dictionary or the teacher.
e Do you agree with what the text says
about the different way men and
women argue?
I
l n Gapun, a remote village in Papua New Guinea, the women take a
very direct approach to arguing. Linguist Deborah Cameron tells of
an argument between a husband and wife. It started after the woman
fell through a hole in the rotten floor of their home and she blamed
5 her husband. He hit her with a piece of sugar cane, so she threatened
to attack him with a machete and burn the house to the ground. At
this point the husband decided to leave and she launched into a kros
- a traditional angry tirade of insults and swear words - directed at a
g husband with the intention of it being heard by everyone in the village.
13 The fury can last for up to 45 minutes, during which time the husband is
expected to keep quiet. Such a domestic scene may be familiar to some
15 readers, but, for most of us, arguing with our partners is not quite such
an explosive business!
Human beings argue about everything but are there any differences
between the sexes in the way that we argue?
In fact, according to John Gray, author of Men are from Mars, Women
20 are from Venus (the 1990s best-seller) - men prefer not to argue at
all, wherever possible. 'To avoid confrontation men may retire into
their caves and never come out. They refuse to talk and nothing gets
resolved. Men would rather keep quiet and avoid talking about any
topics that may cause an argument.' Women, however, are quite happy
25 to bring up relationship matters that they would like to change.
Edward, 37, a writer, says 'I'm useless at arguing. There are things that
bother me about my partner, but when I finally say something I am too
slow to win the argument. I can only argue properly when I have all the
evidence to back up my argument ready to use, but I'm too lazy to do
30 that. I think women, on the whole, are more practised at arguing, or
more interested.'
Christine Northam, a counsellor with Relate, the marriage- counselling
service, agrees with the view that men have a greater tendency to
withdraw. 'Women say: "He won't respond to me, he won't listen, he
3s thinks he's right all the time." However, the younger men that I see
tend to be much more willing to understand their own feelings and talk
about them. Older men find it more difficult.'
However she adds that women are also capable of the withdrawal
technique. 'Oh yes, women are quite good at doing that as well. They
40 change the subject or cry. Crying is a good tactic and then the poor
man says: " Oh, my God, she's in tears".'
'I don't argue a lot, but I do cry a lot,' says Sarah, 32, an advertising
executive. 'I' ll say something hurtful to him and he' ll say something
equally hurtful back and then I' ll be in floods of tears. I call my friend
45 and she says: "Where are you?" " In the loo*," I say. And th en, when I
finally come out after half an hour, he's just watching TV as if nothing
has happened.'
Northam says, 'Everything goes back to our upbringing, the stereotypical
stuff we have all been fed. We are very influenced by the way our parents
50 were, or even our grandparents. The way you deal with emotions is learnt
in your family. To understand this, and then make a conscious decision
that you will do it differently requires a lot of maturity.'
*loo in formal = toilet
Adapted from The Times
 4 LISTENING & SPEAKING c 4 8 ))) Look at the sentences from the
listening and try to work out what the
missing words are. Then listen and check.
1 But of course it's easier said ____
2 If you're the person who's __ the __,
just admit it!
3 ... it's important to __ things __
control ...
4 Raising your voice will just make the other
person _ _ their _ _ , too.
5 .. .stop for a moment and __ a __
breath.
6 It's also very important to _ ___ the
point.
7 There's much more chance that you'll be
able to an
8 .. .____ conflict is an important part
of any relationship ...
d With a partner, decide which two of the
psychologist's tips you think are the most
useful, and why they're useful.

e >-Communication Argument! A p.107

B p.110. Role-play two arguments with a
partner.

f Did you follow any of the psychologist's

advice about how to argue? Was there
a 7 ))) You're going to listen to a psychologist giving some tips to
anything you should / shouldn't have done?
help people when they disagree with somebody about something. Is there anything your partner should /
Listen once and tick (I ') the six things she says. shouldn't have said?
1 D Think carefully what to say when you begin a discussion.
2 D Try to 'win' the argument as quickly as you can.
3 D Say sorry if something really is your fault.
4 D Never avoid an argument by refusing to talk.
5 D Don't say things that aren't completely true.
6 D Don't shout.

7 D Don't talk about things that aren't relevant to the argument.

8 D Use another person to mediate.

9 D Postpone the argument until later when you have both

calmed down.

10 D It's a bad thing for a couple to argue.

b Listen again and with a partner, try to add more detail to the tips
you ticked .

••
5 MINI GRAMMAR would rather
fvlen would rather keep quiet and avoid talking about any
topics that may cause an argument.
Listen, I'd rather talk about this tomorrow when we've both
calmed down.
• We use would rather with the infinitive without to as
an alternative to would prefer, e.g.
I'd rather go on holiday in July than August.
Would you rather stay in or go out tonight?
I'd rather not go out tonight. I'm really tired.
NOT I'd not rather.
• We can also use would rather+ person +past tense to
talk about what we would prefer another person to do.
I'd rather you didn't smoke in here, if you don't mind.
6 VOCABULARY verbs often confused
a Look at some extracts from the listening in 4.~
the correct verb. What does the other verb mean?
I Try not to say...you never remind/ rem ember to buy the
toothpaste.
2 If you follow these tips, you may often be able to
prevent/ avoid an argument.
3 The most important thing is not to rise / raise your
voice.
b >- p.158 Vocabulary Bank Verbs often confused.
c Complete the questions with the verbs from each pair
in the right form. Then ask and answer with a partner.

a Re-write the sentences using would rather.

I I'd prefer to go to the cinema than to a club.
2 I'd prefer not to go to the party if my ex is going to be
there.
3 Would you prefer to meet on Thursday morning or
afternoon?
4 My wife would prefer not to fly. She had a bad
experience once.
5 My husband would prefer to get a train to Manchester,
not take the car.
6 I'd prefer to come on Sunday, if that's OK.
b Work in pairs. Look at the options and take turns to
ask and answer with Would you rather. .. ? Say why.
1 do an English course in London or New York
2 have a summer holiday or a winter holiday
3 work for yourself or work for a company 1 Do you _ _ _ if people are a bit late when you
4 go to a foreign restaurant for dinner or to a restaurant have arranged to meet them, or do you think it
which serves food from your country doesn't ? matter / mind
5 read an e-book or a normal book 2 Can you usually family birthdays, or do you
6 have a four-by-four or a small sports car need somebody to _ __ you? remember/ remind
7 go to a concert or a sporting event 3 Have you ever been when you were on
8 live on your own or share a flat with friends holiday? What was ? steal/ rob
4 What would you people to do if they want to
Would you rather do an En~l!~~ ) ( I,'~ ~?ther do a course come to your country in the summer? What might
course in London or New Y~ ~ew York because...
you them to be careful about? advise / warn
5 Do you think taking vitamin C helps to colds?
What other things can people do to catching
colds? avoid/ prevent

7 10 >)) SONG /v1y Girl .n

••
 G verbs of the senses Botox should be banned for actors ...
V the body Acting is all about expression; why would
P silent letters you want to iron out a frown?

1 GRAMMAR verbs of the senses

a Read the introduction to Howard Schatz's book. Then
look at the photo of actress Fran Drescher playing a
role. In pairs, choose a , b, or c .

In Character: Actors Acting

Caught in the Act: Actors Acting
T he photographer H oward Schatz
had a very unusual idea for his
books. He im ited actors into
his studio, and asked them
to 'be' certain characters in
certain situations, a nd then he
photographed them.

1 I think she looks . ..

a scared
b miserable
c embarrassed
2 I think she looks like .. .
a a teenage student
b a young mother
c a young business woman
3 I think she looks as if. .. 2 SPEAKING & LISTENING
a she has just had some bad news a Look at some more photos from the book. Describe
b she is watching something on TV how you think the characters are feeling.
c she has just heard a noise
~hink she looks very pleased with herself...
b 4 11 >)) Now listen to someone talking about the
photo. Were you right? b Answer the questions with a partner.

c Look at the sentences in a. What kind of words or
phrases do you use after looks, looks like, and looks as if?
d > p.145 Grammar Bank 78. Learn more about using
the verbs of the senses, and practise them.
e 4 13 >)) Listen to these sounds. What do you think is
happening? Use It sounds as if. .. or It sounds like .. .
~sounds as if somebody's scored a goal.
~sounds like a football match.
f >Communication Guess what it is A pl07 B plll.
Describe objects for your partner to identify using
looks,feels, smells, or tastes + an adjective or + like +
noun.
Who do you think looks .. .?
1 like a child who's doing something naughty
2 like somebody who's apologizing to someone
3 like a very proud parent or teacher
4 as if they have just seen something awful
5 as if they are eating or drinking something that tastes
terrible
6 as if they're going to hit somebody
c 4 14 >)) Listen and check.
d Listen again. What exactly were the roles each actor
was asked to play?
e How do you think acting is different when you are
. m
work mg . ....?

•
a film and TV b theatre c radio
f 4 15 >)) Now listen to an interview with Tim Bentinck,
who has been working as a radio actor for many years.
What is the main way in which he says radio acting is
different from other kinds of acting?

g Listen again and answer the questions.

1 What two things does he say radio actors use to convey
feelings?
2 Complete the tip that a radio actor once gave him: You
have to be able to __ one eyebrow with your __.
3 What technique does he use to help convey the feeling
of happiness?
4 What are radio actors trying to do when they read a
script?
h Do you have radio dramas in your country? Do you
ever listen to them?

3 MINI GRAMMAR as
a Look at some extracts from 2f, and then read the rules
about as.
Tim Bentinck has been workinB as a radio actor for many
years.
'It's as naturalistic as you can make it sound - to lift it off the
paBe, to make it sound as thouBh you're not readinB it.'

We can use as in many different ways:

1 to describe somebody or something's job or function:
She works as a nurse. You can use that box as a chair.
2 to compare people or things: She's as tall as me now.
3 to talk about how something appears, sounds, fee ls,
etc.: It looks as if it's going to snow.
4 to give a reason: As it was raining, we didn't go out.
(as = because)
5 to say that something happened while something else
was happening: As they were leaving the postman
arrived. (as = when I at the same time)

b Decide how as is used in each sentence and match them

to uses 1-5 above.
A D I don't think his performance in this series was as
good as in the last one.
B D That picture looks as if it has been painted by a child.
C D You can use that glass as a vase for the flowers.
D D I got to the airport really quickly as there was hardly
any traffic.
E D As he was driving home it started to rain.
F D You sound as if you've got a bad cold.
G D His hair went greyer as he got older.
H D He got a job with the BBC as a programme researcher.

••
 4 VOCABULARY the body
a 16 >)) Look at a picture of another actress, Dame
Helen Mirren. Match the words in the list w ith 1- 9 in
the photo. Listen and check.
D cheek D chin D eyebrow D eyelash D eyelid
D forehead D lips D neck D wrinkles
b > p.159 Vocabulary Bank The body.
c 20 l)) Listen and mime the action.
5 PRONUNCIATION silent letters
a Cross out the 'silent' consonant in these words.
calf wrist palm wrinkles comb kneel thumb
b 4 21 l)) Listen and check. What can you deduce about
the pronunciation of... ?
• wr and kn at the beginning of a word
• mb at the end of a word
c Look at some more words with silent consonants. In
pairs, decide which they are and cross them out. Use
the phonetics to help you.
aisle /a ll/ calm /ka:m I climb /kl a 1m/ design /d1'za1n/
doubt /daut/ fasten /'fu:sn/ half /ha :f/ honest /'omst/
knock /nnk/ muscle /'mAsll whistle /'w1sl/ whole /h;:>ul/
d 4 22 >)) Listen and check. Then practise saying the
phrases below.
half an hour I doubt it calm down an aisle seat, please
designer clothes anti-wrinkle cream kneel down
am
6 READING & LISTENING
a Look at the title of the article and
read the subheading. Why do you
think the writer called his book
What Every Body is SayinB and not
What Everybody is SayinB?
b Read the article once and then in pairs,
answer the questions.
1 Why wasn't the man being questioned one of the main
suspects?
2 Why did the agent ask him the question about four
different murder weapons?
3 How did the man show that he committed the murder?
4 Why was Joe Navarro a very successful FBI agent?
5 What a re the two kinds of communication he
mentions?
6 Why can't we usually identify non-verbal signs?
[[] The man sat at one end of the table, carefully planning
his replies. He wasn 't considered a major suspect in the
murder case. He had an alibi which was credible, and he
sounded si ncere, but the agent pressed on, and asked a
series of questions about the murder weapons:
'IF YOU HAD COMMITTED THE CRIME,
WOULD YOU HAVE USED AGUN?'
'IF YOU HAD COMMITTED THE CRIME,
WOULD YOU HAVE USED AKNIFE?'
'IFYOU HAD COMMITTED THE CRIME,
WOULD YOU HAVE USED AN ICE PICK?'
'IF YOU HAD COMMITTED THE CRIME,
WOULD YOU HAVE USED AHAMMER?'
 c Read the article again, and find synonyms d Look at the pictures. With a partner, say how you think the people
for the words and phrases below. are feeling.
Paragraph 1
1 believable - - -
2 honest, not pretending _ __
3 continued in a determined way (verb) _ __
Paragraph 2
1 watched _ _ _
2 meaning (noun) _ __
3 seen - - -
Paragraph 3
1 thought to be responsible for _ __
2 find the meaning of _ __
3 make it possible for _ __
Paragraph 4
1 identify _ __
2 succeed in getting _ __
3 join together _ __

[]] Qne of the weapons, the ice pick, had

actually been used in the crime, but that e Now try to match the gestures to the feelings.
information had been kept from the public.
So, only the killer would know which object was D dominant D friendly and interested D in a good mood
the real murder weapon . As Joe Navarro, the D insecure D nervous D rela xed D stressed
FBI agent, went through the list of weapons,
he observed the suspect carefully. When the
f 23 >)) Listen and check. Then listen again for more detail, and
ice pick was mentioned, the man's eyelids
make notes.
came down hard, and stayed down until the
next weapon was named. Joe immediately
understood the significance of the eyelid p -wards
We often add the suffix -wards to a preposition or adverb of
movement he had witnessed, and from that
movement to mean 'in this direction', e.g. forwards, backwards,
moment the man became the chief suspect. inwards, outwards, upwards, downwards.
He later confessed to the crime.
[}]Joe Navarro is credited with catching many g Test a partner. A make the gestures, one-by-one, but in a different
criminals in his 25-year career with the FBI. If order. B say what the gestures mean. Then swap roles.
you ask him how he has been able to do this, he
says, 'I owe it to being able to read people'. In h Is there any gesture that you know you do a lot, like folding your
his best-selling book What Every Body is Saying, arms or standing with your hands on your hips? Why do you
he teaches us how to decipher other people's think you do it?
non-verbal behaviour, and thus to enable us to
interact with them more successfully.
~when it comes to human behaviours,' 7 SPEAKING & WRITING
@] he says, 'there are basically two kinds
a )ii- Communication Two photos A p.108 B p.112. Describe your
of signs, verbal and non-verbal, e.g. facial
expressions, gestures, etc. All of us have been
picture for your partner to visualize. D escribe the people's body
taught to look for the verbal signs. Then there language, and how you think they are feeling.
are the non-verbal signs, the ones that have
always been there but that many of us have not
b > p.117 Writing Describing a photo. Write a description of a
learnt to spot because we haven't been trained picture speculating about what the people are doing, feeling , etc.
to look for them. It is my hope that through an
understanding of non-verbal behaviour, you will
achieve a deeper, more meaningful view of the
world around you - able to hear and see the two
languages, spoken and silent, that combine to
present human experience in all its complexity.'

••
 Talking about. ..

1 • ._ THE INTERVIEW Part 1 • ._Part 2

VIDEO
VIDEO

a Read the biographical in form ation about Simon Callow. Have you
seen any of his films?

Simon Callow is an English actor, writer, and

theatre director. He was born in London in
1949 and studied at Queen's university,
Belfast, and the Drama Centre in London.
As a young actor he made his name when
he played the part of Mozart in Peter
Shaffer's production of Amadeus at the Royal
National Theatre in London in 1979 and he
later appeared in the film version. As well as
acting in the theatre he has also appeared in
TV dramas and comedies and in many films including Four Weddings a 4 25 >)) Now watch or listen to Part 2 .
and a Funeral and Shakespeare in Love. He has direct ed bot h plays and
Answer the questions.
musicals and was awarded the Laurence Olivier award for Best Musical
for Carmen Jones in 1992. He has w ritten biographies of t he Irish writer 1 Which does he prefer, acting in the theatre
Oscar Wilde and Orson Welles, the American actor and film director. He or in films?
was awarded the CBE in 1999 for his services to drama.
2 Complete the two crucial differences he
mentions about acting in the theatre:
T here's an - - --
Every single performance is
ut terly _ _ __
3 Who does he say are the most important
people in the making of a film, the director,
the editor, or the actors? Why?
4 D oes he think acting in film is more
natural and realistic than theatre acting?
b 4 24>)) Watch or listen to part 1 of an inter view with h im. Mark Why (not)?
the sentences T (true) or F (false). b Listen again. W h at is he referring to when
1 His first job was as an actor at T he Old Vic theatre. h e says .. . ?
2 W hen he watched rehearsals he was fascinated by how good the 1 'It's important because you have to reach
actors were. out to them, make sure that everybody can
3 Acting attracted him because it involved problem solving. hear and see what you're doing.'
4 Playing the part of Mozart in Amadeus was a challenge because he 2 ' .. .I mean you never do, you never can.'
wasn't a fictional character. 3 'So, in that sense, the actor is rather
5 Mozart was the most excitin g role he has h ad because it was his powerless.'
first. 4 '...there are some, you know, little metal
c Now listen again and say w hy the F sentences are false. objects right in front of you, sort of, staring
at you as you're doing your love scene ...'
Glossary
The Old Vic one of the oldest and most fa mous of the London theatres Glossary
Amadeus is a play by Peter Shaffer about the life of the composer Wolfgang (film) editor the person whose job it is to decide what
Amadeus Mozart. It was also made into a fil m of the same name. In the play, Mozart to include and what to cut in a film
~wi:t/ a room containing
editing suite /'ed 1l11)
is portrayed as hav ing a very child ish personality, which contrasts with the genius
and sophisticatio n of his music. electronic equipment for ed iting video material
The Marriage of Figaro one of Mozart's best-known operas
box office the place at a theatre or cinema where tickets are sold
rehearsals /n 'h3:slz/ time that is spent practising a play or a piece of music
auditorium /,;,:d1't::i:ri:Hn / the part of a theatre where the audience sits
 3 ·~
VIDEO
IN THE STREET
acting a 28 l)) Watch or listen to four people talking about
their favourite actors. Match the speakers (N, S, J, or
M) to the actors.

•~Part 3
VIDEO

4 26 >)) Now watch or listen to

Part 3 . What does he say about . .. ?
1 watching other actors acting Nathan, Sean, Jo, Mairi,
2 the first great actors he saw English English English Scottish
3 Daniel Day-Lewis
4 wearing make up
D Audrey Hepburn D Jodie Foster

5 the first night of a play

D Judi Dench D Kevin Spacey
D MattSmit h D Natalie Portman
Glossary
John Gielgud a famous stage and film actor D Olivia Colman D.D Robert De Niro
(1904 - 2000)
Ralph Richardson a famous stage and fi lm
D Russell Crowe
actor (1902 - 1983)
Laurence Olivier a famo us stage and film b Watch or listen again. Who (N, S, J, or M) ... ?
actor (1907 -1989)
Edith Evans a famous stage and fi lm actor D likes one of the actors he / she mentions because he/
(1888 - 1976) she is very versatile
Peggy Ashcroft a famous stage and film actor (1907 - 1991)
Daniel Day-Lewis a famous fi lm actor (195 7-) D has seen one of the actors he / she mentions in the
stage fright nervous feelings felt by actors before they appear in theatre
fro nt of an audience
D thinks his / her favourite actors express feelings very
well

2 LOOKING AT LANGUAGE D says the actor he / she likes best was also in the film
he / she likes best
p Modifiers
Simon Callow uses a wide variety of modifiers (really,
c 4 29 l)) Watch or listen and complete the highlightedJ
Colloquial English phrases. What do you think they
incredibly, etc.) to make his language more expressive.
mean?

a ~ 27 l)) Listen to some extracts from the interview and 1 '... actors who are that famous have some sort of
complete the missing adjective or modifier. Sta , ...
2 'I think he just has an intensity, and a that
1 ' .. .I thought what a wonderful job, what a _ __ _
makes you want to watch him.'
interesting job ... '
3 'My favo urite film and my favourite performance
2 'My job was to reconcile that with the fact that
of is The Deer Hunter.'
he wrote The MarriaBe of FiBaro, and that was
4 ' ... I feel like she put 1er._ _ ___ into everything, .. .'
tremendously _ _ __
3 ' .. .its fame, almost from the moment it was
announced, was overwhelmingly than 4 SPEAKING
anything I had ever done .. .'
Answer the questions with a partner. Try to use a variety
4 'They're different media, they require
of m odifiers.
different things from you as an actor ... '
5 ' ...you bring different things to them.' 1 What actors do you particularly enjoy watching? Why
6 'The beauty of the theatre is that every single do you like them? Which performances particularly?
performance is utterly from every other 2 What's one of the best films you've seen recently? Why
one.' did you like it so much?
7 'As a young man, and a boy, I was lucky to 3 Do you ever go to the theatre? Do you prefer it to the
see that fabled generation of actors, of, of Gielgud and cinema? Why (not)? What plays have you seen?
Richardson, Olivier, .. .' 4 Have you ever acted in a play or film? What was it, and
what part did you play? Did you get stage fright?
 G the passive (all forms); it is said that ... , he is thought to..., etc.,
have something done The reason there is so little crime in
V crime and punishment P the letter u Germany is t hat it is against the law.

1 READING & LISTENING

HOW NOT TO a Have you ever been robbed in the street?

Where were you? W hat was stolen?

b Read the article How not to Bet robbed.

GET ROBBED IN THE STREET Match the headings to the paragraphs.
1 A Be careful when you're sightseeing
You d ramatically increase your chances of being robbed B Be smart about cabs
if you look as if you might have a lot of money on you.
You don't have to look like a tramp, but you should try
C Don't look too well off
to look as if you aren't carrying much of value. If you're D Keep an eye on the kids
a tourist, keep your expensive camera or phone hidden. E Listen to the locals
F Look confident
This is especially true in countries where there are big income differences, c Read the article again. T hen cover the text
and particularly in urban areas. Children are sadly often the most and look at A- F. Can you remember the
dangerous people on the street because they have nothing to lose. If you advice? What advice would you give someone
see a group of children coming towards you, ignore them completely and to avoid being robbed in your town?
walk quickly to an area where there are plenty of other people.
d Look at the questions and predict the answers.
H ow to b eat the bur glars
If you see that people are watching you in a suspicious way, look straight 1 How long do you think a burglar normally
back at them and make eye contact. If they were thinking of robbing you, takes to search someone's house?
it will make them realize that you may not be an easy target.
2 Which are the most common things that
burglars steal, apart from money?
3 What one thing would be likely to stop
If you are a tourist and somebody in the street tells you to put your
a burglar coming into your house?
phone away, do it. Sometimes the locals can be overprotective because
they want you to see the best side of their town, but it's always a good 4 What factors influence a burglar to choose
idea to take their advice. If they say don't go somewhere, don't. a house?
5 Why do some burglars prefer it if the
owners are at home?
The safest thing to do is to phone a reputable company every time you 6 When are you most likely to be burgled,
need one (your hotel can normally help with this). If you do have to get a during the day or night?
taxi in the street, make sure it looks like a regulated one (e.g. one which 7 How are burglars more likely to get
has an official number or company phone number on it) and never ever into a house?
get into a cab that has another person in the front passenger seat.
8 What is the best room in the
house to hide your
valuables?
What's the first thing tourists do when they come out of Westminster
Tube station in London? They look up at Big Ben, and then they pose
to have their photo taken. When they're looking up, or looking at the
camera, that's the moment when a pickpocket steals their w allet. Thieves
also love the posters you see that warn tourists: 'Watch out! Pickpockets
about!' When men read that their natural reaction is to immediately put
their hand on the pocket where their wallet is, to make sure it's still there.
The pickpockets are watching and so they see exactly where the man is
carrying his wallet.
 e 30 >)) Listen to an interview with an ex-burglar. Check your d Talk to a partner.
answers to d. What are the most common
crimes in your town or city?
f Listen again for more detail. What reasons does he give for each What has been the biggest crime
answer? What tips can you learn from what he says to protect story in your country in the last few weeks?
yourself from being burgled? Do you have trial by jury in your country?
Do you think it's a good system?
g Of all the tips for keeping safe at home and in the street, which
Do you have capital punishment in your country?
one do you think is the most useful? Why? If not, would you re-introduce it?
Do you know anyone ...? What happened?
• who has been burgled
2 VOCABULARY crime and punishment
• who has been mugged
a Match the words for people who steal with the definitions in the list. • whose car has been stolen
• who has been unfairly accused of shoplifting
burglar mugger pickpocket robber shoplifter thief
• who has been stopped by the police while driving
1 A is someone who breaks in and steals from a private • who has been robbed while on holiday
house. • who has been offered a bribe
• who has been kidnapped
2 A is someone who steals from a person or place, e.g. a
bank, using or threatening violence.
3 A is someone who steals something from a shop.
4 A is someone who steals from you in the street, usually
4 MINI GRAMMAR
without you noticing. have something done
5 A is someone who uses violence to steal from you in the They look up at Big Ben, and then they pose to
street. have their photo taken.
6 A ____ is the general word for someone who steals from a • Use have (something) done when you get
person. another person to do something for you.
Compare:
b 31 >)) Listen and check. Underline the stressed syllables. I took a photo of Westminster Bridge = I took
the photo myself.
c :>- p.160 Vocabulary Bank Crime and punishment. I had my photo taken on Westminster Bridge
=I asked someone to take my photo.
• Have is the main verb so it changes
3 PRONUNCIATION & SPEAKING the letter u according to the tense.
I'm going to have my hair cut tomorrow. I had
accuse burglar caught court drugs fraud judge my car repaired after the accident.
jury mugger murderer punishment smuggling
• You can also use get instead of have, e.g. I'm
going to get my hair cut tomorrow.
a Look at the words in the list, which all have the letter u in them.
Put them in the correct column below according to how the vowel a Complete the sentences with the right form
sound is pronounced. of have + the past participle of a verb from

m
the list.
.
~ - ~ JU!
~ cut install renew

1 How often do you

repair take

your hair ?
2 Have you ever had a problem with your
laptop? Where did you it ?
- ~c
3 Do you usually your passport or ID
b 34 >)) Listen and check. Which two words are pronounced card in plenty of time before it runs
exactly the same? out?
4 Have you a burglar alarm m
c Practise saying the -sentences. your house or flat? What kind is it?

• •
.2 1 Luke was accused of s uggling drugs.
'Murderers must be punished,' said the judge. • •
3 The burglar is doing community service. • •
5 Have you ever your photo
front of a famous monument? Where?
b Ask and answer the questions with a partner.
in

4 The jury said he was guilty of fraud .

...
..: 5 The mugger was caught and taken to court .

••
• .:e
I ••
re•
 5 GRAMMAR the passive (all forms);
it is said that. .., he is thought to ..., etc.
a Read a true crime story. What does it advise us to be
careful w ith? W hat happened to the wom an?
Not her best buy
If a man approaches you outside a Best Buy
store* with a complicated story about needing
money to get home, and a surprisingly cheap iPad
for sale, don't believe him!
A woman in Daytona Beach, Florida, 1/eamt I was
learnt this the hard way after handing over $400 for
what turned out to be a s uare piece of wood with
a piece of glass st k o tHe fron . When the man,
39-year-old Torrance Canady, w o 2 had I was had a
long criminal rec rd, 3 /ater caug'bt I was later caught
by the police, sev ral more fake A):>ple products
4found I were founa in his car. Th e were two
MacBooks which 5had made J haa been made from
wood and which were covered in silver tape. An Apple
logo 6had cut I had been cut out in the middle,.an~ a
Best Buy price tag stuck on the back. Canady insisted
that he 7didn't know I wasn't known the computers
were fake and said he'd 'bought them in a nearby
town for his girlfriend'. He 8has charged I has been
charged with selling fake electrical equipment and
9is holding I is being held in Volusia County jail.
* Best Buy store =a US store selling electronic equipment
b Read the story again. @ the right form of the verb.
c 35 >)) Now listen to another crime story. Answer the
questions.
1 W here were the burglaries taking place?
2 What did he steal?
3 What did Cooper do apart from stealing?
4 W hat did he do ifhe found people at home?
5 How was he caught?
6 W here did the police find him?
d Listen again and complete the extracts w ith the
missing words. H ow is the structure different after he
is thouBht and after it is thouBht?
1 ...he is thought between 50 and
100 burglaries in the area.
2 It is believed mainly interested in
finding drugs ...
3 Cooper is also said _ _ _ _ _ _ himself at home
in the houses.
4 ...it is thought _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to know
someone there.
e ::>- p.146 Grammar Bank SA. Learn more about the
passive, and practise it .
••
f Use the notes below to complete a newspaper crime
story.
Britain's most polite robber
olice in Stockport in the UK are looking for a man
P who 1 • (believe I be
Britain's most polite armed robber)
The robber, who always says 'please' and 'thank you'
when he orders shop staff to give him t he money in
the till, 2 • (say/ be a tall
man in his early forties)
He wears a mask and washing-up gloves during
robberies. It 3 at least four
shops in Stockport in recent weeks. (think I he I rob)
A police officer said, ' He 4_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
(report I be polite to his victims), but there is nothing
polite about armed robbery. Last week this man used
a knife to threaten shop staff. They were terrified.
Saying "please" and "thank you" cannot change that.'
6 READING
a Look at the title of the article. W hat kind of crime(s) do
you think it will be about?
b Read the article once. C hoose the best summ ary of the
writer's opinion.
A Illegal downloading of music is not necessarily bad for
the music industry. In some ways it benefits it.
B T here is no way of stopping illegal downloading. We
will just have to learn to live with it.
C Illegally downloading music is the same as stealing it
from a shop and it will ultimately harm the people who
are committing the crime.
c R ead the article again. Answer the questions with a
partner.
1 According to the writer, in what way do people have a
different attitude to the online world?
2 In what way is people's attitude to online music
illogical?
3 What did the government want to do? W ho opposed
this, and why?
4 What is the writer's view about illegal downloading?
5 Why does she compare fans who illegally download
their idols' music to 'lovers' who 'watch you as you
drown'?
6 Why does she think that the people who download will
be the losers in the long run?
d Look at the hig ilig ted words and phrases related to
crime. In p airs, work out their meaning.
 7 SPEAKING
a In groups, discuss the questions below:
Are these activities against the law in your
country? Do you think they should be illegal?
Why (not)? How do you th ink they should be
punished?

Online world
• Downloading music, books, and f ilms
• Hacking int o somebody else's computer
• Posting aggressive or t hreatening 'tweet s' or
messages
• Phot ographing someone and post ing t he

Crime online phot o on the internet wit hout t heir permission

• Using a false ident ity online
• Creating a computer virus

What is the world online? Is it real? Are we safe Real world

• Own ing an aggressive breed of dog
there? How should we behave there? • Squatting in an unoccupied house (living there
without paying rent)
1 The answer is: it's just the internet. Our internet. The internet w e • Going on strike without having previously
made. It's exactly like the real world - just a place with shops, and agreed I announced it
information, where people chat - but on a computer. But for some • Ill-treating an animal in any way
reason. we won't accept so simple an answer. We think that, as soon as • Painting attractive graffiti on a wall or fence
5 something is on the internet, it turns into something else, that it's not
quite real.

Take for instance a song. When is a song not a song? When it's on the
internet. If a song is on a CD, in a shop. we would not hesitate to pay for
it. But if you put the same song on the internet, millions of people th ink
lo that you can take the same song without paying for it. It's st ill t he same
song. written by the same people. who spent the same hours and same
money recording it. but press a button and it's yours.

There are plenty of justifications for taking things for free on the
internet. In fact, when the government proposed punish ing illegal
15 downloaders with internet disconnection, a lobby group of artists and
musicians actually campaigned against it saying that 'it would reduce
the civil liberties of every one of us in this country.' p Useful language: saying what you think (1)
When we are giving our opinion about the
But how can this be true? How is being banned from using t he internet right way t o punish someone, w e of ten use
because you have committed a crime any different to being banned should+ passive infinit ive.
20 from a library because you stole some books from there? The internet
isn't a necessity. It's thrilling and brilliant and useful most of the time.
I think I "t h Id be I against
I don't t hink 1 s ou
illegal I
the law.
but it's not a right to be able to use it. We don't have a right to listen to
I think people who fined.
the music we want. or watch the films we like, for free. These things are do this should be sent to prison.
treats. pleasures, luxuries. Why is it considered a right? Because it's t he banned from using
25 internet. And why is the internet different from the rest of the world, the internet.
where luxuries have to be paid for? Because .. .it's the internet. made to ...

There is also the argument that it's good for artists t o be heard and
seen. But what use are 9 million people who love your work, but not b Compare your ideas with other groups.
enough to want to pay you for your song or your film? Fans who don't Do you agree?
30 pay their idols are like lovers who promise everlasting love but then sit

and watch you as you drown.

8 WRITING
Do you know who will end up suffering the most from all this? Young
people. the ones who themselves are doing it. The music industr y has :>- p.118 Writing Expressing your opinion.
shrunk 40% since 2000. Famous music magazines, like Melody Maker and Write an article for a m agazine saying what
35 The Face. have now closed. And young people who t r y to get jobs in the you think about either downloading music
music industry complain about the low salaries. while they download and films, or about squat ting.
hundreds of pounds worth of albums for free.
By The Times journalist Cait lin fvloran
 G reporting verbs
V the media For most people no news is good news,
P word stress but for journalists good news is not news.

1 SPEAKING & LISTENING e Look at the photos and headlines from two more
stories. What do you think they are about?
a Talk to a partner.
1 How do you normally find out .. . ? Last updated 15:09
• the latest news
• what the weather's going to be like Lost tourist Dog phones
• sports results and match reports finds herself for help
• what's on TV
• your horoscope
• film and book reviews
• job / accommodation adverts
2 Which sections of a newspaper do you normally read?
Which sections do you usually skip?
• politics • business • food & lifestyle
• sport • foreign news • local / national news
• crime • celebrity gossip
3 What stories are in the news at the moment in your
country?
b Look at the photo and the headline from a news story.
What do you think the story is about?

Last updated 07:52 1118

Love at first bite f >-Communication Strange, but true A p.107, B p.112.
Read the other two stories and tell each other what
happened.

2 GRAMMAR reporting verbs

a Read a news story called Chickenfight . What was the
'chicken fight'? How did the local paper resolve the
dispute? Would you like to try the dish?

b Read it again and match the hig ig te phrases 1- 6 in

the text with the direct speech below.
A D 'I'll say sorry.'
B D 'It's not true.'
CD 'OK. I did see it there.'
c 38>)) Listen and check. Were you right?
DD 'Would you like to make it for us?'
d Listen again and answer the questions. E D 'OK, we'll do it.'
1 Who is Soundari, and how old is she? F D 'You stole it.'
2 Why did the keepers build the snowmen? c Three of the four stories on these pages are true, but
3 What was inside one of the snowmen? one was invented. Which do you think is the invented
4 What did Soundari do when she saw the snowman? one?
5 Why is the film recorded on the camera very unusual?
d :>- p.147 Grammar Bank SB. Learn more about
6 What useful information did the keepers get from the
reporting verbs , and practise them.

•
film?
 3 PRONUNCIATION word stress
Last updated 14:33
a Look at the two-syllable reporting verbs in the list. All of them
Chicken fight except four are stressed on the second syllable.~the four
exceptions.
By Sam Urban
ajccuse adlmit adlvise algree conlvince delny
inlsist in lvite olffer orjder perlsuade prolmise
relfuse relgret relmind sulggest threa lten

b 40 >)) Listen and check.

p Spelling of two-syllable verbs

If a two-syllable verb ends in consonant, vowel, consonant, and
is stressed on the second syllable, the final consonant is doubled
before an -ed ending, e.g. regret > regretted, admit > admitted
BUT gffer > offered, threaten > threatened.

c Complete the sentences below with the correct reporting verb in

the past tense.
1 'Shall I make some coffee?' He offired to make some
coffee.
2 'No, I won't go.' He to go.
3 'OK, I'll help you.' He to help me.
4 'I'll call you. Believe me.' He to call me.
5 'Remember to lock the door! ' He me to lock the door.
Two chefs got into a fight last week after 6 'You should buy a new car.' He me to buy a new car.
Andrew Palmer 1accused Geoff Lewis of
stealing one of his recipes and publishing it 7 'Would you like to have dinner?' He me to have dinner.
in a local newspaper. 8 'I didn't break the window!' He breaking the
Andrew Palmer, 28, claimed that he had window.
I
invented the dish of cold chicken with strawberry 9 'Yes, it was me. I stole the money.' He stealing the money.
mayonnaise at his Kent gastropub, The King's
10 'I wish I hadn't married Susan.' Irle marrying Susan.
Head. However, restaurant chef Geoff Lewis,
30, who writes a weekly newspaper column on 11 'Let's go to a club.' fie going to a club.
cooking, 2 denied copying the recipe and said the 12 'You killed your boss.' The police him of
dish was his own creation.
killing his boss.
So, the local newspaper, the Sidcup Echo,
3 invited both chefs to prepare the dish at their
d 4 41 >)) Listen and check.
offices to see whose recipe it really was. They
4 e 42 >)) Cover the examples inc. Now listen to the sentences in
agreed to come, and the 'cook-off' took place
yesterday. Newspaper staff tried both dishes and direct speech in a different order. Say the reported sentence.
unanimously declared Andrew's to be the winner.
Geoff's dish was said to be 'lacking in flavour'. He
OK. I'll help yoi] 0 agreed to help me.

later 5 admitted having seen the dish on the menu

at Andrew's pub and he has 6 offered to publish
an apology in the following issue of the Echo. 'In
any case,' he said later, 'I 've decided that it works
better with raspberries .'
 4 READING & VOCABULARY the media
a Read an extract from 24 Hours in Journalism, showing what six different people are doing
between 6.00 and 8.00 in the morning. Match the extracts with the kind of journalists below.
D a war reporter D the on line editor of the magazine fvlarie Claire D a paparazzo (pl papparazzi)
D a radio news presenter D an agony aunt D a freelance journalist

W hen reporter and author J ohn Dale wanted to show his

readers what the life of a journalist was really like, he wrote
to journalists from all different types of media and asked them to
4 A limo usine sweeps along v\Tilsh ire Boulevard, Los Angeles,
and turns in between the palm trees which mark the driveway
of an undistinguished chain hotel. It pulls up, and a uniformed
describe a typical day in their working life. commissionaire steps fo rward and reaches for the handle of the
rear door.
6 a.m.. - 8 a.m.. H e pulls it open, and a woman's legs appear. H e 7_ _ __
1 Helen Russell wakes up excited, with a Frank Sinatra song her face and says, 'Good evening, Madam.' The woman smiles
running through her head like a m antra .. ..New York .New York and walks through the door into the lobby.
The first thing she reaches for is her BlackBerry. She's got all Outside in the hotel grounds a man carrying several large
her complex life locked up in th at electronic m atchbox. Well- cameras 8 a call on his mobile.
manicured fingers tap keys, and she starts looking at her diary. <She's here).
She sees meetings, meetings ... 5 Samantha Booth gets out of bed, goes into the kitchen and makes the
In her head Helen is already choosing the wardrobe she needs first coffee of the day. She sits at her computer and opens her emails.
to wear, to look like her 1 would like to look themselves. Gimme work, gimme work
When you're this kind ofjournalist you have to look 2_ _ __
She's been sending out lots of ideas, hoping that at least one of
2 <You)re listening to TodGJ! on Radio 4 with Justin Webb and James .Naughtie. her stories would be accepted . She 9 down the screen.
The 3 this morning...The Chancellor has warned that the row Nothing. Zilch. Samantha is starting to feel sidelined . She
10 the TV and stares at the news, hardly taking it in.
about PGJ!ing bonuses threatens to put jobs at risk... but Labour have accused
him ifputting the economy into reverse .. .A new 4 SGJ!S that old Why don't editors reply?
people who need care have been Let down by social services which pass them
6 While organizing her three children for school, K atie Fraser
round like a parcel ... '
switches on her computer. She 11 dozens of Facebook
<A.nything happening?' groups dealing with everything, from drugs to abandoned wives,
<Two IEDs have exploded this morning.' to panic attacks and premature babies.
<How many haveyoufound?' She 12 her messages. The fi rst one says < J've had enough
<Fourteen.' effeeling like this now. Doct01J keep giving me pills but lhf:Y don't w01k. .. '
It's a bad start to the day, and a warning. Sommerville climbs into Fraser h as to take the dog
Glossary
a British armoured vehicle. It is a dangerous 5 , although for a walk as well as get her The Chancellor (of the
he is well used to that. His life is one of bloody headlines. Wherever kids ready for school. 'Come Exchequer) The senior finance
he is, that's the Big Story. The army convoy moves forward. on, everyone,' she keeps saying, minister in the British govern ment
IED Improvized Ex plosive D ev ice
Sommerville knows it's not ifanother bomb will 6 it's wizen. 'T ime to go.' (small home -made bomb)
commissionaire attendant, a person
whose job it is to help or serve
ONE DAY. ONE MILLION STORIES. gimme slan8, contractio n of'give me'
zilch nothin g (in fo rmal, US E nglish)

b R ead the extract again. Choose the best option a, b, or c to complete

the gap.
I a readers b viewers c audience
2 a hard-working b intelligent c glamorous
3 a titles b headlines c story
4 a report b article c news
5 a arrangement b assignment c attachment
6 a go off b take off c be off
7 a reminds b recogm zes c realizes
8 a makes b does c phones
9 a downloads b scrolls c clicks
IO a turns down b turns off c turns on
11 a leads b posts c runs
12 a controls b checks
'
; I

; '.....
. ·-- >
... - - .
c Which of the six jobs in the book extract sounds ... ? 6 LISTENING
• the most interesting • the most stressful
a 46 >)) Look at photos of six celebrities. Do you know
• the most insecure • the most fun anything about them? Listen to an interview with
Which job would you most/ least like to have? Jennifer Buhl, one of the paparazzi who work in the
Hollywood area. Why are the celebrities mentioned?
d > p.161 Vocabulary Bank The media.

5 SPEAKING
Talk in small groups.
1 Do you have a favourite ... ?
a newsreader
b film or TV critic
c sports writer or commentator
d TV or radio presenter
e newspaper journalist
What do you like about them? Are there any that you
can't stand?
2 Which newspapers , TV channels, or radio stations in
your country do you think are ... ?
a biased b reliable c sensational
b Listen again and tick (v")the things that Jennifer says.
3 Is there much censorship in your country? 1 Many celebrities work with the paparazzi.
4 Look at the topics below and decide if you personally 2 There are far more male paparazzi than female.
agree or disagree with them. Then, in your groups, 3 Most celebrities have a favo urite paparazzo or paparazza.
discuss them. What is the majority opinion on each 4 It's easy for celebrities to avoid the paparazzi if they
topic? want to.
It's not acceptable for journalists to listen in on politicians' 5 If celebrities are not photographed, the public become
phone calls and hack into their email accounts. less interested in them.
6 There is no need to have stricter laws to protect people
The print newspaper is dead. We will soon read all our from paparazzi.
news online.
7 Nowadays many paparazzi use their phones to take
Celebrities have to accept that the media publishes photos
stories and photos about their private lives. That is the 8 There are some places where paparazzi won't go to try
price they pay for being rich and famous. and get photographs.
9 Being followed by paparazzi is not stressful for most
p Useful language: saying what you think (2) celebrities.
In my opinion I view...
If you ask me... celebrities should ... c Who do the paparazzi follow a lot in your country?
Personally I think ... Why? Are there any celebrities who rarely appear in
the press?
Agreeing I disagreeing
I completely agree. / I don't agree at all.
I think I don't think you're right. 7 4 47 i)) SONG News of the World .n
 GRAMMAR b @ t h e word that is different.
1 palm calf wrist thumb
Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as
the first. 2 kidney lung hip liver
3 wink wave hold touch
1 I'm almost sure you left your phone in the restaurant.
4 robber vandal burglar pickpocket
You left your phone in the restaurant.
5 fraud smuggler theft terrorism
2 Why didn't you tell me it was your birthday?
6 evidence judge jury witness
You me it was your birthday!
3 I'm sure the backpackers haven't got lost. c Write the verbs for the definitions.
The backpackers lost. 1 to bite food into small pieces in your mouth
4 What would you prefer to do tonight, go out or stay in? 2 to rub your skin with your nails
What would you tonight, go out or stay in? 3 to look at sth or sb for a long time
5 I think somebody has tried to break in. 4 to make a serious, angry, or worried expression
It looks somebody has tried to break in. 5 to find a way of entering sb's computer
6 This meat has a very similar taste to beef. 6 to demand money from sb by threatening to
This meat beef. tell a secret about them
7 My brother is a waiter in a restaurant. 7 to give sb money so that they help you
My brother works _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ in a restaurant. especially if it's dishonest
8 The accident happened when they were repairing the road. 8 to leave your job (esp. in newspaper headlines)
The accident happened when the road _ _ _ _ __ d Complete the missing words.
9 They'll probably never find the murderer. 1 The Sunday Times TV er wrote a very negative
The murderer will probably _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ review of the programme.
10 People think the burglar is a teenager. 2 This paper always supports the government. It's very
The burglar is thought a teenager. b_ _
11 People say that crime doesn't pay. 3 The journalist's report was c by the newspaper.
It that crime doesn't pay. They cut some of the things he had wanted to say
12 We need to install a burglar alarm in our house. because of government rules.
We need to have a in our house. 4 My favourite n is the woman on the six o'clock
13 'I think you should talk to a lawyer,' I said to Sarah. news on BBCl.
I advised Sarah to a lawyer. 5 The article in the newspaper wasn't very ace
14 'I didn't kill my husband,' Margaret said. - a lot of the facts were completely wrong.
Margaret denied _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
15 'I'm sorry I'm late,' James said. PRONUNCIATION
James late. a@ the word with a different sound.

VOCABULARY 1
~ "o~
elbow frown shoulders hold

a@ the correct verb. 2 ~.ciel lay nails raise biased

1 Please remind / remember the children to do their
homework. 3
~ fraud murder burglar journalist
2 A I'm terribly sorry.
B Don't worry. It doesn't mind/ matter.
4
~ aunt heart charge stare

3 The robbers stole/ robbed €50,000 from the bank. 5 /ju:/ argue refuse news JUry
4 Ifyou know the answer, raise / rise your hand, don't shout. b Underline the main stressed syllable.
5 Don't discuss I araue about it! You know that I'm right.
1 re ja jlize 2 kid jney 3 kid jnap

•
6 My brother refuses / denies to admit that he has a problem.
4 co lmmen jtaltor 5 ob ljecltive
CAN YOU UNDERSTAND THIS TEXT?
a Read the article once. What was ironic about Jill
Dando's murder?
b Read the article again. Mark the sentences T (true) or
F (false).
1 Ex-criminals reconstruct their crimes on Crimewatch.
2 The objective of the programme is to solve crime.
3 More than 50% of the crimes featured on Crimewatch
are solved as a result of the show.
4 A neighbour discovered Jill Dando's body about 15
minutes after she died.
5 The press thought that her murder was possibly
connected to her job.
6 The programme itself was used to try to catch Dando's
murderer.
7 The police arrested Barry George immediately after
the reconstruction.
8 Barry George was known to stalk women.
9 George had said that he was innocent.
10 All the jury believed he was responsible for the murder.
c Choose five new words or phrases from the text.
Check their meaning and pronunciation and try to
learn them.
·~ CAN YOU UNDERSTAND THIS FILM?
VIDEO
48l)) Watch or listen to a short film on the Speed of
News and answer the questions.
1 How can ordinary people become journalists
nowadays?
2 How many newspapers are there in the Newseum?
3 Which famous person appeared in the Boston
Newsletter in 1718?
4 In the early days of journalism how did journalists get
their stories to the nearest printing press?
5 Why was the news out of date by the time it reached
the public?
6 Which invention changed the history of journalism?
7 What were two reasons why the news reporting on the
American Civil war wasn't very accurate?
8 Which inventions created the age of mass media?
9 How do visitors to the HP New Media Gallery see the
day's latest news stories?
10 Why did the news of the plane landing on the Hudson
River reach the world so quickly?
Who murdered Jill Dando?
The killing of a popular BBC journalist and TV
presenter has baffled police and crime experts for
many years.
One of the strangest unsolved crimes in the UK in recent
years was the murder of Jill Dando, a well-known and
much-loved presenter on the BBC programme Crimewatch .
On Crimewatch, major crimes are reconstructed by actors
in the hope that members of the public will come forward
with new information to help the police catch the criminals
invo lved. According to the producers of the show, about a
third of its cases are solved , half of which as a direct result
of viewers' calls . These have included some of Britain's most
notorious crimes, such as kidnappings and murders.
But on the morning of 26th April 1999 Jill Dando herself
became a victim of a violent crime. As she was about to open
the front door of her house in West London she was shot
once in the head. Her body was discovered about a quarter
of an hour later by her next-door neighbour.
At first there was great media speculation that the murderer
might have been a criminal who had previously been convicted
and imprisoned because of Jill Dando's investigative work on
Crimewatch, but the police later discounted this theory. In
fact, Crimewatch reconstructed the presenter's murder in an
attempt to aid the police in the search for her killer, but a
year later, despit e an intensive police investigation no arrest
had been made. The pol ice began to focus t heir attention on
38-year-old Barry George, who lived about half a mile from
Dando's house. He had a history of stalking women and
other anti-social and attention-seeking behaviour. George
was put under police surveillance, and on 25 May 2000 he
was arrested and charged with Dando's murder. He was tried
at the Old Bailey court in London and he pleaded not gui lty
to murder. The jury reached a majority verdict - George was
found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment, despite the
fact that the only forensic evidence linking him to t he crime
was a tiny microscopic particle in his pocket, which experts
believed could be gunpowder. George appealed
unsuccessfully against the sentence on two occasions, but
after a third appeal he was acquitted and released from
prison, after serving eight years of his life sentence . Jill
Dando's murder rema ins unsolved.
 G clauses of contrast and purpose; whatever, whenever, etc.
V advertising, business
P changing stress on nouns and verbs
1 READING & VOCABULARY
a Look at the advert and answer the questions
w ith a partner.
1 What is it bein g advertised?
2 What decade do you think it 's from?
3 Why do you think they used a doctor in the
advert?
b R ead the first paragraph of the article and
check your an swers to a .
c R ead the whole article and answer the
questions. Write 1-4 next to sentences A- F.
Which company (or companies) ... ?
A DD deceived the public by pretending
that their product had properties which it
didn't really have
B DD used a celebrity or a profession al
person in order for them to associate their
product w ith a healthy lifestyle
C D used technology to create a false
impression
D D admitted that they had made a claim
that wasn't true
E D admitted that they had done something
wrong
F D was punished for their misleading advert
•
Advertising is the art of convincing
people to spend money they don't
have on something they don't need.
FOUR OF THE MOST MISLEADING
ADVERTS OF ALL TIME
1 Cigarettes are not harmful to your health
Hard to believe, but there was a time when tobacco companies
actually tried to make us believe that doctors approved of smoking,
or that certain brands were better for your throat than others. This
advert for Lucky Strike from the 1920s is just one of dozens of ads
featuring doctors recommending or 'preferring' one brand over
another. Tobacco companies continued to use doctors to convince
the public to smoke until the 1950s when evidence showing the link
between smoking and lung cancer became too strong to ignore.
2 The thinner the better
In 2009 fashion retailer Ralph Lauren made a series
of advertisements using a model who was so heavily
airbrushed that her waist appeared to be smaller than
her head. The ads were widely criticized in the press
and experts warned of the negative effect these
kinds of images might have on young girls. Lauren
threatened to sue a blogger, who was the first person
to publish and comment on the image online. But
later he made a statement apologizing and admitting
that 'we are responsible for the poor imaging and
retouching that resulted in a very distorted image of
a woman's body.' However, he later fired the model
in the advert, Fillipa Hamilton, because she was
'overweight' (she weighed 54 kilos).
3 Vitamins prevent cancer
In 2010 the pharmaceutical company Bayer was sued by the
Center for Science in the Public Interest for running TV and radio
commercials that suggested one of the ingredients in its One A Day
vitamin supplement brand prevented prostate cancer. In fact, there
is no scientific evidence that vitamins fight cancer in any way. Bayer
eventually paid a fine and signed a legal agreement which banned it
from claiming that vitamins can cure cancer.
4 You can lose weight without dieting or doing exercise
During the 1990s Enforma, a US fitness company, ran an advertising
campaign using TV commercials in which baseball player Steve
Garvey promoted two diet supplements, a 'Fat Trapper' that
supposedly blocked the absorption of fat, and a product named
'Exercise In A Bottle'. These two products together, according to
the ad, would allow you to lose weight without dieting or exercise
and promised consumers that 'they would never have to diet again'.
The Federal Trade Commission* (the FTC) took Garvey to court
for making false claims about the product. So began an epic legal
battle which the FTC ultimately lost when a federal court ruled that Qj
celebrity endorsers were not responsible for misleading statements .0 'Vi
in ads. However, this ruling eventually led to the passing of new ~
regulations making it illegal for celebrities to make false statements ~ Q)
of fact in advertisements.
z CJ)
CD
u
* The Federal Trade Commission is an independent agency in the US which helps to protect E
consumers. ~
d Look at the h1g lighted words and phrases. With a partner, try to work 3 GRAMMAR
out what they mean. Then match them with their meanings 1-11.
clauses of contrast and purpose
1 advertisements notices, pictures, or films telling people about a
product a Look at some extracts from the listening in 2,
2 noun advertisements on the radio or TV and complete them with the phrases A-G.
3 noun two abbreviations for advertisements 1 [ n spite of , its price was really
4 verb saying that sth is true included in the magazine subscription.
5 famous people who promote a product 2 Even t ough , and maybe don't
6 verb digitally changed details in a photograph even like them, we immediately want to be
among the lucky few who have them.
7 noun types of product made by a particular company
3 So as to , they use expressions
8 verb took a person or company to court to ask for money
like, 'It's a must-have' ...
because of something they said or did to harm you
4 ... and they combine this with a
9 adj giving the wrong idea or impression, making you
photograph of a large group of people, so
believe sth that is not true
ta~ -----
10 noun people who buy goods or use services
5 The photo has been airbrushed in or er
11 a series of advertising messages with the same theme
to , with perfect skin, and even
e Do adverts or commercials in your country use any of the tricks more attractive than they are in real life.
mentioned in the text? Which ones? 6 lthoug , do you really think
she colours her hair with it at home?
7 It was probably produced for _ _ __
2 LISTENING & SPEAKING and paid for by them, too.
a Look at the advertisement L' A the company itself
for mascara. The ad B the actress is holding the product in the
campaign for this product photo
was withdrawn because it
C we can't fail to get the message
was misleading. Why do you
D make us believe it
think it was misleading?
E we don't really need the products
b 5 2 >)) Now listen to a radio F what the advert said
programme about five tricks G make the models look even slimmer
used by advertisers. Tick (./) the things that the woman mentions
that are often used in adverts: b 5 3 >)) Listen and check. Then look at the
seven phrases again, and the hig lig tea
D free gifts D attractive models word(s) immediately before them. Which
D limited supplies of the product D doctors and celebrities ones express a contrast? Which ones express
D two for one offers D smiling, happy families a purpose?
D animals and nature D good music or a good song
D crowds of people D recent studies c ~ p.148 Grammar Bank 9A. Find out more
D a good slogan D humour about clauses of contrast and purpose, and
practise them.
c Listen again. Why are the things you have ticked often a trick?
Make notes. d Sentence race: Try to complete as many
sentences as you can in two minu es.
d Talk in small groups.
1 I think the advertising of expen 1ve toys
1 Which of the marketing techniques in b might influence you to should be banned, so that...
buy (or not buy) the product? 2 In spite of a huge marketing campaign,...
2 Have you bought something recently which wasn't as good as the 3 Although they have banned most cigarette
advertisement made you think? How was the advert misleading? advertising, ...
3 What are viral adverts? Have you ever forwarded one to other 4 She applied for a job with a company in London
people? Do you have a favourite one? so as to ...
5 He's decided to carry on wor- ing despite ...
4 Can you think of a recent advert which made you not want to ever
6 Even though the advertsaiOI would notic;;e 34 •
buy the product? Why did the advert have this effect on you? ...
the effect after a week1. · £1 . . R 8~s
5 Are there any brands which you think have a really good logo or 7 I took my new laptop ,hac to the shop f ...
slogan? Does it make you want to buy the products? 8 We went to our head offlae in New Yor for...
~ c:::c:.

•• 12
 4 READING & LISTENING
a Look at the title of the article and the photos.
W hat do you think the 'bagel test' is?
b R ead the article and check. T hen in pairs say
wh at you can remember about ...
1
2
3
Paul Feldman's original job
the incident that made him decide to change his job
how the 'bagel habit' started, and what it consisted of
4 why he started asking for money, and the proportion of
people who paid
5 his friends' and family's reaction to his change of job.
6 how his business progressed
7 the economic experiment he had (unintentionally) designed
c You are going to hear an Am erican economist talking
about Paul Feldman's experiment. Before you listen , in
p airs, predict the answers to the question s:
1 W hat was the average payment rate?
a 70%-80% b 80%- 90% c 90%- 100%
2 Were smaller offices more or less honest than big ones?
3 How often has the cash box been stolen?
4 Did people 'cheat' more during good or bad weather?
5 Did people 'cheat' more or less at Christmas? Why?
6 W ho cheated more, executives or lower status employees?
d 5 6 l)) Listen and check your answers to c.
e Listen again and choose a , b , or c.
1 More people paid in Feldman's own office ...
a after he had caught somebody stealing
b because he asked them personally for the money
c because the workers were his colleagues
2 Feldman eventually stopped selling bagels to .. .
a a company where less than 80% paid for their bagels
b a company where the money box got stolen
c a company where less than 90% paid for their bagels
3 People are more honest in smaller companies because ...
a they are more likely to get caught
b they would be more embarrassed about being caught
c there is more control over what goes on
4 People 'cheat' more ...
a after a day off
b before all public holidays
c before some public holidays
5 W hich of these people is most likely to pay?
a an administrative worker who doesn't like his boss
b an executive who is very popular with his staff
c an employee who likes the company where he works
f If Feldman left a basket of bagels
in your school or work place,
what proportion do you
think would pay?
••
What The Bagel Man Saw
Would you pass
the bagel test?
nee upon a t ime, Paul Feldm an dreamed
0 big dreams. While stu dying agricultural
economics at Cornell, he wanted to end
world hunger. Instead, he ended up taking a job
with a research institute in Washington, analysing
the weapons expen ditures of the United States Navy.
He was well paid and unfulfilled. 'I'd go to the office
Christmas party, and people would introduce me to
their wives or h usban ds as the guy who brings in
the bagels,' h e says. "Oh! You're the guy who brings
in the bagels!' Nobody ever said, 'This is the guy in
charge of the public r esearch group."
The bagels had begun as a casu al gesture: a boss
treating his employees whenever they won a new
research contract. Then he made it a habit. Every
Friday, h e would bring half a dozen bagels , a
serrated knife, some cream cheese. When employees
from neighbouring floors heard about the bagels,
they wanted some, too. Eventually he was bringing
in 15 dozen bagels a week. He set out a cash basket
to recoup his costs. His collection rate was about 95
per cent; he attributed the underpayment to
oversight.
In 1984, when his research institute fell under new
management, Feldman said to management: 'I'm
getting out of this. rm going to sell bagels.'
His economist friends thought he had lost his mind.
But his wife supported his decision. Driving around
the office parks that encircle Washington, he
solicited customers with a simple pitch: early in the
morning, he would deliver some bagels and a cash
basket to a company's snack r oom; he would return
before lunch to pick up the money and the leftovers.
Within a few years, he was delivering 700 dozen
bagels a week to 140 companies and earning as Cf)
<l>
much as he had ever made as a resear ch analyst. E
i=
~
He had also - quite without meaning to - designed ~
a beautiful economic experiment. By measuring the ~
money collected against the bagels taken, he could
z
tell, down to the penny, just how honest his
customers were. Did they steal from him?
If so, what were the characteristics of
a company that stole versus
a company that did not?
Under what circumstances
did people tend to steal
more, or less?
5 MINI GRAMMAR
whatever, whenever, etc .
... a boss treating his employees whenever they won a
new research contract.
We use whenever to mean at any time or it doesn't
matter when, e.g. Come and see me whenever you like.
We can also use:
whatever(= anything), whichever (=anything, from a
limited number), whoever(= any person), however(=
in any way), wherever(= any place). They also mean it
doesn't matter what I which I who I how I where, etc.
Complete the sentences with whatever, whichever,
whoever, whenever, however, or wherever.
7 PRONUNCIATION & SPEAKING
changing stress on nouns and verbs
p Changing stress on two-syllable nouns and verbs
Some words change their stress depending on whether
they are verbs or nouns. The nouns are usually stressed
on the first syllable, e.g. an export, a record and the verbs
on the second syllable, e.g. to export, to record. Words
like this include: increase, decrease, import, progress,
permit, produce, refund, transport.
a Read the information in the box and practise saying
each word both ways, as a verb and as a noun.
b Underline the stressed syllable on the bold word.

I Please sit you like. 1 We're making good pro!gress with the report.
2 There is a prize for can answer the question. 2 The new building is pro!gre1ssing well.
3 she opens her mouth she says something stupid. 3 We ex!port to customers all over the world.
4 I'm going to buy it expensive it is! 4 One of our main ex!ports is wine.
5 I give her, it's always the wrong thing. 5 A Can you re jfund me the cost of my ticket?
6 I'll go by bus or train, is cheaper. B Sorry, we don't give re !funds.
6 Sales have in!creased by 103 this month, so there has
been an inlcrease in profits.
6 VOCABULARY business
7 The demand for organic pro Iduce has grown
a Look at some words from the Honest workers or enormously.
thieves? article. With a partner, say what they mean.
8 Most toys nowadays are pro!duced in China.
• the head (of a company) • a department (of a company)
• a colleague • set up (a business) 9 They're planning to trans!port the goods by sea.
• employees • customers 10 There has been a rise in the number of people using
b > p.162 Vocabulary Bank Business. public trans !port.

c Answer the questions with a partner. c 5 10 >)) Listen and check. Practise saying the sentences.

What's the difference between ... ? d Talk to a partner.

1 a customer and a client In your country...
2 a boom and a recession 1 What agricultural products are produced or grown?
3 increase and improve What products are manufactured?
4 rise and fall 2 What are the main exports to other countries? What
5 export a product and import a product kind of products are usually imported to your country?
6 a manager and an owner 3 Is your country in a boom period, in a recession,
or somewhere in between? How easy is it to find a
job at the moment? Has the number of unemployed
increased or decreased recently?

8 s 11>)) SONG The Truth ~

 G uncountable and plural nouns
V word building: prefixes and suffixes
P word stress with prefixes and suffixes
1 READING & SPEAKING
a What do you think a 'megacity' is? Read the
introduction to the text to check your answer. With
a partner, in two minutes list what you think are
probably the biggest problems for people who live in a
megacity.
b Read the article once. In which city are the things you
discussed in a a problem: Tokyo, Mexico City, both,
or neither?
c Read the article again. Then, in pairs, using your own
words, say why the following are mentioned.
TOKYO
33 million eight million a letter from the train company
driving schools 25 square metres the Hikikomori
Rent a friend the Hashiriya
MEXICO CITY
taco stands Mariachi bands two-and-a-half hours
social imbalance kidnapping Kevlar
d Find words in the article which mean .. .
TOKYO
1 adj operated by machines not people
(paragraph 1)
2 adj impossible to imagine (paragraph 1)
3 noun the number of people who don't
have a job (paragraph 1)
4 adj with too many people in it (paragraph 2)
5 noun a feeling that you don't belong to a
community (paragraph 3)
6 noun the feeling of not having any friends
(paragraph 3)
MEXICO CITY
7 noun the process of making air (and
water) dirty (paragraph 2)
8 noun the state of being very rich
9 noun the state of being poor
10 adjective not having a house
e Talk to a partner.
1 If you had to go to work or study in either Mexico City
or Tokyo, which would you choose, and why?
2 What do you think are the main advantages ofliving in
a big city?
3 What's the biggest city you've ever been to? Why did
you go there? What did you think of it?
•
•••
Great cities, like cats, reveal
themselves at night.
Andrew Marr's Megacities
BBC I Wednesday 8.00 p.m.
By 2050, 70% of the world will live in cities, and
by the end of the century three-quarters of
the entire planet will be urban. There are now
21 cities called 'megacities', i.e. they have more
than I0 million inhabitants. In Andrew Marr's
BBC series Megacities he travelled to five of
these cities, including Tokyo and Mexico City.
okyo, with a population of 33 million people, is
T
by far the largest city in world. It's also the most
technologically advanced, and the city runs like digital
clockwork. The automated subway*, for example,
is so efficient that it is able to transport almost eight million
commuters every day and on the rare occasions that it goes
wrong, nobody believes it. If you are late for work in Tokyo and,
as an excuse, you say that your train was late, you need
to provide written proof from the train company. The
idea of late trains is almost unthinkable. There is
very little crime, violence, or vandalism in Tokyo
and the streets are safe to walk by day or night.
There is also relatively low unemployment
compared to other big cities in the world.
But such a huge population creates
serious problems of space, and as Marr
flew over Tokyo in a helicopter he saw
football pitches, playgrounds, even driving
schools constructed on top of buildings.
Streets, par ks, and subways are extremely
overcrowded. Property prices are so high and
space is so short that a family of six people may
live in a tiny flat of only 25 square metres.
There are other problems too, of alienation and
loneliness. The Hikikomori are inhabitants of Tokyo who
cannot cope with 'the mechanical coldness and robotic
uniformity' of a megacity and have become recluses, rarely or
never leaving their homes. There is also a new business that has
grown up in Tokyo which allows friendless people to 'rent a friend'
to accompany them to a wedding or just to sit and chat to them in
a bar after work.
Another strange group of people are the Hoshiriyo, Tokyo's
street racers who risk their lives driving at ridiculous speeds
along the city streets. During the week these men have ordinary
jobs and they're model citizens. But on Saturday nights they
spend the evening driving though the city as fast as they possibly
can. It's a deadly game, but it's just one way of escaping the daily
pressures of life in the metropolis .
* the underground or metro system
 2 VOCABULARY
word building: prefixes and suffixes
j) Prefixes and suffixes
A prefix is something that you add to the beginning of
a word, usually to change its meaning, e.g. pre= before
(pre-war) , or a negative prefix like un- or dis- (unhealthy,
dishonest). A suffix is something you add to the end
of a word, usually to change its grammatical form, e.g.
-ment and -ness are typical noun suffixes (enjoyment,
happiness). However, some suffixes also add meaning to a
word, e.g. -ful =full of (stressful, beautiful).

a Read the information about prefixes and suffixes.

What prefix can you add to city meaning biB? What
suffix can you add to home meaning without? Can you
think of any other examples of words with this suffix?

b > p.163 Vocabulary Bank Word building.

3 PRONUNCIATION & SPEAKING

word stress with prefixes and suffixes
j) Word stress on words with prefixes and suffixes
We don't put main stress on prefixes and suffixes that
are added to nouns and adjectives. However, there is usually
secondary stress on prefixes, e.g. un in unemployment.

a Underline the stressed syllable in these multi-syllable

nouns and adjectives. The secondary stress has already
been underlined.
s a complete contrast to Tokyo, Marr takes us to

A Mexico City, a colourful and vibrant city of about

20 million people where people live their lives in
the street. Marr says that 'in Mexico City, food and
friendship go hand in hand'. The city is full of taco stands and
cafes where people meet and socialize and Mariachi bands stroll
aclcomlmoldaltion anltilsolcial billinglual
en jterltainlment golvern lment homelless
lonellilness mulltilculltu lral neighlbourlhood
olverlcrowlded polverlty unlderldeJvelloped
unlem lploylment vanldallism
through the boulevards and squares playing songs for money. And
on Sundays people of all ages gather to dance in the street. b 5 16 >)) Listen and check. Practise saying the words.
But it's a city with problems of its own, too. It can take two-
c Answer the questions below with a partner.
and-a-half hours for commuters to drive to and from work in
the rush hour through choking traffic fumes, and pollution levels Which city (or region) in your country do you
are high. And, looking down from a helicopter, Marr shows think .. . ?
us the huge social divide. On one hillside we see massive, • is the most multicultural
luxurious houses and on the next hill, slums. It's a city
• offers the best entertainment (for tourists/ for locals)
of great wealth but also extreme poverty, and there
are many homeless people. Because of this social
• has a bilingual or trilingual population
imbalance it can be a dangerous city too, with • is very overcrowded
high levels of crime, especially kidnapping. In • has very serious pollution problems
fact, there are boutiques which sell a rather • has a lot of homeless people
special line in men's clothes: the shirts,
• has some very dangerou s neighbourhoods
sweaters, and jackets look completely normal
but are in fact bulletproof, made of reinforced • has the highest rate of unemployment
Kevlar. • has the worst levels of poverty
But despite the crime, the traffic, and the
• suffers from the worst vandalism and antisocial
pollution Andrew Marr describes Mexico behaviour
City as 'a friendly, liveable place' and the most
enjoyable megacity of all that he visited.

••
 4 LISTENING & SPEAKING

a When you travel to another country or city, do you normally try

to find out about it before you go? Where from? What kind of
information do you look for?

b You are going to listen to an interview with Miles Roddis, a travel

writer for the Lonely Planet guidebook series, talking about his
five favourite cities. Look at the photos, and try to guess which
continent or country they were taken in.

c 5 17 >)) Listen once and find out where they are. What personal
connection does Miles have to each place?

d Listen again and make notes. What does Miles say is special about
each place?

e 18 >)) Now listen to some extracts from the interview. Try to

write in the missing words. What do you think they mean?
1 .. .there's wonderful surfing on Bondi beach and plenty of great
little for sunbathing and swimming.
2 .. .the choice of places to eat is _ _
3 But what gives the city a special during the festival is 'the
Fringe'.
4 And the Museum oflslamic Art has a whole lot of pieces
from Muslim times.
5 Tuscany's two major tourist towns, Florence and Pisa, are
absolutely with tourists all year round ...
6 These walls are amazing - they're completely intact, and you can
_ _ into people's living rooms as you walk past.
7 The Laotians are a lovely, , laid-back people.
8 I remember looking down on it from one of the restaurants along
its banks, and feeling that it was all my troubles.
f Talk in small groups.
1 Which of the five places Miles mentions would you most like to go
to? Why?
2 What other cities would you really like to go to? Why?
3 What are your two favourite cities (not including your own)?
4 Of the cities you've been to, which one(s) have you liked least?
Why?

••
5 GRAMMAR uncountable and plural nouns
a @ the correct form. Tick (v") if you think both are
possible.
I A good guidebook will give you advice/ advices about
what to see.
2 You may have some bad weather/ a bad weather if you go
to London in March.
3 When I was in Rome and Paris, the accommodation was
/ the accommodations were extremely expensive.
4 It's best not to take too much luBBaBe / too many
luBBaBes if you go on a city break.
5 The old town centre is amazing, but the outskirts is / the
outskirts are a bit depressing.
6 I really liked the hotel. The rooms were beautiful, and
the staffwas/ the staff were incredibly friendly
b > p.149 Grammar bank 98. Learn more about
uncountable nouns and plural and collective nouns,
and practise them.

c Play Just a minute in small groups.

Just a minute
RULES
One person starts. He I she has to try to talk for a minute
about the first subject below.
If he or she hesitates for more than five seconds, he I she
loses his I her turn and the next student continues.
The person who is talking when one minute is up gets a
point.

modern furniture
good advice you've been given
what's in the news at the moment
tourist accommodation in your country
the weather you like most
the most beautiful scenery you've seen
the traffic in your town I city

the police in your country

clothes you love wearing
6 WRITING
> p.119 Writing Bank A report. Write a report
for a website about good places for eating out or
entertainment in your city.

••
 Talking about...

1 ••
VIDEO
THE INTERVIEW Part 1 ••Part
VIDEO
2
a Read the biographical information about George Tannenbaum. Tommy Lee Jones in a
Have you seen any adverts for the companies h e has worked w ith? BOSS advertising campaign

George Tannenbaum was born

in 1957 in Yonkers, New York
and was educated at Columbia
University in New York. He has
worked on advertising campaigns
for many well-known companies
such as IBM, Mercedes-Benz,
Gillette, Citibank, and FedEx.
Today he is the Executive
Creative Director at RIGA, an
international advertising agency.

5 22 >)) Watch or listen to Part 2. Complete the

b 5 21 >)) Watch or listen to Part 1 of an interview w ith him and notes with one or two words.
answer the questions.
1 George says that a commercial is made up
I Which other members of his family have worked in advertising? of three elements
2 When did George start working in advertising? I
3 What wasn't he allowed to do when the family were watching TV? 2
4 Why does he think jingles are so memorable? 3
5 What kind of adverts were the H.O. Farina TV commercial? 2 The acronym AIDA stands for
6 What happens in the story of Wilhelmina and W illie? A ______
I
D _ _ ____
A ______
3 According to George, using a celebrity in
advertising is a way of _ _ _ _ __
but he isn't a of it.
4 George thinks that humour in advertising
is _ __ _ __
Glossary
a depilatory I'd d 1'p1btri/ a product used for removing
unwanted h air
Tommy Lee Jones a US acto r born in 1946, winner of
an Oscar in the 1993 fi lm The Fugitive.
Mad Men a well-known US TV series about
advertising executives in the 1960s who worked in
Glossary offices in Madison Avenue in New York
jingle a sho rt song or tune that is easy to remember and is used in ad vertising o n
radio or television.
H.O. Farina a company w hich has been making cereals since the 1940s. T hey
ran an advertising campaign in the 50s based o n a cartoon character called
Wilhelmina.

•
 3 ••
VIDEO
IN THE STREET
advertising a 25 >)) Watch or listen to five people talking about
advertising. How many of them say they are influenced
by advertising campaigns?

••Part
VIDEO
3
5 23 >) Watch or listen to Part 3
and circle the correct phrase. Jeanine, Dustin, Elvira, Ivan, Yasuko,
South American American American American
1 He thinks that billboard and African
TV advertising will remain
important/ slowly decline. b Watch or listen again. Who (J, D , El, I , or Y) .. . ?
2 He tends to notice both Bood D is against adverts which can make smoking seem
and bad adverts / only well- attractive to young people
made adverts. D prefers to do their own research before they buy a product
3 He thinks Nike adverts are DD say that they are concerned about young people's
very successful because of health
thei1' loBo and sloBan / because D is not sure we should ban the advertising of
they make people feel aood unhealthy products
about themselves. D thinks that women are sometimes exploited in advertising
4 He thinks Apple's approach to advertising was very
innovative /repetitive. c 5 26 >)) Watch or listen and complete the higfi igbte
Colloquial English phrases. What do you think they
5 Their advertising message was honest and clear/
mean?
modern and informative.
1 '...when they see it they're very to the adverts
billboard /'b1Ib;,:d/ a large board on the outside of a building or at
the side of the road, used for putting advertisements on and then they want it immediately and it's a problem.'
2 'I am sure I am, probably not consciously, but I'm
sure
2 LOOKING AT LANGUAGE 3 'The only thing that to that
should be banned from advertisement is ... '
p Metaphors and idiomatic expressions. 4 'That's the only thing that I can
George Tannenbaum uses a lot of metaphors and think of.'
idiomatic expressions to make his language more
colourful, e.g. took the baton =carry on in the f amity 5 ' .. .so I think that anything that causes health _ _ __
tradition, (from relay races in athletics) . or bad influences or addiction should be banned from
being on commercials.'
a 5 24 >)) Listen to some extracts from the interview and
complete the missing words.
4 SPEAKING
1 'You know they, what do they call them, _ _ __ _
worms?' Answer the questions with a partner.
2 'They get into your and you can't get 1 Do you think you're influenced by advertising
them out sometimes .. .' campaigns?
3 'And I bet you I'm getting this for word if 2 Is there any product that you think shouldn't be
you could find it.' advertised?
4 ' .. .we do live in a celebrity culture and people, you 3 Are there any brands that you think make very good or
know, their ears up when they see a very bad adverts?
celebrity.' 4 Are there any jingles or slogans that you remember
5 'Um, have billboards and TV commercials had from your childhood? Why do you think they were so
their ?' memorable? Are there any others that have got into
6 ' .. .because you've got a captive _ _ __ your head since then?
7 'they became kind of the gold standard and they rarely 5 Are there many billboards in your country? Do you
hit a note.' think they make the streets uglier or more attractive?
6 How important do you think humour and celebrities
b Look at the expressions with a partner. What do you
are in advertising?
think they mean?
 G quantifiers: all, every, both, etc. We live in a society exquisitely dependent on science
V science and technology, in which hardly anyone knows
P stress in word families anything about science and technology.

1 SPEAKING & LISTENING
a With a partner, discuss the statements below. Do you
think they are F (facts) or M (myths)? Say why.
b 5 27 >)) Listen to a scientist on a radio programme
discussing each statement. Were you right?
c With a partner, see if you can remember any of the
explanations the scientist gave. Then listen again and
make notes for each statement.
d Do you know any other things that some people think
are scientific facts, but are really myths?

7 A full moon makes people

and animals go mad.
A coin dropped from a very
high building can kill
3 There is no part of the moon 5 Albert Einstein was very
someone on the ground.
which is permanently dark. bad at maths at school.

6 Antibiotics don't kill viruses.

2 We only use ten per cent
~
of our brains.
4 Rubber tyres protect a car 8 Bats are blind.
--- from lightning. ---
-----
-------
- - - ---- - - --
2 VOCABULARY & PRONUNCIATION 3 SPEAKING
stress in word families, science Work with a partner. A interview B with the
a Look at these extracts from the listening in 1b and write the questions in the red circles. Then B interview
hig ighted words in the table below. A with the blue circles.
This is one of the most popular scientific myths ...
. . .until very recently scientists thought that this really was the case.
Which scientific
He got very high marks in maths and science. subjects do I did you
study at school? What
person adjective subject !d I did you enjoy the
J
scientist t I the least?

chemist

biologist Is t here a
scientist (living
physicist or dead) who you
admire? Who?
geneticist

b Now complete the chart for the other four words.

p Stress in word families

In some word groups the stressed syllable changes in the different
parts of speech, e.g. ggggrapher, geographic, ggggraphy.

c 28 l)) Listen and check. Then listen again and underline the
stressed syllables in the words. In which groups does the stress
change? If you were ill,
would you agree
d Practise saying the word groups. to be a guinea pig
fore new kind of
e Complete the sentences with a word from the list. treatment?

discovery drugs ~ guinea pigs laboratory Do you think it

research side effects tests theory is acceptable for
imals t o be used in
1 Scientists carry out experiments in a _ __ eriments? Does it
2 Archimedes made an important in his bath. a difference if the
· ents are for
3 Isaac Newton's experiments proved his that gravity
existed.
4 Before a pharmaceutical company can sell new they
have to test they to make sure they are safe.
5 Scientists have to do a lot of ___ into the possible ___ of
new drugs.
6 People can volunteer to be in clinical trials.
f 29l)) Listen and check, and mark the stress on all the multi-
syllable words in bold. Practise saying the sentences.
4 READING
a You are going to read about four scientists
who suffered to m ake their discoveries.
R ead the article once. How many of the
scientists were killed by their experim ents
or invention s?
b Read the extracts again and answer questions
1-8 from m em ory. Write A - Din the right
box.
Which scientist or scientis ts ... ?
I D got ill after trying to show that his discovery was harmless
2 DD made a fatal mistake during an experiment
3 D died of diseases he caught as a result of his experiment
4 D caused the death of other scientists
S DD used to breathe in toxic substances
6 D was doing his experiments to reverse/ stop the ageing process
7 D is remembered today for the negative effects of his discovery
8 D was not very successful in his first job

Suffering scientists_
Four scientists who were injured or killed by
.
their own experiments .
A Sir Humphry Davy B Alexander Bogdanov C Thomas Midgley
(1778-1829) (1873-1928) (1889-1944)

T homas Midgley was an American

ir Humphry Davy, the British chemist
S and inventor, had a very bumpy
start to his science career - as a young
apprentice he was fired from his job as an
apothecary* because he caused too many
explosions! When he eventually took up
the field of chemistry, he had a habit of
inhaling the various gases he was dealing
with. Fortunately, this bad habit led to his
discovery of the anaesthetic properties
of nitrous oxide. Unfortunately, the
same habit led him to nearly kill himself
on many occasions and the frequent
poisonings left him an invalid for the last
two decades of his life. During this time he
also permanently damaged his eyes in a
nitrogen trichloride explosion.
* apothecary = person who in the past used t o make and
sell medicines
A lexander Bogdanov was a Russian
physician, philosopher. economist,
science fiction writer, and revolutionary.
In 1924, he began experiments with blood
transfusion - in a search for eternal youth.
After 11 transfusions (which he performed
on himself), he declared that he had stopped
going bald, and had improved his eyesight.
Unfortunately for Bogdanov, the science
of transfusion was not very advanced
and Bogdanov had not been testing the
health of the blood he was using, or of
the donors. In 1928, Bogdanov took a
transfusion of blood infected with malaria
and tuberculosis, and died soon after.
chemist who helped to develop leaded
petrol (lead was added to petrol to make
car engines less noisy). General Motors
commercialized Midgley's discovery, but
t here were several deaths from lead
poisoning at the factory where the
additive was produced. In 1924, Midgley
took part in a press conference to
demonstrat e the safety of his product
and he inhaled its vapour for a minute.
It took him a year to recover from the
harmful effects! Weakened by lead
poisoning, he contracted polio at the age
of 51, which left him disabled. He invent ed
a system of ropes and pulleys so t hat he
could pull himself out of bed, but his
invention caused his deat h when he was
strangled by the ropes. The negative
impact on the environment of leaded
petrol seriously damaged his reput ation
and he has been described as 'the human
responsible for most deaths in history'.
c 5 30 ))) Look at the hig lighted words, which
are all related to science and medicine. Do
you know what they mean? Are they similar
in your language? How do you think they
are pronounced? Listen and check.
D touis Slotin
(1910-1946)
L ouis Slotin, a Canadian physicist, worked
on the Manhattan project (the American
project which designed the first nuclear bomb).
In 1946, during an experiment with plutonium,
he accidentally dropped a container causing a
critical reaction. Other scientists in the room
witnessed a 'blue glow' and felt a 'heat wave'.
Slotin had been exposed to a lethal dose of
radiation. He rushed outside and was sick and
then was taken to hospital. Although volunteers
donated blood for transfusions, he died nine
days later. Three of the other scientists who were
present died later of illnesses related to radiation.
5 GRAMMAR quantifiers: all, every, both, etc.
a With a partner ~the right word or phrase.
1 Both/ Both ofSir Humphry Davy and Thomas Midgley damaged
their health as a result of inhaling chemicals.
2 Either /Neither Thomas Midgley nor General Motors were
prepared to admit how dangerous lead was.
3 Until 1973, all/ eve1y cars used leaded petrol.
4 All the /All blood Bogdanov used in his experiments might have
been contaminated, because he never tested any of it.
5 Sir Humphry Davy was fascinated by all/ everythinB to do with
gases.
b > p.150 Grammar Bank lOA. Learn more about quantifiers, and
practise them.
c Do the Science quiz with a partner.
1 In Direct current, the electrons ...
a move in only one direction
b move in both directions
c don't move at all
2 Helium gas can be found ...
a only in liquid form
b in neither liquid nor solid form
c in both liquid and solid form
3 Adult giraffes remain standing ...
a some of the day
b all day
c most of the day
4 Of all the water on our planet, ... is found underground.
a hardly any of it
b about half of it
c most of it
5 Snakes eat...
a only other animals
b either other animals or eggs
c either other animals or fruit
6 A diamond can be destroyed ...
a by either intense heat or acid
b by both intense heat and acid
c only by intense heat
7 The human brain can continue to live without oxygen for...
a nearly two minutes
b nearly six minutes
c a few hours
8 In our solar system, ...
a neither Pluto nor Neptune are now considered to be planets
b both Pluto and Neptune are considered to be planets
c Pluto is no longer considered to be a planet
9 When we breathe out,...
a most of that air is oxygen
b none of that air is oxygen
c some of that air is oxygen
10 An individual blood cell makes a whole circuit of the body in ...
a nearly 60 seconds
b nearly 45 seconds
c a few minutes
d 5 34 ))) Listen and check.
 G articles
V collocation: word pairs
P pausing and sentence stress
1 GRAMMAR articles
a Who was the first man to land on the moon? In what year?
b saying to each speaker EP, WC, NM, and BO.
That's one _ _ _ step for _ __
one giant leap for _ __
1 What do you think the difference is between a step and a leap?
2 What do you think mankind means?
c 5 36 l)) Listen to an interview about the moon landing. What
was the controversy about the words Armstrong actually said?
What's the difference in meaning between a man and man? Did
new technology prove him right or wrong?
d Listen again and answer the questions.
1 When did Armstrong write the words he was planning to say
when he first stepped on the moon?
2 Does Armstrong say he wrote 'That 's one small step fo1· man ... '
or 'One small step for a man ... '?
3 Why doesn't the sentence everybody heard make sense?
4 What did Armstrong think he said?
5 Who is Peter Shann Ford? What did he discover?
6 How did Armstrong feel when he heard about this?
e Read some more facts about Armstrong. Are the higfi ig ted
phrases right or wrong grammatically? Correct the mistakes.
1 Neil Armstrong was born in the USA.
2 He was a sby boy, who loved t e books and the music.
3 He studied aeronautical engineering at the university.
4 He was t e first man who set foot on oon.
5 His famous words were heard by people all over the world.
6 Before becoming a astronaut, he worked for die S navy.
7 After 1994 he refused to give the autographs.
8 In 2005 he was involved in a lawsuit with an ex-barber, who
tried to sell some of the Armstrong's hair.
f > p.151 Grammar Bank 108. Learn more about articles, and
practise them.
g > Communication Geography true or false A p.108 B p.111.
Complete sentences about geography with articles.
•
Today's politicians can no longer write their own speeches, and
there is some evidence that they can't read them either.
2 READING
a Read extracts from four famous inspirational
speeches. Match the summary of what they are
1 Although people don't believe we are capable of
succeeding, if we really want to, we will be able
to do it.
2 We are prepared to starve ourselves in order to
draw attention to inequality.
3 However long it takes, we will carry on resisting
the enemy and we will never give up.
4 I have fought all my life to end racial inequality.
b Read the speeches again and find words or
phrases in the text for these definitions.
Emmeline Pankhurst
1 noun refusing to eat to protest about
something
2 mlD about to die
3 noun the people in power, e.g. in
government
4 adj very important, to be treated with
great respect
Winston Churchill
1 ml& continue
2 adj getting bigger
3 verb give up,.stop fighting
Nelson Mandela
1 verb forma l to love sth very much
2 mlD formal if necessary
Barack Obama
1 - - - - verb resist
2 _ __ _ noun a person who doesn't believe
that anything good can happen
3 ____ mlD when you have to think about how
things really are, not how you would
like them to be
4 - - - - noun belief
c Which speeches seems to you to be the most /
least inspirational? Why?
d 5 40 l)) Now listen to the extracts spoken by the
people themselves (except Emmeline Pankhurst's
which is read by an actress). Do you respond to
any of them differently? Which do you think is
more important, the words themselves or the
way they were spoken?

WINSTON
CHURCHILL
He was British Prime Minister duri ng the
second Worl d War. He gave t his speech
to the House of Commons in 1940
when a German invasion of Britain was
expected at any mom ent.
' We shall go on to the end. We shall
fight in France, we shall fight on the
seas and oceans, we shall fight with
growing confidence and growing
strength in the air, we shall defend our
island, whatever the cost may be.
We shall fight on the beaches, we shall
fight on the landing grounds, we shall
fight in the fields and in the street s,
we shall fight in the hills; we shall
never surrender
EMMELINE PANKHURST
She was leader of the suffragette movement. In 1913, when women were
cam paigning for the right to vote. She gave the speech after several suffragettes
had been imprisoned for attacking a policeman and chaining themselves to ra ilings
outside the Prime Minister's house in London.
' I have been in audiences where I have Human life for us is sacred, but we say
seen men smile when they heard the if any life is to be sacrificed it shall be
words " hunger strike", and yet I think ours; we won't do it ourselves, but we
there are very few men today who would will put t he enemy in the position where
be prepared to adopt a " hunger strike" they will have to choose between
for any cause. It is only people who giving us freedom or giving us death. '
feel an intolerable sense of oppression
who would adopt a means of that kind.
I * means = method
Well , our women decided to terminate
those unjust sentences at the earliest
possible moment by the terrible means*
of the hunger strike. It means you refuse
food until you are at death's door, and
then the authorities have to choose
between letting you die, and letting
you go.
BARACK
OBAMA
He made this speech duri ng his first
president ial campaign in 2008, which
he won to beco me t he first ever black
president of the United States.
' We know the battle ahead will be long,
but always remember that no matter
what obstacles stand in our way,
nothing can stand in the way of the power
of millions of voices calling for change.
NELSON We have been told we cannot do this
MANDELA by a chorus of cynics, and they will only
grow louder and more dissonant in the
He made th is speech in 1990 on his
release from jail, where he had spent 27
weeks and months to come. We've been
asked to pause for a realit y check. We've
years for being an activist in the fi ght
been warned against offering the people
aga inst apartheid . He later became the
of this nation false hope.
first black president of South Africa.
But in the unlikely story that is America,
' In conclusion, I wish to go to my own
there has never been anything false
words during my trial in 1964. They
about hope. F'or when we have faced
are as true today as they were then.
down impossible odds*; when we've
I wrote: I have fought against white
been told we're not ready, or that we
domination, and I have fought against
shouldn 't try, or that we can't ,
black domination. I have cherished the
generations of Americans have
ideal of a democrat ic and free society
responded with a simple creed that
in which all persons live toget her
sums up the spirit of a people.
in harmony and ... and wit h equal
opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope Yes, we can! Yes, we can ! Yes, we can! '
to live for and t o achieve. But, if needs
' be, it is an ideal for which I am ' * faced down impossible odds = had to deal
with very difficult situations
prepared to die.
 3 LISTENING & SPEAKING c 5 41 >)) Listen to four other people talking
about a disastrous p resentation. Complete
a Have you ever h ad to make a speech or give a talk or presentation
the first colu mn of the chart.
in front of a lot of people? W h en? W here? How did you feel? Was
it a success?
dBASE Clippers
b Read part of an article about presentation disasters. Which tip • Open So1Xce Database
• Fully Encrypted
from 'Ten Top Tips' below should the speaker have rememb ered?

Presentation
Disaster
s!
H
owever bad you think your presentation
has been, take some comfort from the fact
that at least It probably wasn't as bad as Speaker What the How and Which tip the I
these true stories ... disaster why it speaker should
was happened have remembered
\ A few years ago I had to give a presentation to the Belgian
management team of an international IT company. Not wishing 1
to be the typical 'Brit' presenting in English, I had carefully
prepared my presentation in French. I intended it as a surprise,
so I didn't say anything beforehand. After speaking in French for
45 minutes, I was halfway through my presentation and we had a
break for coffee. At this point the manager of the company came 2
up to me asked me if I would change to speaking in English. "Is
my French that bad?" I said. "No," he replied, "it's just that we f
are all from the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium."

TEN TOP TIPS FOR 3

SPEAKING IN PUBLIC
1 Prepare your presentation carefully, and if possible practise it
beforehand.
2 If you are using e.g. PowerPoint or Prezi, make sure that your 4
text is clear and easy to read, and that there are not too many
distracting graphics.
3 Get to know as much as possible about your audience
beforehand, and about any important or sensitive local issues.
4 Dress carefully so that you feel confident about your
appearance in front of an audience. d Listen to the people again, one by one, and
complete the second and third columns.
5 Get to the place where you are going to speak in plenty of
time. e Which of the Ten Top T ips do you think
6 Make sure that you check that all your equipment is working are the most important? Have you ever been
properly before you start. to a talk or presentation where something
7 If you are given a time limit, keep to it. went badly wrong?
8 Sound enthusiastic, even passionate, about what you are saying.
9 Look at your audience. Try to make eye contact with individual
people as you speak.
10 It's good to make your audience laugh, but make sure any
jokes or stories you tell are appropriate .

••
4 VOCABULARY collocation: word pairs 5 PRONUNCIATION &
p Word pairs
SPEAKING pausing and
Some pairs of words in English which go together always come in a sentence stress
certain order, for example we always say 'Ladies and Gentlemen' at
the beginning of a speech, but never the other way round, and we a 5 43 >)) When people give a talk they usually
always say 'black and white' not 'white and black.' This order may divide what they say into small chunks, with
sometimes be different in your language. a brief pause between each chunk. Listen to
the beginning of a talk and mark the pauses.
a How do you say 'Ladies and Gentlemen' and 'black and white' in
your language? Are the words in the same order?
~ Good afternoon everyone / and
b Take one word from circle thank you for coming. I'm going to
knife peace
A and match it with another pepper bread talk to you today about one of my
lemon butter
from circle B. Then decide ice thunder hobbies, collecting adult comics.
lightning salt
which word comes first. They fork quiet Since I was a child I've been mad
breakfast
bed forwards
are all joined with and. backwards about comics and comic books.
I started reading Tintin and Asterix
c Look at some common word
when I was seven or eight. Later
pairs joined with or. What is the second word?
when I was a teenager some
right or _ _ sooner or - - dead or - - friends at school introduced me
now or - - all or - - to Manga, which are Japanese
more or - - once or - - comics. I've been collecting them
d 42 >)) Listen and check your answers to b and c, and notice now for about five years and I'm
how the phrases are linked and how and is pronounced. Practise also learning to draw them.
saying them.

e Match the word pair idioms with their meanings. b Now practise giving the beginning of the talk,
pausing and trying to get the right rhythm.
I I'm sick and tire of hearing you complain.
2 I didn't buy much, just a few bits and pieces. c You are going to give a five-minute
3 I've been having headaches now and again. presentation to other students. You can
4 A What are you making for lunch? B Wait and see. choose what to talk about, for example:
5 Every relationship needs a bit of give and take. a hobby you have or a sport you play
6 We've had our ups and downs, but now we get on really well. an interesting person in your family
7 The army were called in to restore law an order. a famous person you admire
8 Despite flying through a storm we arrived safe an sound. the good and bad side of your job

A good times and bad times E compromise Decide what you are going to talk about and
B a situation in which the law is obeyed F occasionally make a plan of what you want to say.
C fed up with G small things
d In groups, take turns to give your
D without problem or injury H You'll soon find out.
presentation. W hile they are listening the
f Complete the sentences with a word pair from this page. other students should write down at least
I I see my uncle , but not very often. one question to ask the speaker after the
2 I think this is our last chance. It's - -- - presentation is over. Then have a short
question and answer session.
3 I much prefer photos to colour ones. T hey're more
atmospheric.
4 After lots of adventure, she arrived home - - - -
p Giving a presentation
Read through the tips in 3 again to help
5 Could you stop making so much noise? I need a bit of _ _ __ you to prepare your presentation and to
give it successfully. When you give your
6 Naomi will realize that Henry is not the man for her. presentation, don't speak too quickly.
7 A Have you finished? Remember to pause and take a breath from
B . I just have one sentence left. time to time. This will help the audience to
follow what you are saying.
8 After the riots, the government sent soldiers in to try to
establish - -- -
9 I'm _ _ __ of my boss! I'm going to look for a new job.
I 0 It was an amazing storm. There was a lot of _ _ __ 6 44 >)) SONG World ~
GRAMMAR b Add a prefix to the bold word.
1 New Delhi in India is a very populated city.
Choose a, b, or c.
2 I asked for an aspirin, but the receptionist didn't
1 He got a good job, not having the right degree. understand me because I had pronounced it.
a although b despite c in spite 3 A national company is a large company that
2 My uncle still works, he won the lottery last year. operates in several different countries.
a in spite of b despite c even though 4 Gandhi wrote most of his biography in 1929.
3 I called my sister to remind her the flowers. 5 Anne is unhappy with her job, because she's
a to buy b for buy c for buying ____paid.
4 Jane opened the door quietly her parents up.
c Complete the missing words.
a to not wake b so that she not wake
c so as not to wake 1 Will the company make al.___ this year?
5 she goes out the paparazzi are always there. 2 He borrowed £10,000 to s his own
business.
a Whatever b However c Whenever
3 Ikea is probably the market l in cheap furniture.
6 Adrian is looking for in London.
4 The company are planning to I their new
a some cheap accommodations b some cheap
product in the spring.
accommodation c a cheap accommodation
5 It's a large bank which has hr all over the country.
7 Let me give you - don't marry him!
6 It's a large company with over 1,000 s _ __
a a piece of advice b an advice c some advices
7 When there's a property boom, house prices r _ __
8 I need to buy a new _ __
8 The new drug has some very unpleasant s effects.
a trouser b trousers c pair of trousers
9 We need to c out some more experiments.
9 There's milk. I'll have to get some from the shop.
10 Would you ever be a g pig in a clinical trial?
a no b any c none
10 in that shop is incredibly expensive. d Complete the two-word phrases.
a All b All of them c Everything 1 I'm going to the mountains for some peace and _ _ _
11 They shouldn't go sailing because of them can swim. 2 He arrived back from his adventure safe and - - -
a both b either c neither 3 Sooner or we're going to have to make a decision.
12 I was in hospital for two weeks with a broken leg. 4 It's a very dangerous city. There's no law and _ __
a the b - c a 5 This is our last chance to do this. It's now or _ __
13 I now live next door to ___ school where I used to go.
a the b - c a
PRONUNCIATION
14 Lake Constance is the biggest lake in Switzerland.
a The b - c A a @ t h e word with a different sound.
15 British Museum is in central London.
1 ~ neighbourhood bilingual science n either

rn
a The b - c A
2 government prove slums discovery
VOCABULARY
a Complete with the correct form of the b o ld word.
3
~ volunteer theory research idea

1 A lot of research is being done into human . gene

4 -o:&
"@'(ff) staff branch launch m arket

2 Many important
19th century. science
discoveries were made in the 5
~ geologist colleague genes biology

3 We live in a very safe . neighbour b Underline the main stressed syllable.

4 Many people in big cities suffer from . lonely 1 bijo llo lgij cal 2 phy lsilcist 3 mul ltij culltu lral
5 His came as a terrible shock. die 4 inlcrease (verb) 5 manlu lfac lture
CAN YOU UNDERSTAND THIS TEXT?
a Read the article once. How does Billy Ray Harris feel
The return of the ring
about the incident?

b Read it again and choose the best words to fill the gaps.
1 a lost b dropped c fallen
2 a relieved b infuriated c shocked
3 a expensive b serious c genuine
4 a often b occasionally c rarely
5 a realized b noticed c expected
6 a apparently b unluckily c fortunately
7 a appreciation b happiness cluck
8 a according to b related to c belonging to
9 a losing b finding c returning
10 a obviously b actually c eventually
A homeless man in Kansas City, Missouri is anticipating a
c Choose five new words or phrases from the text. windfall of more than $100,000 for his kindness after he
Check their meaning and pronunciation and try to returned a diamond engagement ring to its rightful owner,
learn them. which she had accidentally 1 into his donation cup.

Billy Ray Harris, who is homeless and often sleeps under a

bridge, was 2 to find a diamond ring in his collection
·~ CAN YOU UNDERSTAND THIS cup while begging last Friday. 'The ring was so big I knew
VIDEO FILM?
that if it was real then it must be 3 ,' he said. Rather
than sel l it, Harris had a hunch that the owner would return
5 45 l)) Watch or listen to a short film on The Museum
for it and so he stored it in a safe place.
of the History of Science. Complete the sentences with a
number, or one or two words. The ring belonged to Sarah Darling, who was devastated the
next day when she realized she had lost it. She 4_ __
takes the ring off, but that day she had put it in her purse for
safe keeping after she had developed a slight rash on her
finger. She 5 that she must have given Harris the
ring by mistake along with some coins when she took out
her purse to give him some money.
She went back to look for Harris on the Saturday, but couldn't
find him. She tried again the next day and 6 he was
in the same spot. 'I said to him "I don't know if you remember
me, but I think I gave you something that's very precious to
me," and he said , "Was it a ring? Yeah, I have it, I kept it for
you"'.
1 There is a device used by Marconi to show how
______ worked. To show their 7 , Darling and her husband set up an

2 You can see apparatus used by ___ who were onl ine fundraising page for Harris on giveforward.com. So
developing penicillin. far, more than 3,800 donations have been made, totalling
over $100,000. The money will be given to Harris at the
3 The most popular exhibit in the museum is a _ __
end of a 90-day campaign. Darling's husband , Bill Krejci,
Einstein used it to give a class in _ _ _
met Harris to tell him about the flood of donations and to
4 The museum was opened in ___, when Lewis Evans get to know him better. 'We talked about a lot of things
donated his collection of . He collected 8
my fami ly's ring and about the many donations.
things related to m athematics, and navigation. We talked about how one day in the future the ring may be
5 The astrolabes are instruments which predict the passed down to my daughter.'
position of the , the and the _ __ Harris told Krejci that he has found a place to stay where he
6 The sundials were used for telling the and the is 'safe and sound'. He has spoken about the attention he
quadrants were used for measuring _ __ has received since 9 the ring. 'I like it, but I don't
10
7 There are two beautiful globes which show maps of the think I deserve it. What I feel like is, "What has
and the _ _ _ the world come to when a person returns something that
doesn't belong to him and all this happens?'" he said .
8 There is also a ___ microscope which belonged to
King ______
Adapted from the Mail Online
 SA IT'S AN EMERGENCY! Student A
a Read your survival tips and underline things you should and
shouldn't do, and why. Try to remember the information.
WHAT TO DO IF...THERE•s AN
EMERGENCY ON A PLANE
our plane is very unlikely to crash, but if it does, the most
Y important thing is to be ready for it. Eighty per cent of all
accidents take place during take-off or landing, and if there is an
emergency, such as a fire, you w ill probably only have about 90
seconds to get off. So when you get on the plane (and when it starts
the descent) you need to be thinking about what you would do.
Pay attention to the safety card and the flight attendant's safety
briefing. Memorize where the emergency exits are and count how
many rows you are away from them. Don't do what many people
do which is to relax, take off their shoes, and start reading or
listening to music. If something does happen you need to be ready
to take action. In fact this is one of the reasons why people are told
to switch off electronic devices during take off and landing. Above
all don't go to sleep. But once the plane is flying and the seat belt
signs have gone off, you can start to relax and enjoy the flight.
b Now in your own words tell B and C how to survive if there's an
emergency on a plane.
SA GUESS THE CONDITIONALS Student A
a R ead through sentences 1-6 and think how you could complete
the gaps. T hey are either second ot third conditionals. G:] =a
positive verb phrase, = a negative verb phrase.
b Say your complete sentence 1 to B. If B says That's riBht, w rite
in the words. If B says T1y aBain, think of another possible
completion and say the sentence again. You can have three tries.
c Now listen to B say sentences 7- 12. IfB says exactly what you
have, say T hat's riBht. If B says something different, say Try aBain.
1 The cat wouldn't have got out if you . G:]
2 IfI spent a month in the UK, . G:]
3 We wouldn't have lost the match if our best player ____. G
4 Ifyou'd told me earlier about the concert, _ ___. G:]
5 IfI'd known the traffic was going to be so bad, _ _ _. G
6 My husband and I would go out more if we .G
7 We would have played tennis if it hadn't been so windy.
8 If you hadn't reminded me, I would have forgotten.
9 I would have bought the flat if it had been cheaper.
10 I wouldn't use public transport ifI had a car.
11 If you had watered the plants, they wouldn't have died.
12 If I knew the answer, I'd tell you.
106
6B THREE THINGS YOU
(PROBABLY) DIDN'T KNOW
ABOUT SLEEPING Student A
Sleeping Beauty
In 2008, when Louisa Ball was fourteen, she had
the symptoms of flu and soon after she began
falling asleep in class. Then one day she went to
sleep and didn't wake up ... for ten days. Doctors
diagnosed her as having a rare neurological
disorder called Kleine-Levin Syndrome, also
known as 'Sleeping Beauty Syndrome.' People
who have this medical condition often sleep for
long periods without waking up.
Louisa regularly misses long periods of
school, her weekly dance lessons (and, once, a
whole week of a family holiday) because she is
asleep. On one occasion she even missed her
final exams. When she sleeps for several days
her parents have to wake her up once a day to
give her something to eat and take her to the
bathroom. But then she immediately falls back
into a deep sleep.
People who have this syndrome often
complain that they lose their friends because
they disappear for such long periods of time.
Fortunately, Louisa's friends have stayed loyal
and they even visit her on days when she is
asleep.
Although she sometimes feels frustrated Louisa
says, 'I've got used to it now and I've learnt to live
with it.' Doctors have told her that the syndrome
will eventually disappear, but maybe not for ten or
fifteen years.
a Read the article and answer the questions.
1 W hat exactly is the syndrome?
2 W hat were the early symptoms of Louisa's
medical problem?
3 What affect does the syndrome have on her
life? How h ave her friends reacted?
4 What do her parents do when she has one of
her long sleeps?
5 How does she feel about her problem?
b Use the questions to help you to tell B about
the Sleeping Beauty Syndrome.
c Then listen to B telling you about how our
ancestors used to sleep.
7A ARGUMENT! Student A
R ole-play two argu ments with a partner.
1 WIFE
It's your birthday t oday. Your
husband (Student B) had
promised to come home early.
You have prepared a great
dinner. You have been dropping
hints fo r the past mont h that
w hat you really want for your
birthday is some jewellery as
your part ner is usually very
unimaginative about choosing
presents. Last Christmas he
bought you the Lord of the
Rings DVDs which you didn't
particularly like and he ended up
watching more than you.
Tonight he arrives home late
from work (t he dinner is cold) and
gives you a box of chocolat es
(you're on a diet, and he knows
this) and some flowers which
look as if they were bought at a
petrol st at ion.
Your husband (Student B)
starts the conversation by giving
you the chocolates.
78 GUESS WHAT IT IS Student A
a Look at the pictures below. You are going to describe them to B.
Say wh at kind of thing each one is, and then use looks, smells,feels,
or tastes.
88 STRANGE, BUT TRUE
a R ead the article and h ighlight the key
2 MOTHER I FATHER
Your son I daughter (Student B)
is in his I her first year of
university studying medicine.
You are a doctor, and you have
always encouraged your child
to follow in your footsteps, and
he I she was good at science
at school, and you think would
make an excellent doctor. He I
she was quite keen on studying
journalism, but you think that
this was a 'lazy option' and
nowadays it's very difficult to
get a good job in journalism.
So you persuaded him I her to
study medicine. Although he
I she worked hard at school,
this year at university he I she
seems to be out with friends
all the time and spends a lot
less time studying than you did
at the same age. You have just
discovered that he I she has
failed all the first year exams.
You start the conversation: I
think we need to talk about your
exam results ...
Student A
information that will help you remember
the story.
Lost tourist finds herself
More than 50 people were involved in a
search and rescue operation in the volcanic
region of Eldgja in south Iceland on
Saturday.
Police were called to the area after it was
reported that a female member of a tour party
who were travelling around the region had
failed to return to the bus.
The tourist was described as being 'of Asian
origin, aged 20-30, and about 160 cm.' She
was wearing 'dark clothing' and spoke fluent
English. The police asked for a helicopter to
assist the rescue operation but it was too foggy
for it to fly. So the pol ice, helped by the tourists
themselves, began to look for the missing
woman on foot.
The search continued through the night, but
at 3.00 in the morning the search was called
off when it was discovered that the missing
woman was not only alive and well but was
actually assisting in the search.
What had happened was that the woman had
got off the bus for some fresh air and had
changed her clothes. Because of that other
people didn't recognize her and thought that
she was missing. The tour organizer had
counted the tourists but had miscounted. Police
said that the woman had not recognized that
the description of the missing person was her.
The police said, 'She did not realize that she
was the person everybody (including herself)
was searching for until several hours later.'

~~~~ ice-lolly J I
b Describe your first thing to B in as much detail as possible. B can b Tell B your story in your own words, e.g.
then ask you questions to identify what the thing is. This happened in Iceland. The police were
called because someone had reported that a
( !/ kind of vegetable. It looks a bit like a green ball. It tastes quite strong
/~': tourist was missinB ...
~I think it smells awful when it's being cooked. You can use it to make...
c Now listen to B's story, and ask B to clarify
c Now listen to B describe his / her first thing. Don't interrupt or rephrase if there's anything you don't
until he / she has finished describing. You can ask B questions to understand.
identify what the thing is.

d Continue taking turns to describe all your things.

107
 78 TWO PHOTOS lA EXTREME INTERVIEWS
Student A Student B
a Look carefully at your photo. a A is going to give you an extreme interview
Then describe it in detail to for a job in his / her company. Answer the
B, focusing especially on questions. Try to think quickly and make
the people and their body a good impression. Give good reasons for
language. Say who you think your answers.
they are and what you think
they're doing. b Now give A an extreme interview for a job
in your company, using the questions below.
b Show your photo to B and see Ask him / her to give reasons for his / her
if he / she agrees with you. answers. Then say if you would give him/
her the job, and why (not).
c Listen to B describe another
photo. Try to visualize it. 1 Which three adjectives describe you best?
d B will now show you the 2 Ifyou were a type of food, what type of
photo to see if you agree food would you be?
with his / her description and 3 How do you normally treat animals?
interpretation. 4 Who do you admire most, and why?
5 Ifyou could be a super hero, what would
p Describing a photo you want your superpowers to be?
This photo looks as if it was taken (in the summer, in the 1990s, etc.) 6 Tell me about something in your life that
In the centre you are really proud of.
In the foreground (of the photo) there is I there are ...
In the background 7 If Hollywood made a movie about your
The child has his head in his hands. He looks as if... life, who would you like to see play the
lead role as you?
8 Ifyou could have six months with no
obligations or financial limitations, what
would you do with the time?
108 GEOGRAPHY TRUE OR FALSE Student A
a Complete the gaps in your sentences with the where necessary.
1 _ Andes is_ longest mountain range in_ world. (T)
2 _ Loch Ness is _ largest lake in Scotland. (F -It's the second largest. Loch Lomond is the largest)
3 _ capital of_ United States is _ New York City. (F - It's Washington DC)
4 _ Mallorca is an island in _ Mediterranean sea. (T)
5 _ Uffizi gallery is _ famous art museum in _ Rome. (F - It's in Florence)
6 _ South America is larger than _ North America. (F)
7 _ Mount Vesuvius is a volcano in _ north west Italy. (F - It's in south west Italy)
8 _ Brooklyn Bridge connects _ Brooklyn and _ Manhattan. (T)
b Now read your sentence 1 to B. He/ She must say if the information true or false. Correct his/ her
answer if necessary.

c Now listen to B's sentence 1 and say if you think it's true or false. If you think it's false, say what you
think the right answer is.

d Continue taking turns to say your sentences. Who got the most right answers?

108
 3A FLIGHT STORIES Student B
a Read a newspaper article about a flight.
Imagine that you were one of the passengers
on the flight, and were sitting just behind
Mrs Fletcher. Think about:
• why you were travelling to Florida
• who you were with
• what you saw and how you felt.
IS THERE A DOCTOR ON BOARD?
M rs Dorothy Fletcher was travelling with her
daughter and her daughter's fiance on a US
Airways flight from London to Florida. Her daughter
was going to be married there the following week.
They had to get a connecting flight in Philadelphia,
but the flight landed late and they had to rush
between terminals. On their way to the gate, Mrs
Fletcher began to feel ill. She didn't say anything to
her daughter because she didn't want to worry her.
However when the flight from Philadelphia to Florida
took off, she suddenly got a terrible pain in her chest,
back, and arm - she was having a heart attack.
The cabin crew put out a call to passengers: 'We have
a medical emergency. If there is a doctor on board,
could you please press the call bell.' Incredibly, not
just one bell sounded but fifteen! There were fifteen
doctors on board, and what was even better news.
they were all cardiologists! They were travelling to
Florida for a conference.
The doctors immediately gave Mrs Fletcher
emergency treatment and they managed to save
her life. The plane made an emergency landing in
North Carolina and she was taken to hospital there.
Fortunately she recovered quickly enough to be able
to attend her daughter's wedding.
b Now listen to A's story.
c Tell A your story in your own words, e.g.
A few years aBo I was flyinBfrom London to
Florida on a US AirwaysfliBht . ..
d What two details do the stories have in
~ommon? Have you ever been on a flight
where there was a medical or technical
emergency?
110
SA IT'S AN EMERGENCY! Student B
a Read your survival tips and underline things you should and
shouldn't do, and why. Try to remember the information.
WHAT TO DO IF...YOU GET LOST
ON A HIKE IN THE MOUNTAINS
ccording to experts, people who get lost when they are out hiking
A typically keep walking (or even running), desperately trying to
find the right path to safety, but this is absolutely the wrong thing to
do. As a survival expert says, 'Fear is the enemy. Lost people want to
run.' They lose their heads and start to panic. Sometimes they even
forget to look in their backpacks for food and water.
The number one survival tip is to stay where you are or find an
open space nearby and wait to be rescued (especially if you have
told someone where you were going to walk). In research done in
Canada, only two out of 800 lost people actually did this. If the others
had stayed in one place, they would have been found much sooner.
Look for a sheltered place nearby in case you have to spend the
night there, for example under a rock, or make a shelter with tree
branches to keep you warm. But make sure you stay in the open
during the day so that you can be seen by a helicopter. Make a fire
to attract attention. If you don't have matches, tie a piece of bright
clothing to a stick and leave it in a visible place.
b Now in your own words tell A and Chow to survive if you get lost
in the mountains.
7A ARGUMENT! Student B
Role-play two arguments with a partner.
1 HUSBAND 2 SON I DAUGHTER (UNIVERSITY
It's your wife's (Student A's) STUDENT)
birthday today. You always try to You're in your first year of
buy her good birthday presents university, studying medicine.
(last year you bought her the Lord You haven't enjoyed it at all, and
of the Rings DVD!). You know that have just failed all your first year
she really wanted some jewellery exams. In fact, you never really
but you have been very busy at wanted to study medicine but
work and haven't had time to your parents are both doctors
go shopping. You had intended and you feel t hey pushed you
to finish work early this evening into it. You would like to change
and go shopping, but you had to courses and study journalism,
work late. So you stopped at a which you think would suit
petrol station on the way home you better. You want to try to
and bought her some chocolates, convince your mother I father
which you know she usually likes, (Student A) although you know
and some flowers. they're not very pleased with
You start the conversation your exam results.
by giving your wife her present. Your mother I father (Student
Happy Birthday, darling. I hope A) will start by asking you about
you like them. your exam results.
SA GUESS THE CONDITIONALS Student B 7B GUESS WHAT IT IS Student B
a Read through sentences 7-12 and think how you could complete a Look at the pictures below. You are going to
the gaps. They are either second or third conditionals.[±:]= a describe them to A. Say w hat kind of
positive verb phrase, El = a negative verb phrase. thing each one is, and then use
1 The cat wouldn't have got out if you'd closed the window.
looks, smells.feels, or tastes.
2 IfI spent a month in the UK, my English would improve a lot.
3 We wouldn't have lost the match ifour best player hadn't been injured.
4 If you'd told me earlier about the concert, I would have gone.
5 IfI'd known the traffic was going to be so bad, I wouldn't have Icamembert I ~-­
taken the car. b Now listen to A describe his/ her first thing.
6 It would be easier to go out in the evenings if we didn't have children. Don't interrupt until he / she has finished
7 We would have played tennis if it .G describing. You can ask A questions.
8 If you hadn't reminded me, I . [±:] c Now describe your first thing in as much
9 I would have bought the flat if it . [±:] detail as possible. A can then ask you
10 I wouldn't use public transport if . [±:] questions to identify what the thing is .
11 If you had watered the plants, .G
( 1.t::.~ kind of vegetable. It's very popular in
12 IfI knew the answer, I . [±] ~ico. It's very hot...
b Listen to A saying sentences 1-6. If A says exactly what you have,
say That's ri[Jht. If A says something different, say T1y aBain. d Continue taking turns to describe all you r
things. Who guessed the most right?
c Say you r complete sentences 7-12 to A . If A says That's ri[Jht,
write in the words. If A says Try a[Jain, think of another possible
completion and say the sentence again. You can have three tries. 108 GEOGRAPHY TRUE OR
FALSE Student B
6B THREE THINGS YOU (PROBABLY) DIDN'T a Complete the gaps in your sentences with
the where necessary.
KNOW ABOUT SLEEPING Student B
1 _capital of_ Netherlands is _
How our ancestors used to sleep Amsterdam. (F - It's The Hague)
n American historian, Roger Ekirch, has done a lot of research
A (based mainly on literature and diaries) which shows that until the
end of the 18th century humans used to sleep in two distinct periods,
2 _Amazon is _ longest river in _
world. (F - It's T he Nile)
called 'First sleep' and 'Second sleep'. 3 Panama Canal connects Atlantic
First sleep began about two hours after nightfall, and lasted for Ocean to_ Pacific Ocean. (T )
about four hours. It was followed by a period of between one or two 4 Atacama desert is in north of
hours when people were awake. During the waking period people were Chile. (T)
quite active. Most people stayed in bed reading, writing, or praying, etc.
but others got up and even used the time to visit neighbours. They then 5 _ Black Sea is in _ south west Europe.
went back to sleep for another four hours. (F - It's in south east Europe)
This research is backed up by an experiment done by a psychiatrist, 6 _biggest lake in _ world is_ Lake
Thomas Wehr, in the early 1990s, in which a group of people were left in Victoria in_ Africa. (F - It's Lake
total darkness for 14 hours every day for a month. By the fourth week
the people had begun to sleep in a very clear pattern. They slept first for Superior in Canada/ the USA)
four hours, then woke for one or two hours before falling into a second 7 _ Mont Blanc is _ highest mountain in
four-hour sleep, in exactly the same way as people had slept in the 18th _ Alps. (T)
century. The research suggests that today's habit of sleeping seven to 8 _Hyde Park is in _ central London. (T)
eight consecutive hours may not be the most natural way to sleep.
b Now listen to A's sentence 1 and say if you
a Read the text and answer the questions. think it's true or false. If you think it's false,
1 What did the historian's research show? say what you think the right answer is.
2 What was the typical sleep routine in those days? c Now read your sentence 1 to A. Correct his/
3 What did people do during the period between sleeps? her answer if necessary.
4 What was Thomas Wehr's experiment, and what did it show?
d Continue taking turns to say your sentences.
b Listen to A tell you about the Sleeping Beauty syndrome. Who got the most right answers?

c Use the questions in a to tell A about how our ancestors used to sleep.
111
 SA IT'S AN EMERGENCY! Student c 88 STRANGE, BUT TRUE
a Read your survival tips and underline things you should and Student B
shouldn't do, and why. Try to remember the information. a Read the article and highlight the key
information that will help you remember
WHAT TO DO IF... SOMEBODY BREAKS the story.
INTO YOUR HOUSE.
magine that you wake up in the middle of the night because
I you can hear somebody moving around in the kitchen. What
should you do?
Dog phones for help
Dogs are often called 'Man's best friend'
Even if you are brave, it is usually a mistake to go and confront
because they sometimes help save their
the intruder. You could find yourself face to face with somebody
owner's life. But George, a two-year-old
who may have a weapon and who is likely to react violently. basset hound in Yorkshire in the north of
The most important thing is to have a plan to follow: lock yourself England, managed to save his own life by
and your family in a safe place, e.g. your bedroom or bathroom. dialling 999.
Move a piece of furniture against the door to make it impossible George had been left at home on his own
for the intruder to open it. Next, call the police (you should always and had knocked the phone on the floo r. He
have a fully charged phone close to hand at night with the became entangled with the cord of the phone
emergency number programmed in) and wait for help to arrive. and was choking . Somehow he must have
touched the number 9 key of the phone with
his paws a few times, and as a result, he
b Now in your own words tell A and B how to survive if somebody dialled the UK emergency number: 999. All
breaks into your house. the operator cou ld hear was the the sound of
somebody choking and breathing heavily, so
she sent the police to the house. The police got
78 TWO PHOTOS Student B in with the help of a neighbour, Paul Walker,
who had a spare key. To their amazement they
a Listen to A describe found George with the cord round his neck.
his / her photo. Try He was absolutely terrified, and cou ldn't free
to visualize it. himself. They quickly pulled the phone cord out
of the wall. Mr Walker said, 'It was incredible.
b A w ill now show you the You could see his paw print on the key of the
phone. He literally saved his own life.'
photo to see if you agree
with his / her description George's owners, Steve Brown and his
daughter Lydia, 18, were as amazed as
and interpretation.
everybody else. Lydia said, 'It's not as if
c Now describe your photo. George is particularly clever. In fact, he's really
dopey - he just likes to chew socks most of the
Focus on the people and
time.'
their body language, and
say who you think they
are and what you think they're doing. Then finally show your
photo to A and see ifhe /she agrees with your interpretation. b Listen to A's story, and ask A to clarify
or rephrase if there's anything you don't
p Describing a photo understand.
This photo looks as if it was t aken (in t he summer, in t he 1990s, etc.)
c Tell A your story in your own words, e.g.
In the centre
In the foreground (of t he photo) t here is I t here are ... A doB called GeorBe who lives with afamily in
In the background Yorkshire in the UK was left alone in the house
The woman on the left has her eyes closed. She looks as if... when his owners went out ...

112
DESCRIBING A PHOTO
a Look at the photo and read the description. D o you
agree with what the writer says about the people?
b Complete the description with a word or phrase from
the list.
behind in front of in the background in the centre
~A-#le foreground to her right opposite outside

p Useful language: describing a photo or picture

In the foreground I background I centre of the photo...
The (man) looks as if I looks as though ...
It looks as if I as though ...
The (woman) may I might be... I Perhaps the woman is ...
The photo reminds me of. ..

c You are going to write a description of the photo below.

Plan the content. With a partner, look at the photo
carefully and decide what you think the people are
thinking or feeling. Decide how to organize what you
want to say into two paragraphs.

I think this is a family photo, although none of the

family members is actually looking at the camera.
i/n the foreground we see the inside of a room with
a glass door leading into a garden. 2 of
the photo there is a girl sitting at the table, resting
her head on one hand, with an open book 3_ _ __
her. There are two other empty chairs around
the table. The girl is smiling; she looks as if she's
daydreaming, maybe about something she's read
in the book. 4 , there is another woman,
who looks older than the girl, perhaps her mother.
She's standing with her arms folded, looking out of
the glass doors into the garden. She seems to be
watching what's happening s , and she
d Write 120-180 words. Use the phrases in Useful
looks a bit worried .
language to help you.
6 , we can see a terrace, and 7- - - -
that a beautiful garden. Outside the glass doors on e Check your description for mistakes (grammar,
the right you can see a boy and a man who may be punctuation, and spelling).
father and son. The boy is standing looking at the
... p.71
man, who is crouching a him. It looks
as though they're having a serious conversation.
Maybe the boy has been naughty, because it seems
as if he's looking at the ground. This photo reminds
me of a David Hockney or Edward Hopper painting,
and it immediately makes you speculate about who
the people are and what they are thinking.

Writing
EXPRESSING YOUR OPINION
a Read the title of the magazine article. Do you agree or Community service is the best
disagree? Then quickly read the article and see if the punishment for young people
writer's opinion is the same as yours.

b Complete the article with a word or phrase from the

who commit a minor offence.
list below. i Nowadays in t he UK when
a young person commits a
fina lly f irstly for instance in addition in conclusion
minor offence, he or she is
in most cases Aew-ael-ays secondly so whereas
normally sentenced to prison,
given a fine, or community
c You are going to write an article for a magazine. With a service. 2 I believe
partner, choose one of the titles below. that community service is the
Dow nload ing m usic or films without paying is as best option.
m uch of a crim e as stealing fro m a shop.
3 community
Squatter s who live in an u n occupied p r oper ty
service often persuades
should not b e for ce d to leave it.
a young person not to
d Pla n the content. The article should have fo ur or five re-offend . 4 _ _ __
paragraphs. working with sick children
or old people makes young
1 The introduction: T hink about what the current
offenders realize that there
situation is and what your opinion is.
are people who have more diffi cult lives than they do.
2 T h e main paragraphs: Try to think of at least two or So community service can be an educational experience,
three clear reasons to support your opinion. You could s going to prison or paying a fine is not.
also include examples to back up your reasons.
3 T he conclusion: Think of how to express your 6 spending t ime in prison results in young
conclusion (a summary of your opinion). people meeting other criminals and learning more about the
criminal world, which may tempt them into committing more
e Write 120-180 words, organized in four or five crimes. 7 in prisons many of the inmates t ake
paragraphs (introduction, reasons, and conclusion). drugs and this is a terrible example for young offenders.
Use a formal style (no contractions or colloquial
expressions). Use the phrases in b and in U sefu l a I do not think that a fine is a suitable punishment
lan guage. for young people. They do not usually have much money
t hemselves, 9 it is often their parents who pay the
p Useful language: ways of giving your opinion fine fo r them .
(Personally) I think... I I believe ...
io I believe that community service has important
In my opinion ...
advantages both for minor offenders and for the community.
In addition I Also
In conclusion I To sum up
Ways of giving examples
There are several things we can do, for example I for
instance I such as ...
Another thing we can do is ...
We can also...

f Check your article for mistakes (grammar,

punctuation, and spelling).

<Ill( p.77
A REPORT
a Read the report on restaurants. With a
partner, and think of suitable headings for
paragraphs 1, 3, and 4.
b You have been asked to write a report
on either good places for eating out
or entertainment in your town for an
English language magazine. With a partner,
plan the content.
1 Decide which report you are going to write.
2 Decide what headings you can use to divide
up your report.
3 Decide what information to include under
each heading.
c Write 120-180 words, organized in three
or four paragraphs with a heading. Use a
neutral/ formal style, and use expressions
from Useful language for generalizing.
p Useful language: talking in general
fvlost I The majority of (cinemas in my town ...)
(Cinemas) are usually I tend to be (quite cheap)
In general... I Generally speaking.. .
almost always ... I nearly always .. .
d Check your report for mistakes (grammar,
punctuation, and spelling).
--< p.91
Eating out in London
This report describes various options for students
who want to eat out while staying in London.
1
Fast food - The majority of fast-food restaurants are cheap
and clean and the service is fast, but they are often noisy and
crowded, and of course t he food is the same all over the world.
World food - London has restaurants offering food from many
parts of the world, for example India, and China. These are often
relatively inexpensive and have good-quality food and
a nice atmosphere.
2 Value far money
Gastropubs - These are pubs which serve high-quality food
but tend to be slightly cheaper than the majority of mid-range
restaurants. Generally speaking, t he food is well-cooked and
some have very imaginative menus.
Italian restaurants - You can normally get a good pasta dish and
a salad in most Italian restaurants without spending too much,
but be careful, some restaurants have very expensive wine lists.
3
There are many options if you want to try somewhere special, but
be aware that this nearly always means spending a lot of money.
French restaurants, for example, are often expensive, and also
restaurants run by celebrity chefs.
4
• Don't make your meal cost more by ordering expensive drinks.
• If you have a special restaurant in mind, don't forget to book
in advance because the best restaurants are usually full,
especially at weekends.
• Even if you have a limited budget, take advantage of the
different restaurants that London has to offer.
Writing

21>))
The only thing I really regret is, is noc having had
rhe courage to chat up a girl who I met at a parcy
lase su mmer. I really fancied her -she was very
artraccive- but I just wasn't brave enough to start a
conversation. I wish I'd tried. I'm absolutely positive
we would have got on well. Now it's coo late - she's
engaged to another guy!
2 At the risk of sounding really negative, I think the
one thing I really regret in my life is getting married,
and I wished I had listened to my sister, who said
to me in the car on the way to the registry office
'Someone has to say to you that you really don't
have to do this you know' a nd, um, I really wish I'd
listened ro her becau e it was che biggest mistake
of my life, and in face the next day when I woke up I
realized it was a terrible mistake, and I pent the next
15 years trying to get out of it. So, and I would never
do it again. So that's probably my biggest regret.
3 Um, I really wish I'd been able to know my
grandmother better. She died when! was 12, and
since then I've discovered that she muse have been
a really fascinating person, and there are so many
things I would love to have been able to talk to her
about. She was Polish but she was in Russia, in Sc
Petersburg, during the Russian Revolution and
she knew all sorts of interesting people at the time:
painters, writers, people like that. I was only a child
so I never asked her much about her own life. ow,
I'm discovering all about her through reading her
old letters and papers, but I wish she'd lived longer
so chat I cou ld have talked co her about chose times
face-to-face.
4 When I was 15 I had a Saturday job, um, in a
superma rket-stacking shelves and that kind of
thing. My friend also worked there, and he persuaded
me one day to help him steal a canon of cigarettes,
200 cigarettes, from the stock room. It was a crazy
idea, and totally out of character for me to do
something like that. L'd always been very honest unril
then. Anyway, the manager of the shop fou nd where
we'd hidden the ciga rettes-and he called the police.
So when we came to work that evening the police
were waiting for us. Although we got off with just
a warning-we were only kids-the police came to
my house and talked to my mum. I felt so awful. But
in the long run it was probably a good thing because
it meant that I never, ever thought about stealing
somerhing again.
5 When I was I 61 gor the chance to change schools
and go to a better school to do my last two years. My
parents were really keen for me to change because
they thought I'd probably get better marks in the
un iversity entrance exams and so have a better
chance of going to uni versity. But I was totally
against the idea because I didn't want to leave a ll my
friends behind and I didn't know anyone at the other
school. So, in the end I managed to convince them
and I stayed at my old school. I did OK in my exams
but not brilliantly. Um, now I regret not listening to
my parents because I cliink it would have been better
for my future career, but at the time I just cou ldn't see
it.
23 >))
Part 1
Interviewer What were you hoping to do by making
the film Trashed?
Candida Well, I think, um , the role ofche film, um, for
me was to raise awareness, um, on the topic and gee
it into the press so that people could start having a, a
meaningful conversation about waste which, um, is
not a particularly, um , attractive subject, let's say.
Interviewer How many countries did you film in?
Candida We ended up actually filming in eleven
countries, um, but the stories that I've chosen are
universal and obviously I spoke to, to people in
communities, um, in more countries, um, than we
actuaHy filmed in, um, but their stories are certainly
not isolated, they were repeated around the world,
sadly wherever you kind of want to pick actually.
Interviewer How did you persuade Jeremy Irons to get
involved in the film?
Candida I had worked with Jeremy some years ago on
a, on a different film and l was generally aware that
he doesn't like waste either, um, be will, you know,
wear bis jumpers untiJ they're worn out, he'll keep
his cars until they're falling apart, you know, he'll
repair everything, so he's always seen, you know, the
value in reusing things, it's just something natural
to him as well, so he just felt like a natural, um. first
approach, and, and so I sent him the treatment and
amazingly he he loved it.
Interviewer And how did you get Vangelis to write the
soundtrack?
Candida Well, Jeremy and Vangelis have been friends
for years, so, um, Jeremy sent him the rough cut of
the film and Vangelis absolutely loved it, he, he is also
a committed environmentalist, so he's always been
aware, um, he was aware because he worked witli,
um Cousteau, sort of various people, you know, he
was aware of issues for the seas and so on, um, buc
generally again he was very shocked, um, by the film
and really wanted to gee involved, so .. .
Interviewer What research did you do before you
started making the film?
Candida I spent about a year, um, talking to
communities, cal king co experts, um, you know,
obviously reading an awful loc, um, and, um, just
ingesting it all because obviously again it's such an
enormous topic to take on.
24 >))
Part2
I nterviewer Rubbish isn't very attractive visually. Was
chat a problem for you as a film maker?
Candida Er, yes and no, um, strangely enough
obviously I had a wonderful, um, DOP, Director
of Photography so, um he can pretty much make
anything look beautiful , I chink, but, um, I wanted
to choose, as I've, as I've said earlier, um, you know,
l did a lot of research and so sadly these things
were repeatable and, and in every country around
the world, so I wanted to choose, um, beautiful
places wherever possible, um, that had been ruined
unfortunately by, um man-made rubbish, so, um, the
ancient port ofSaida in Lebanon, um the fact that,
you know, you've got this huge mountain ofwaste
which was formerly a flat sa ndy beach.
Interviewer Documentaries a bout how we're
destroying the planet can be very depressing, was
that also a challenge for you?
Candida A huge challenge, yes, um, I would bave
preferred to have made a much more cheerful, um,
documentary than, um, I think Trashed is, I think it
has go t hope, um, I think we were very much aware
that we wanted co offer solutions at the end of it, but
you are, um, tbe subject is not a cheerful subject, um,
I could have gone further I think with it but I didn't
want to because actually, you know, you could sore
of end up feeling that you just want to go and shoot
yourself which is not whac I wanted I wanted to feel,
you know, people feel that they can make a difference
to this topic.
Interviewer In the film you focus on air pollution, land
pollution, and water pollution , which do you think is
the most worrying?
Candida Um , ifl had to pick one, um, which I would be
reluctant to do, er, it would be water without a doubt,
I chink that what has happened to all of the oceans
a nd beaches actually as well, um, in the world in the
last 30 years is astonishing in the scale and the speed,
um , you know, there are certain places in rhe world,
that you know, that you have to dig down on a beach,
um over a foot, before you'll find sand chat does n't
have plastic in it. Unfortunately what's happened
with the way that soft plastic degrade in water is
that, um, the pieces become so fragmented that
they're the same size as the zooplankton, um, which
is obviously in the food chain.
25 >))
Part3
Interviewer Who do you think is mostly to blame for
the problems we bave with waste?
Candida [tried very hard actually not to blame one
person or things, um, in the film, actually quite
deliberately because I think in a way, um, it lets us
off the hook, um, and it also, um, I think we all need
to work on the, the problem together because it's too
complicated to blame one person or one thing or one
act or, um, you know, I think it's, it's multi-faceted
unfortunately.
Interviewer Your film finishes on an optimistic nore
with the example of San Francisco's zero waste
policy. Can you tell us a bit about that?
Candida Well, I, I actually in the film ended up, um,
using San Francisco as the example because I wanted
to show, er, that zero waste could be achieved on a big
scale. When you go and stay in San Francisco in your
hotel room, you'll have four different bins and you'll
have signs on the wall of whar goes into each bin, so
ir's very, very easy to, to recycle and I tbink that's a
huge part of what we should be doing.
Interviewer Has the film changed your own habits
regarding waste?
Candida I don't chink rbe film has particularly changed
my own habits dramatically, urn, because I've always
been thrifty, um, by nature because, um, I was lucky
enough to spend a lot of time with my grandparents
when I was growing up and the post war, sort of,
philosophy of never wasting anything it just, you
know, it was instilled in me. I ride the same bicycle
chat I've had since l was 15 years old and over the
years obviously had it repaired and repaired, but I
take tremendous pride in rhe fact that I've always,
um, ridden the same bike and you know l have lovely
memories of it, so and with it, so, um I think, 1think
we need a slight change of mind set to make things
cool the longer you have them in a way, than actually
this perpetual thing of buying new things for the
sake ofit.
27 >))
Interviewer How much recycling do people in your
country do?
Sally 1don'r think we do enough, I think we could do
a little bit more. I'm not wonderful myselfbut we try
and do a little bit of recycling.
Interviewer How responsible are you personally?
Sally Well, we probably do about, probably about 30%
we recycle.
Interviewer What do you think the government, or
individuals, could do to make people recycle more?
Sally Well, they cou ld give you all these, um, boxes
a nd bins and things at home to help you recycle, the
Germans seem to do it quite well.
Interviewer How much recycling do people in your
councrydo?
Jo I think people are quite good at recycling, I think, um,
now that the, the waste companies come and collect
recycling from the houses, people have n't really got an
excuse not to recycle any more.
Interviewer How responsible are you personally?
Jo Err, I, I recycle as much as I can.
Interviewer What do you think the government, or
individuals, could do to make people recycle more?
Jo Um, well maybe they could offer a financial incentive
for, for recycling, um, or maybe for producing less
rubbish that can't be recycled.
Interviewer How much recycling do people in your
country do?
Jill I chink that recycling is getting better in this
country, I think we still have a long ways to go. I think
it's still done largely in pockets and not necessarily
natio nwide as much as it could be.
Interviewer How responsible are you personally?
Jill Actually, in the town where I live we have a very
strong recycl ing program and so I participate in, um,
filling it up with cans and bottles, newspapers and all
kinds of stuff, and they come and get it every other
week , o. Easy, too.
Interviewer What do you think the government, or
individuals, could do to make people recycle more?
Jill Well, incentives always work. Besides, above and
beyond monetary incentives, just incentives to
promote, you know, benefits to the e nvironment.
Interviewer How much recycling do people in your
country do?
Pranjal I don't think people in the US recycle enough.
I tbink we should recycle more and I'm even , uh, you
know, I'm even guilty of not recycling enough , but I
don't think we recycle enough.
Interviewer How responsible are you personally?
Pranjal Personally, I'm not really that responsible in
cycling, I don't really recycle tbat often, but ifl do get
the opportunity to recycle, I will.
Interviewer What do you think the government, or
individuals, could do to make people recycle more?
Pranjal Well, I think it's important for individuals to
realize that even the smallest difference makes a big
difference, and so if everyone could just get in that
mindset that the smallest change they can make in
their Jives makes a big difference. l think that will, in
fact, make a big difference.
Listening 125
 34l))
I think it's very interesting that human beings are the
only animals which listen to music for pleasure. A lot of
research has been done to find out why we Listen to music,
and there seem to be three main reasons. Firstly, we listen
to music to make us remember important moments in the
past, for example when we met someone for the first ti~e.
Think of Humphrey Bogart in the film Casablanca sayrng
'Darling, they're playing our song'. When we hear a certain
piece of music, we remember hearing it for the first time
in some very special circumstances. Obviously, this music
varies from person to person.
Secondly, we listen to music to help us change
activities. lfwe want to go from o ne activity to another,
we often use music to help us make the change. For
example, we might play a certain kind of music to
prepare us to go out in the evenfog, or we might play
another kind of music to relax us when we get home
from work. That's mainly why people listen to music
in cars, and they often listen to o ne kind of music when
they're going to work and another kind when they're
coming home. The same is true of people on buses and
trains with their iPods. The third reason why we listen to
music is to intensify the emotion that we're feeling. For
example, if we're feeling sad , sometimes we want to get
even sadder, so we play sad music. Or we're feeling angry
and we want to intensify the anger then we play angry
music. Or when we're pl anning a romantic dinner, we
lay the table, we light candles, and then we think, ' What
music would make this even more romantic?'
35 >))
Let's take three important human emotio ns: happiness,
sadness, and anger. Whe n people are happy they speak
faster, and their voice is higher. When they are sad they
s peak more slowly and their voice is lower, and when
people are angry they raise their voices or shout. Babies
can tell whether their mother is happy or not simply by
the sound of her voice, not by her words. What music
does is it copies this, and it produces the same emotions.
So faster, highe r-pitched music will sound happy. Slow
music with lots of falling pitches will sound sad . Loud
music with irregular rhythms will sound angry. It doesn't
matter how good or bad the music is, ifit has these
characteristics it will ma ke you experience this emotion.
Let me give you some examples. For happy, for example,
the first movement of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony .
For angry, say M ars, from The Planets by Holst. And for
sad, something like Albinoni's AdaBio f or S trinBs.
Of course the people who exploit this most are
the people who write film soundtracks. T hey can take
a scene which visually has no emotion and they can
make the scene either scary or calm or happy just by the
music they write to go with it. T hink of the music in the
shower scene in Hitchcock's film Psycho. All you can
see is a woman having a shower, but the music makes it
absolutely te rrifying.
40 >))
I
I Why do you have problems sleeping?
S Well I'm Spanish but I moved to London a few years
ago when l ma rried a British woman. I've been living
here for tbree years now. I have a lot of problems
getting to sleep at night because our bedroom just
is n't dark enough. I ca n't get used to sleeping in a
bedroom where there's light coming in from the
streetlights outside. In Spain I always used to sleep
in complete darkness because my bedroom window
had blinds and when I went to bed I used to close the
blinds completely. But here in Engla nd our bedroom
window just has curta ins and curtains don't block
o ut rhe light properly. It rakes me a long rime to get to
sleep at night and I always wake up more often than I
used to do in Spain.
I So why don't you jus t get th icker curtains?
S Because my wife doesn't like sleeping in a completely
dark room. She says that she feels claustrophobic if
the room is too dark.
Ah, yes, a lot of people do feel like that.
41 >))
2 Presenter Do you ever eat the things that Robert
I Why do you have problems sleeping?
S Well, I'm a policeman and so I have to do shift work
which means I work at night every other week, so I
s ta rt work at I 0 o'clock at night and finish at 6. 00 in
the morning rhe following day. T he main problem is
i26 listening
that my body's used co sleeping at night, not during
the day. So it's very hard to gee used co being awake
all night and crying to work and concentrate when
your body is just telling you to go to bed .
I But isn't it something you get used to?
S Actually no, because I work during the day for one
week and then the next week I work at night which
means that just when my body has got used to being
awake at night then I go back to working in the day
and then of course I can't get to sleep at night because
my body thinks it's going to have to work all night.
The other problem is that when I get home after
working a night shift, everyone else is just starting
to wa.ke up so that means that it can be really noisy.
T he neighbours put the radio on, and bang doors a nd
shout to wake their chi ldren up. So even though I'm
really tired it's just very hard to get to sleep.
I How many hours do you usually sleep?
S Before I became a policema n I used to sleep about
eight or nine hours a night bur I chink now I probably
don't sleep mo re than six hours.
42 >))
3 asleep.
I Why do you have problems sleeping?
S I have a lot of problems sleeping because ofjetlag. I
have to travel a lot in my job and l ta ke a lot oflong
haul flights. I fly to New York quire often a nd I arrive
maybe at 6.00 in the evening my time, but when it's
only one o'clock in the afternoon in New York. So at
5.00 in the afternoon local time, I'IJ be fee ling tired
and ready for bed because it's my bed time. But I can't
go to sleep because I'm probably still working or
having dinner with my American colleagues. Then
when I do fi na lly get to bed at say midnight loca l
t ime, I fi nd that I wake up in the middle of the night
because my body thin ks that it's mo rning because it's
stilJ working on UK time.
I And can you get back to sleep when you wake up?
S No, that's the problem I can't get back to sleep. And
then the next day when I have meetings I feel realJy
sleepy. It's very hard to stay awake all day. And just
when I' m finally used to being on New York time,
then it's time co fly home. And flying west co east is
even worse.
I Oh! Why's that?
S Because when I get off the plane it's early morning in
the UK. But for me, on New York time, it's the middle
o f the night. It cakes me four or five days co recover
from one of these trips.
I Gosh, that must be really difficult for you.
S Yes it is.
47 >))
Presenter And finally today the story of a sleepwalker
from Fife in Scotland who gets up in the middle of
the night and goes co the kitchen and sta rts ...you've
guessed ic, cooking. Robert Wood, who's 55 years
old, used to be a chef until he retired last year. We
have Robert and his wi fe, Eleanor, with us in the
studio today. Robert, tell us what happens.
Robert WelJ, I've been a sleepwa lker for about 4 0 years
now. I think it first sta rted when I was about 14 or so.
Anyway these days I get up about four or five times
a week and I always end up in the kitche n and I start
cooking something.
Presenter Do you always cook?
Robert No, not a lways. I've done other things, coo. I
remember once I put the TV on - at full volume - and
once I filled the bath with water, although I didn't get
in it. But I usually cook.
Presenter Eleanor, do you wake up when this happens?
Eleanor Yes, I usually wake up because he's making a
noise. I go downstairs and usually I find him in the
kitchen. Once he was just laying the table but other
times he's been cooking.
Presenter What sort of things does he cook?
Eleanor ALI sorts of t hings. I've caught him cooking
omelettes a nd spaghetti bolognaise, and I even
caught him frying chips once. T hat was a bit scary
because be could easily have burnt himself or sta rted
a fire.
cooks?
E leanor No. It always looks lovely but I must admit I've
never tried it - not at three o'clock in the morning.
And the trouble is he a lways leaves the kitchen in a
terrible mess. T he last time he sleepwalked he spilt
milk all over the place.
Presenter So, Robert, you have no idea that you're
cooking?
Robert No, I haven't. I really am asleep and a fterwards I
just have no recollection of having cooked anytbing.
Presenter You're getting some help to see if you can
cure your sleep walking, aren't you?
Robert Yes, I've been going to a sleep clinic in
Edinburgh where they think they'll be able to help
me.
Presenter Well good luck with that, and tha nk you both
for coming into tbe stud io today. Now we're going to
a break, but join us again in a few minutes.
48 l))
Presenter We've been talking co Robert, the
sleepwalking cook and his wife, Eleanor. And we're
now joined by Professor Maurice from Rochester,
New York, who is an expert in sleepwalking. Hello.
Welcome, Professor Maurice, does this story
surprise you?
Professor No, it doesn't, not at all. I've treated people
who have driven cars, ridden horses, and r had one
ma n who even tried to fly a helicopter while he was
Presenter Do people usually have their eyes open when
they sleepwalk?
Professor Yes, sleepwa lkers do usually have their eyes
open . Thar's why sometimes it's difficult to know if
someone is sleepwalking or not.
Presenter How common is sleepwalking?
Professor More common than you m ight think.
Research shows that about 18 per cent of the
population have a tendency to sleepwalk. But it's
much more common in children tha n in teenagers
or adults. And, curiously, it's more common among
boys than girls. Adults who sleepwalk are normally
people who used to sleepwalk when they were
children. They might do it a fter a stressful event, for
example, after a traffic accident.
Presenter People always say that you should never
wake a sleepwalker up when they're walking. Is that
t rue?
Professor No, it isn't. People used to think that it was
da ngerous to wake up a sleepwalker. But in fact
this isn't the case. You can wa ke a sleepwalker up
without any problem, although if you do, it is quite
common for the sleepwalker to be confused , so he
or she probably won't know where they are for a few
moments.
Presenter So, if we see someone sleepwalking, should
we wake them up?
Professor Yes, you should remember that another of
the myths about sleepwalkers is that they can't injure
themselves while they are sleepwa lking. But this isn' t
true. lfa sleepwalker is walking around the house,
they m ight trip or fa ll over a chair or even fa ll down
stairs. There was a case a while ago of a nine-year-old
girl who opened her bedroom window while she ~vas
sleepwalking and fell 30 feet to the ground. Luckily,
she wasn't seriously injured. So you see, Eleanor,
you're quite right to worry that Robert might burn
hi mself when he's cooking. You need co wake him up
a nd get him back to bed.
Presenter How long does sleepwalking usually last?
Professor It can be very brief, for example, a few
minutes. T he most typical cases a re people getting
up and getting d ressed, or people going to the
bathroom. Bur it can occasiona lly last much longer,
maybe half an hour or even more, as in Robert's case.
Presenter And what hap pens when sleepwalkers wake
up? Do they remember the things they did while they
were sleepwa lking?
Professor No, as Robert says, a sleepwalker usually
doesn't remember anything afterwards.
Presenter So, is a sleepwalker responsible for his o r
her actions?
Professor T hat's a very good question, actualJy. A few
years ago a man from Canada got up in the middle
of the night and drove 20 miles from his home to
the house where his parents-in-law lived and, for no
apparent reason, he killed his mother-in-law. T he
man was charged with murder but he was found
not guilty because he had been asleep at the time he
committed the crime.
2 >))
Conversation I
Female student Wbere's my milk? It's not here.
Male student I haven't seen it. You must have finished it.
Female student I definitely didn't fini sh it. I was
keeping a bit for my cereal this morning. You must
have used it.
Male stude nt Me? I never take anything from the
fridge that isn't mine. You might have given it to the
cat las t night and then forgotten about it.
Female student The cat drinks water not milk, so I
can't have given it to the cat. Last night there was half
a carton of milk in the fridge. MY milk.
Male student Well, I don't know what's happened to it.
Female student What are you drinking?
Male student Just coffee.
Female student Yes, white coffee. T hat's where my
milk went. Well, you can go to the supermarket and
get me some more.
Male student O K, OK, calm down. I'll go a nd get you
some milk ...
Conversation 2
Satnav voice At the roundabout, take the second ex it.
Woman Why are you taking the third ex it? She said the
second exit.
Man I'm sure it's this one. I remember when we came
here last time.
Woman According to that sign this is the A245.
Man The A 245? Oh no! We must have gone wrong.
Woman Of course we've gone wrong. We should have
taken the second exit at the roundabout. What's the
point of having a Satnav ifyou don't do what it says?
Man O K, I may have made a mistake. But if you knew
the way to your cousin's house, then we wouldn't
have to use the Satnav.
Satnav voice Turn round as soon as possible ...
7>))
In life, we sometimes have disagreements with people.
It could be with your partner, with your boss, with
your parents, or with a friend. When this happens, the
important thing is to try not to let a d ifference of opinion
turn into a heated argument. But, ofcourse, it's easier
said than done.
The first thing I would say is that the way you begin
the conversation is very important.
Imagine you're a student and you sha re a flat with
a nother student who you thin.k isn't doing her share of
the housework. If you say, ' Look, you never do you r share
of the housework. What are we going to do about it?'
the discussion will very soon turn into a n a rgument. It's
much more constructive to say something like, ' I think
we'd better have another look about how we divide up the
housework . Maybe there's a better way of doing it.'
My second piece of advice is simple. If you're the
person who's in the wrong, just admit it! T h is is the
easiest and best way to avoid an argument. Just apologize
to your fl atmate, your parents, or your husband, a nd
move on . The other person will have much more respect
fo r you ifyou do tha t.
The next tip is don't exaggerate. Try not to say things
like , ' You always come home late whe n my mother comes
to dinner' when perhaps this has only happened once
before, or, 'You never remember to buy the toothpaste.'
T his will just ma ke t he other person get very defensive
because what you're saying about them just is n't true.
l f you follow these tips, you may often be able to
avoid a n argument. But if an argu ment does start, it's
important to keep things under control and there are
ways to do this.
T he most important t hing is not to raise your voice.
Raising your voice will just make the ocher person lose
their temper, too. If you find yourself raising your voice,
stop for a moment and take a deep breath. Say, ' I'm sorry
I shouted , but this is very importa nt to me' and conti nue
calmly. If you can talk ca lm ly and quietly, you' ll find the
other person will be more ready to think about what
you're saying.
It's also very important to stick to the point. Try
to keep to the topic you're talking about. Don't bring
up old arguments, or try to bring in other issues. Just
concentrate on solving the one problem you're having,
and leave the other things for another time. So, for
exa mple, if you're arguing about the housework, don't
start talking about mobile phone bills as well.
And my fin al tip is that, if necessary, call 'Ti me out'
like in a sports match. If you think that an argument
is getting out of control, then you can say to the other
person, 'Listen, I'd rather talk about this tomorrow
when we've both calmed down .' You can then continue
talking about it the next day when perhaps both of you
are feeling less tense and angry. T hat way, there's much
more chance that you' ll be able to reach a n agreement.
You'll also probably find that the problem is much easier
to solve when you've both had a good night's sleep.
But I want to say one last thing which I think is very
important. Some people think that arguing is always
bad, but that isn't t rue. Conflict is a normal part of life,
and dealing with conflict is an important pa.rt of any
relationship, whether it's three people sha ring a flat, a
married couple, or just t wo good friends. If you don't
learn to argue properly, then when a real problem comes
along, you won't be prepared to face it together. Think of
the smaller arguments as training sessions. Learn how
to a rgue cleanly and fa irly. It will help your relationship
become stronger and last longer.
11>))
I love this photo, especially the way she's using her
hands ... and the expression in her eyes and her mouth.
Here she is in the role of a young single mother, who
has just heard a noise in the kitchen in the middle of the
n ight. You can see the fear in her eyes, that she's worried
about her ch ild. I think she suggests all that beautifully...
14>))
A Here's actress C heryl H ines. If you thin k she looks
furious, that's because she is! She's playing a wife
who's opening the door to her husband at one o'clock
in the morning. Her husband forgot that she was
giving a dinner party, and he went off to play poker
with his friends a nd turned his phone off. She looks
as if she's going to tel l him to leave and never come
back .
B I love this one. T his is Jason Schwartzman and he's
playing a five-year- old boy. He's in the process o f
quietly putcing his pet rat into his seven-year-old
sister 's clothes drawer. He looks pretty confident
about what he's doing, and as if he's really looking
forwa rd to hearing her scream when she finds it!
C Here, Ellen Burstyn is playing a high school drama
teacher. She is in the audience at the Oscar ceremony
and one of the wi nners is a n ex-student of hers. Her
ex-student actually mentions her na me when she
ma kes her winner's s peech. You can see how proud
she is, and how moved she is to have been mentio ned.
D lo this photo I see pure horror and fear. T h is is the
acror Dan Hedaya. He's playing the pa rt of a long
distance truck driver who was tired and d osed his
eyes for a few moments. He opens them to see that
he's -you've guessed it, on the wro ng side of the road,
with cars racing rowards him. Do you think he looks
as if he's going to react in time? I think probably not.
E Here the actress Jane Lynch was given the role of a
ch ild. She's swallowing a spoonful of medicine that
her mom promised would taste good. Of course it
didn't, and now she's telling her that ifit didn't taste
awful it wouldn't work. She looks as if she's about
to s pit it out ! I can remember reacting just like that
when I was kid, and my Mom sayi.ng those exact same
words!
F When you look at t his last one of Steve G uttenberg,
I think you can immediately see from his expression
that he's worried, a nd maybe ner vous. Look at the
way he's hold ing his hands, al most as if be were
prayi ng. He's playing the role of a married man,
who's begging his wife ro give him one more chance.
Bue I think he looks as if be's done something bad,
and is pretty desperate, so I' m not sure if his wife is
going to forgive hi m!
15>))
Interviewer How di fficult is it to express feelings
when you can't use body language?
Tim Well, radio acting is a different style of acting from
visual acting because, obviously, you only have your
voice to, to use. But you can use your voice a nd you
can use timing to convey everything. W hen I started
off as a radio actor somebody said to me 'you have to
be able to ra ise one eyebrow with your voice', wh ich l
loved . Because you haven't got your body, you have to
put it into your voice and so therefore t he way t hat a
radio actor works isn't totally natu ralistic in the way
that it would be on t he televis ion or o n fil m.
Interviewer W hat techniques do you use to help you to
express emotions, feelings?
T im Mmm , well, t here's a big difference bet ween
s peaki ng with a smile, and not speaking with a smile.
T here's a huge difference between being happy, and
being really sad, a nd really a ngry.
Interviewer ls it hard for actors who don't have
experience in radio ro do radio acting?
Tim Well, people don't realize that it is a di fferent
technique. You would get fa mous people coming
in, not realiz ing that there was a technique to
radio acting and thinking that you could do total
natur alism , and it isn't totally naturalistic. It's as
naturalistic as you can make it sound - to lift it off the
page, to make it sound as though you're not reading
it.
23 >))
Touching or stroking their neck is a very typical
sign that a person is nervous, and is trying to ca lm
themselves down. A woman may also play with a
necklace, and a ma n may tighten his t ie.
2 When somebody's standing and they point one o f
their toes upwards, this is a clea r sign that the person
is in a good mood, often because they are thinking
about, or have just beard, something positive. If you
see someone standing talking on the phone and they
suddenly point one foot up, you can be sure that they
have just been rold some good news.
3 C rossing their legs, whether t hey're sit ting or
standing, is a sign that a person feels relaxed and
com fortable. If the person is sitting with their legs
crossed a nd their feet towards another person,
that shows that they are interested in this person.
H owever, if someone they don't like appears, you
may find that they quickly uncross their legs.
4 T his position, standing with your hands on your hips
and your elbows pointing out, is a pose used to show
dominance. If you watch police officers or soldiers
you'll notice that they often use this pose. Men tend
to use it more than women, and it's something we
teach women executives to do in meeti ngs where
there are a lot of men present, ro show that they a.r e
confident and won't be bullied.
S We all know that thumbs up is a positive sign,
meaning we feel good or approve of something.
But what about when somebody puts t heir thumbs
downwa rds, in their pockets? As you might guess,
this usually means that their con fidence is low, and
they are feeling unsu.re of themselves. So try not ro
do this if you a re in a situation where you need to look
con fident and in control.
6 Putting their head to one side is a powerfu l sign that
a person feels friendly and interested in someone
or something. It's an automatic, genuine gesture,
unli ke a smile, which might be artifici al , and so it's a
good sign of real interest. It's also very difficul t to do
natura lly around people you don't like.
7 If you look at people in a stressfu l sit uation, for
example wimesses who are answering questions in
courts, you'll often see that it looks as if their lips
have disappeared inwards. In fact this is one of t he
most universa l signs of stress, as iJ a person wanted
to disappear completely.
24>))
Part 1
Interviewer How did you get into acting?
Simon I was about 18, it was my first real job a nd it was
a very unusual job because I was working in the box
office of t he O ld Vic T heatre. A nd not only did I get
to see an awful lot of plays but I al so met the actors
and I was able to sneak in to rehearsals, in the theatre,
quite illegally, and I beca me fascinated by the work of
the t heatre.
Interviewer W hat in particular fasci nated you?
Simon T he thing that fascinated me, as 1said, was,
was when I was in rehearsals th ere was this, the work
of the theatre, the sort of work it was, so I'd stand
at the back of the Old Vic T heatre when the actors
were rehearsing, but mostly it consisted of people
sitting rather glumly about saying ' I don't know how
to do tbi.s, I don't know how to do this, I don't know
how to make this scene work, I don't understand my
character' and the Director would try to help them
to understand the character o r suggest a move here
or a move there or maybe they'd try walking in a
different way or putting on a different hat, and bit
by bit it started to fall inro place and I t hought what
a wonderful job, what a fantastically interesting
job to wrestle with these ki nds of problems, cry to
understand the characters, try to fi nd out bow best to
express them and show them off, so I, I came to acting
very much from that point of view.
Interviewer T he role that fi rst made you fa mous as
a young acror was playing Mozart in t he o rigina l
Listening 12~
 theatre production of Amadeus, which later went on
co become a film. What was the most challenging
thing about playing the part of Moza rt?
Simon What was a challenge was that Mozart was a
person who'd actually lived and was indeed one of
the greatest artistic geniuses of the whole Western
civilization, and I was a great lover and admirer
of Mozart's music, so there was a tremendous, er,
challenge to bridge the character that Peter Shaffer
had written, Peter Shaffer knows all about Mozart, he
could so that Mozart was, was, er, er sort of a smurry,
er, hysterical child really, er, in a lot of the play. My job
was to reconcile that with the fact that he wrote The
MarriaBe of FiBaro and that was tremendously hard.
Interviewer Was Mozart one of your most satisfying
roles?
Simon No, I wouldn't say that, that it was the most
satisfying, it was the most exciting because its, its
fame er, almost from the moment it was announced
was overwhelmingly greater tha n anything I had
ever done, and co be honest ever have done since. T he
fact that the play was very very controversial when
it opened proved co be, er, very, um, um shocking for
many people, only increased the excitement around
it, and it was, er, er asronishlng to look our into the
audiroriu m every night and to see Paul ewman
or, or, or, or Roberr Redford or or, or Ava Gardner,
or Margaret T hatcher sitting out there because
everybody had to see that play.
25 >))
Part2
Interviewer Over your career you have acted in the
theatre, and you have also acted in many films. Which
do you prefer?
Simon T hey're absolutely different media, they require
different things from you as an actor, I love chem boch.
Bue they are each of them completely different, you
bring completely different things co chem. Obviously
the crucial difference with the theatre is that there's
an audience and chat's such an important aspect of it
in every way. It's important because you have co reach
our co chem, make sure char everybody ca n hear and
see what you're doing. The beauty of the cheat re is
that every single performance is utterly differenr from
every other one.
Interviewer How do you motivate yourself co play the
same character again night after night?
Simon I think as you gee older you realize chat, um,
you never gee it right, I, 1mean I've, l 've probably
about ha lf a dozen times in my 40 years of acting have
thought well that was a really good performance, er,
but it can always be better. And so one goes to the
theatre every day hoping chat it will be in someway
better, er, er, you know there is always the possibility
you might get it right, I mean you never do, you never
can.
Interviewer So what for you is the ma in difference
with film acting?
Simon Er, in movies or, or television film which is
what al most all television is nowadays um, a lot
of those responsibilities are, lie with the Director
and the Editor. And having directed a film myselfl
know perfectly well that you can make a sad scene
fu nny, you can make a slow scene fast, er, er, in the
editing suite, it's, it's an astonishing, er, power char
a Director and Editor have. Um, er, you can make a
character seem stupid just by editing them a certain
way or make them seem brill iant by editing them in
a different way. So in that sense the acror is rather
powerless.
Interviewer Anything else?
Simon T he ocher thing that 's very hard about acting
on film is rhar hilariously it's regarded as a sort of
naturalistic medium but in no sense is it that for the
acror, because you're, you're, you know, first of all
there are some little metal objects right in front of
you, sort of, staring at you as you're doing your love
scene or whatever else it might be.
26 >))
Part3
Interviewer Do you enjoy watching other acrors
acting?
Simon I love watching other acrors acting, I've been
obsessed by acting since I was a child and I'm a great
connoisseur ofir and! think I'm quire a good judge of
it, and so I adore watching other actors work when it's
good, when it's not it's a great pain co me.
128 Listening
Inte rviewer Who were the fi rst great actors you saw?
Simon As a young man , and a boy, I was extraordinarily
lucky to see that fabled generation of actors, of,
of Gielgu d and Richa rdson, Olivier, Edith Evans,
Peggy Ashcroft, people now, almost all completely
forgotten. Er, er, er even if they made movies it's
unlikely that people of a younger generation know
who they are, but, but er, when, when they were alive
and kicking and, er doing their extraordina ry work on
stage it, it, it was something quire, quire remarkable,
I mean it was, it was the sort of thing that nobody
attempts any more.
Interviewer Do a ny modern acrors come close co rhar
golden generation?
S imon In movies, not always but, bur someti mes Daniel
Day Lewis does, er, I thi nk probably approach a role in
the way a lot of them might have approached it.
Interviewer ls there anythi ng you don't like about
acting?
Simon I don't much like wearing make up, I swear a lot,
it comes off, it's uncom fo rtable, its sticky, and I do
everything I can to avoid wearing make up.
Interviewer D o you still get stage fright?
Simon I don't get stage fright but I do get self conscious
and I hate that and I wish I didn't, particularly at
events like fi rst nigh rs, because I don't know how it's
impossible to ignore the fact that there are at least 100
people sitting out there judging you, you know, [think
almost all actors feel tremendous longing for the first
night to be over, but it has co happen, it's like a sort of
operation, it's, you know it's got co happen, it's going
co hurt but you will feel better afterwards.
28 >))
Interviewer What actors do you particularly enjoy
watching?
Nathan Err, Kevin Spacey, um, Robert De Niro, Matt
Smith, um, Olivia Colman, um, Jodie Foster.
Interviewer Why do you like them?
Nathan I think , well there's two things with actors, one
is the ability to take on another character and perform
it outside of themselves but also I think you tend to
find that, that actors who are that famo us have some
sort o f star quality, for want of a better expression, a
pull towards them, like great sport stars.
Interviewer Which performances particularly?
Nathan Ow, um , err, well Robert De iro in Taxi
Driver is something co be beheld, um, I've seen Kevin
Spacey a few times on stage a nd he's been incredibly
impressive, um, so, yeah.
Interviewer What acrors do you particularly enjoy
watching?
Sean I don't really have a favou rite acror I don't think,
but, um, I always enjoy watching Roberr De iro.
Interviewer Why do you like him?
Sean I think he just has an intensity, and a presence
that makes you want to watch him, makes you want
co ch ink about why he's doing what he's doing, I think
even if it's something quire silly, um, it's srill always
interesting co watch.
Interviewer What performance of his do you
particularly enjoy?
Sean I think my favourite film and my favourite
performance of all time is The Deer Hunter.
Interviewer What actors do you particularly enjoy
watching?
Jo 'I really like Judi Dench and I also like Russell Crowe.
Interviewer Why do you like them? What is it about
chem that you like?
Jo Um, I think they show a lot of emotion when they're
acting.
Interviewer What roles in particular do you enjoy
watching them in?
Jo Um, I like Judi Dench in her role, um, in the Bond
films and I really enjoyed, um, Russell Crowe in
Gladiator.
Interviewe r What acto rs do you particularly enjoy
watching?
Mairi U m, Audrey Hepburn and Natalie Portman.
Interviewer Why do you like them ?
Mairi Urn, I like Audrey Hepburn because I th ink
she was very genuine and I feel like she put her
hea rt into everything, I especia lly like watching
films where she dances because she looks very
happy. Um, I like aralie Portman because, um, I
feel like she is a very good actor, um, I don't think
'oh that's Natalie Portman in a film ' 1th ink 'Oh
th at's, that's a character' and I like that she does
di ff, a lo t of different characters, um, a nd doesn't
just stick to the sa me kind of film a ll the t ime.
Interviewer Which of their performances d id you
particularly enjoy?
Mairi Um, for Audrey Hepburn I like, err, her
performance in Fu1111y Face and for Natalie Portman I
like Back ... Black Swan .
30 >))
Presenter So, welcome to the programme, Danny.
Now you're an ex-burglar yourself so you ca n
obviously give us the inside story here. Tell me, how
long does a burglar usually take co burgle a house?
Danny I'd say that an experienced burglar would never
spend more than 20 minutes in a house. 1\venty
minutes maximum and then out.
Presenter And how much would they probably cake in
that time?
Danny Maybe 2,000 or 3,000 quid's worth of goods. It
depends on the house.
Presenter And what are rhe favourite things for
burglars ro steal?
Danny Well, these days they're usually looking for
things like laptops and tablets. They're easy co sell,
you see, and not so easy for the owner to identify if,
you, if the burglar lacer gets caught.
Presenter W hat one thing would be likely to srop a
burglar from breaking into a house?
Danny l 'd say defrnitely a dog, especially a noisy
one. Burglars don't like dogs because they're
unpredictable.
Presenter Wbar kind of things would actually make a
burglar choose a pa rticular house co break into?
Danny Well it's got co look like a house where there'll be
things worth taking, so a burglar will normally go for
a house that looks quite expensive, in a good area. And
they'll also often choose a house where there are trees
or bushes outside which are good places to hide while
they're watch ing rhe house before they break in-and
also where they could hide when they come out of the
house. T hat way there's less chance of neighbours
seeing them. And, obviously, they'll normally wait for
the house co be empty before they break in.
Presenter So a burglar wouldn't break in if they
thought the owners were at home?
D a nny Noc usually, no, though there are some burglars
who actually prefer it if the owners are at home in bed.
T hat way they won't get sur prised by chem suddenly
coming home when they're in the middle of things.
Presenter Oh, not a very nice thought. What's the most
common time of day for a burglar co break into your
house?
Danny People always think ofburglars as working
at night, and of course some do but the majority of
burglaries happen between around 10.00 in the
morning and lunchtime. A burglar will watd1 a house
and then wait for the adults to go to work and the kids go
co school and then he can be sure the house is empty.
Presenter What's the easiest way for a burglar co break
into a house?
Danny The easiest way is just caking out a window or a
patio door, usually at the back of the house. You can
do tliis really quickly and it doesn't make much noise
if you've got good equ ipment, which a serious burglar
would usually have.
Presenter And finally what's the safest room co hide
your valuables in? What's the last place a burglar
would look?
Danny There's a typical order burglars use when they
search a house. They start with the main bedroom,
because that's often where people leave their
valuables, and then the living room. Um, after that
probably the dining room if there is one, the study,
and then the kitchen. The last place would probably
be a kid's bedroom. You wouldn't normally expect co
find anything worth taking there.
Presenter So a child's bedroom is the best place co hide
things?
Danny Well, in theory, though of course if any burglars
out there have been listening co this programme, they
might start looking there fi rst ...
35 >))
And last on our crime news srories from round the
world, a burglar who's been fooling even the most
intelligent students. T he area between Broadway and 9th
Street in New York is where srudenrs often head ro when
chey're looking for a flat share. This was something well
known to Daniel Scewart Cooper, who also knew chac
scudencs in a shared house ofcengo ouc and leave che
door unlocked, maybe thinking that anocher flacmate
is still inside. This sicuacion suiced Cooper perfeccly,
and he is choughc to have commicced becween SO and
100 burglaries in cbe area. le is beljeved chac he was
mainly inceresced in finding drugs, but thac ifhe found
eleccronics or ocher gad gees lying around, he took
chose, too. And he didn't jusc sceal things. Cooper is
also said to have made himself at home in the houses,
helping himself to food from the fridge and even having
a shower. Although he normally rried to make sure thac
the residents were our, ifhe did meet people, it's thought
that he would pretend to know someone there, and so
was able to leave without raising s uspicions.
However on September 5th, Cooper was finally
caught after cwo studencs saw him in che area wich a
laptop and a backpack which he had jusc stolen from their
house. Dylan John, one of the viccims, told CBS news
that Cooper had taken some food, too. Cooper, who ran
off as soon as he realized char the students suspected
him, was found by the police hiding behfod some nearby
bushes.
38 >))
And for our last story today, have yo u ever wondered
what would it be like to be eaten by a tiger? Well, now
we know, thanks to Soundari, a seven-year-old Siberian
tiger living ac Longleat Safari Park in Wiltshire. Last
week when it snowed, the animal keepers decided to
build some snowmen, to encercain che tigers, and chey
hid a tiny video camera inside one of the snowmen to
film rhe tigers' reactions. At first, the cigers just sniffed
at the snowman, but then one of them, called Soundari,
began accacking che snowman and starced to ear it and
the camera. However she didn'c like the caste of che
camera, so after a while she spat it ouc. Amazingly,
the camera had never stopped recording, and was scill
working when the animal keepers recovered ic. The film
that the hidden camera had taken was incredible. For
the first rime you cou ld feel what it would be like to be
attacked by a tiger, and see ics open mouch coming at
you and see its enormous razor sharp teeth and its rough
tongue. [n fact a spokesman for the safari park said that
the shots ofSoundari's teeth were so clear chat it gave
them che opportunity to have a quick health check on her
mouth, gums, and teeth!
46 >))
Interviewer Brad Picc said recently, 'They call my kids
by cheir names. They shove cameras in cheir faces.
f really believe chere should be a law against ic.' He
was cal king, of course, abouc paparazzi. Bue are che
paparazzi really as bad as Brad Picc says chey are?
Today in che studio wich me is Jen nifer Buhl, who is an
actual - is ic paparazzi or paparazzo?
Jennifer Buhl Paparazzo for a man, paparazza for a
woman. Paparazzi is the plural.
Interviewer So Jennifer are you good, bad, or in
between?
Jennifer Well, I think I'm a good girl. But some people
would probably nor like me.
Interviewer A lot of people say there's a working
relacionsbip becween celebricies and paparazzi.
Would you say chac was crue? Thac celebrities accually
cell you where chey're going to be?
Jennifer Yes, of course. Thac happens all che time. Bue
I think cha e's whac a lot of cbe public doesn'c realize.
You know, people shout at us and insult us when
chere's a big crowd of us around, let's say, Bricney
Spears or Lindsay Lohan. I just wane to cell chem that
chey called us. And, after we've sold the photos, we
split the money between the stars and us.
Interviewer I've ofcen choughc that must be true.
I mean, nobody just goes to the gym with cheir
hair done and make-up on unless they're actually
expeccing to be photographed.
Jennifer Exaccly. But don't gee me wrong, it's noc like all
the celebrities wane to be photographed. If a celebricy
wanes to go ouc and avoid the paparazzi, ic's preccy
easy to do. Celebrities that don't like ic rarely gee
phocographed, they very rarely get photographed.
Interviewer Give me some example of celebrities who
genuinely don'c wane to be photographed? Like, who
really haces ic?
Jennifer Julia Robercs hates ic. Kace Bosworch hates ic.
Interviewer A re photos of them worth more money if
chey hare it?
Jennifer le depends. No, noc necessarily. Because chey
don'c gee photographed often, chen nobody sees them
in magazines, and they lose interest in them. Because
they become boring.
Interviewer Wbac shot have you caken chat you goc cbe
mosc money for?
Jennifer Probably one of the shoes chac sold the besc,
cbac I didn'c expecc, didn't even know, was Paris
Hilton carrying che Bible righc before she wenc to jail.
There were lots of paparazzi there but I was rhe only
one that got the Bible.
Interviewer Do you chink we need scricter laws to keep
paparazzi away?
Jennifer There are a lready enough laws. We don'c need
more laws, or anti- paparazzi laws or anything else.
There are places where celebricies can go to where
chey know chey won't be followed , and places where
chey know chey will be.
Interviewer For example?
Jennifer We don't go into rescaurancs, we don't go into
stores, and of course we don'c go into people's homes.
Thac's privace propercy. Bue a beach or a park isn't.
Interviewer So you don'c chink chac being followed and
photographed by the paparazzi is really stressful for
celebricies?
Jennifer f chink there are only a few people for whom
it's really and cruly stressful. I'd say chat in rnosc cases
the scar noc only doesn't mind, but has actually told
the paparazzi, 'This is where I'm going to be this
afternoon.'
Interviewer Fascinating. Thank you very much for
corning in to cbe studio. Jennifer Buhl everybody!
5 2 >))
The first point co bear in mind is thac nothing, but
noching, is ever free. How often have you seen adverts
saying things like 'Gee a free mp3 player when you
subscribe to our magazine for six months'. There's
something abouc che word 'free' that immediacely
acrracts us- I wane it! It makes us feel clever, as if we're
going to gecsomeching for noching. Bue, of course, thac
mp3 player (which, incidentally, will probably break
the second cirne you use ic) wasn't free ac all. In spice of
whac che adverc said, ics price was really included in cbe
magazine subscripcion. So don'c cruse any adverc which
offers someching for free .
A second crick which advertisers use is when they rell
us, 'There are only a few left! Buy now while stocks lase!'
Whac happens to us when we read or hear chese words?
Even cbougb we don'c really need che produces, and
maybe don'c even like chem, we imrnediacely want to be
among the lucky few who have chem. Bue - lee's be clear
abouc chis-companies jusc don'r run ouc of produces. Do
you really chink che manufacturers couldn'c produce a
few more, if cbey choughc chey could sell them? Of course
they could.
When ir comes to new produces we, che consumers,
are like sheep and we follow each ocher. So anocher
way advertisers have of geccing us to use someching
is to cell us, 'Everybody's using ir'. And of course,
we chink everybody can'c be wrong, so che produce
muse be fanrastic. So as to make us believe it, cbey use
expressions like, ·re's a muse-have' or 'lc's che inching',
and they combine chis wich a photograph of a large group
of people, so tbac we can'r fail to gee cbe message. But
don't be fooled. Even ific everybody is using ic (and chey
may noc be), everybody can be wrong.
Anocher favourice message is ' You, too, can look
like chis', accompanied by a photo of a fabulous-looking
man or woman. Bue rhe problem is, you can'c look like
chis because accually the woman or man in che photo is a
model and also because he or she doesn'c really look like
chac, eicher. The photo has been airbrushed in order to
make the models look even slimmer, wich perfecc skin,
and even more accraccive chan chey are in rea l life.
Finally, whac most annoys me is, 'Trusc me, I'm a
doccor' or 'Trust me, I'm a celebricy'. The idea is that
if a celebricy i.s using the product, it muse be fantascic,
or if a doctor recommends ic, ic muse really work. Bue
be careful. Alcbough che accress is holding che produce
in che photo, do you really think she colours her hair
wich ic at home? And che doctor in the advert, is he
really a doctor or just an actor wearing a wbice coac?
Adverts also ofcen mention a parcicular organizacion
which recommends cheir produce- for example
things like, 'Our dog biscuics are recommended by che
lncernacional Associacion of Dog Nucritioniscs' -well,
rhac's probably an organization which che company sec
up chernselves. Or, 'A recent independenc study found
chac our toochpasce cleans your ceecb beccer chan any
ocher brand'. Whac scudy was ic? Who commissioned che
srudy? Ir was probably produced for the company icself,
and paid for by chem, too.
5 6 >))
When Paul Feldman scarced his business, you know,
he really choughc cbac ac lease 95 per cent of the people
would pay for cheir bagels. This was presumably because
thac was che payment race cbac he got in his ow n office.
Bue, in face, chis race wasn'c represencacive ac all. I mean,
in his office, most people paid probably just because
Feldman worked chere himself, and chey knew him
personally, and probably liked him.
So when Feldman sold his bagels in ocher offices,
he had to accepc less. After a while, he considered
chac a company was ' honest' if over 90 per cent of che
people paid. Between 80 and 90 per cent was what he
considered to be normal, you know, che average race.
He didn'c like it, bur he had to accepc ic. le was on ly if a
company habitually paid less chan 80 per cent-which
luckily noc many did-cbac he would feel be had to do
something. Firsc be would leave a noce, sort of giving
chem a warning, and then, if things didn'c improve, he
would simply stop selling there. Jncerescingly, since he
sea reed che business, che boxes he leaves to collect che
cash have hardly ever been stolen. Obviously in che mind
of an office worker, co sceal a bagel isn'c a crime, but to
sreal che money box is.
So, whacdoes che bagel daca cell us about che kind
of offices chac were noc honesc, che ones rhat didn't pay?
Well, firsc of all, it shows cbac smaller offices are more
honesc cban big ones. An office wich 20 to 30 employees
generally pays chree to five per cent more chan an office
wich cwo to chree hundred employees. This seems co
be because in a smaller community people are more
worried about being dishonest- probably because they
would feel worse if they were caughc.
The bagel daca also suggescs chac your mood, how
you feel, affeccs how bonesc you are. For example, che
weacber is a really important factor. When cbe weacher
is unusually good, more people pay, but if ic's unusually
cold or rainy, fewer people pay. And people are also
affecced by public holidays, buc in different ways-ic
depe11ds which public holiday. Before Christmas and
Thanksgiving, people are less bonesc, buc just before the
4th of July and Labour Day they are more honesc. This
seems to be because holidays like the 4ch of July are jusc
a day off work, and people always look forward to them.
But Chrisrmas and Thanksgiving are holidays where
people ofren feel quice scressed or miserable. So their bad
mood makes chem less honest.
The other thing Feldman believes affects how honest
people are is cbe morale in an office. When employees
like cheir boss and like cheir job, chen che office is
more honest. He also thinks chat the higher people
are promoced, che less honesc they are. He reached
chis conclusion because, over several years, he'd been
delivering chree baskecs of bagels to a company chac was
on chree floors. The cop floor was the executive floor,
and che lower cwo floors were people who worked in
sales, and service, and adminiscracive employees. Well,
ic turned our chac che least honesc floor was che execucive
floor! le makes you wonder whee her maybe chese guys
goc to be executives because chey were good ac cheacing!
Bue in general che story of Feldman's bagel business
is a really posicive one. !e's crue thac some people do sceal
from him, but the vase majority, even chough no one is
wacching them, are bonesc.
5 17 >))
I So, Miles, you're going to cell us abouc your top five
cities.
M Yes. le was a difficulc quescion for me because, of
course, as a crave) wricer I've been co so many places.
Bue, in che end, I decided chat if( was making a
personal choice, chey had to be cicies thac meant
someching co me personally, char had a perso11al
conneccion. So, cbese aren'r necessarily big tourisc
cities, chough some of chem are, but che cicies thac
are my own personal top five. Incidencally, these five
aren'c in any parcicular order.
I So, whac's che firsc one in your top five?
M Well, che firsc one is Sydney. The personal
conneccion is chac my son and his family live chere,
so of course my wife and I have been chere quice ofren
a nd goc to know ic well. Of course, chere are locs of
amazing chin gs abouc Sydney. For one ching ic's a
wacerfronc cicy, ic has the sea all around ic; chere's
Listening 129
 wonderful surfing on Bondi beach and plenty of
grear lirrle bays for sunbathing and swimming. Ir's
also a very cosmopolitan city. Sydneysiders - which
is whar people from Sydney are called -come from
all corners of the world , so for example the choice
of places ro eat is endless. You can find everything
from simple soup kitchens ro elegant, world-
class restau rants so you can choose to ear Thai,
Vietnamese, Greek, Italian and many, many other
kinds of cuisine.
I And your second city?
M My wife and I spent our honeymoon in Edinburgh
so it's always been a specia l place for me. But I think
it's especially exciting during the Festival, which
happens every August. Of course, there's a fantastic
programme o f music, and dance, a nd t he arts. But
what gives the city a special buzz during rhe festival
is ' the Fringe'. The Fringe is a massive alternative
festival, and ir has literally hundreds of events-
comedy, theatre, amateur student groups, s treet
enterta iners. And, of course, the pubs stay open until
much later than usual during the Festival and that
adds ro the atmosphere roo. However, it's really hard
ro get accom modation during the Festiva l so you
need to book well in advance.
I must say, I've never been to the festival, though I've
often thought about going. Next year I must really rry
roger there. What about your third city?
M My third city is Cairo. We lived there for five years in
the 70s and both our sons were born there, beside the
River Nile. People always associate Ca iro with the
Pyramids, and of course they are amazing, bur for
me the best thing about it is rhe museums, which are
absolutely fantasric. The Egyptian Museum has the
world's largest and best collection from Pharaonic
times. Then the Coptic museum, which is in the
suburb of Al Fusrar has the best of Egypt's Christian
culture. And rhe Museum of Islamic Art has a whole
lor of exquis ite pieces from Muslim times. So if
you're someone who likes museums and antiquities,
my advice is go to Cairo.
I must say that I have been ro Cairo and I completely
agree with you. And your next one?
M For my next one we're back in Europe in Italy. I've
chosen Lucca, in Tuscany. Tuscany's two major tourist
towns, Florence and Pisa, are absolutely jam-packed
with tourists all year round, but most of them never
get ro Lucca. You can only really explore iron foot,
which is the way I like ro move around a town, and in
about a n hou r you ca n do rhe four-kilometre circuit
all around its Renaissance town walls. These walls are
amazing- they're completely intact, and you can peer
into people's living rooms as you walk past. Or you can
walk from one end of rhe town to the other along Via
Fi llungo. Also, Lucca is the birthplace of Puccini, who's
one of my all-rime favourite composers. He played the
organ ofthe town's magnificent cathed ral when he was
a young man, and there's a wonderful open-air festival
every year where they perform his operas at a place
called Torre del Lago, which is just nearby.
I And yourlasrciry?
M My last city is one rhar nor many people have been
to-it's nor on the usual tourist route. I'd just finished
university and I was curious about rhe wider world ,
so I went to Laos in South East Asia. Laos and its
capital, Vientia ne, were my first ex perience ofliving
and working outside western Europe. T he Laotians
are a lovely, gentle, laid-back people. They taught me
to relax. And they showed me how it's quire possible
to be happy with very little money. The scenery is
s pectacular, roo. T he impressive Mekong River
fl ows far away over the sands in the dry season and
s peeds by the city like a wide, rushing tor rent once
the rainy season begins. l remember looking dow n
on it from one of the restaurants along its banks, and
feeling that it was sweeping away all my troubles.
1>))
Par t 1
Inter viewer What first drew you to advertising as a
ca reer choice?
George What drew me ro advertising was actua lly, in
a weird way, I had no choice, I'm a t hird generation
advertising guy. My fa ther's brother, my uncle, who
was 15 years older than he, was in advertising believe
ir or not in the 1940s in Philadelphia. My fa ther kind
of took the bato n from him and was in advertising and
I grew up with it, so I' ve been making a living in the
business since 1984. It's a long time. It's 30 years.
130 Listening
Interviewer Do you still remember any commercials
from your childhood?
George I remember a lot of commercials, you know,
growing up in an advertising household as we djd, TV
was more of a social event in those days. There wasn't
a TV in every room like the family would gather ro
watch television. And we were told not to talk during
the commercials, we could ta lk during rhe shows, so
I grew up kind of watching commercials. I remember
a lot of commercials. I bet you most people of my
generation would remember a lot of, I feel kind of
guilty saying this because they are usually decried as
nor very creative, bur [remember a lot of ji ngles.
Interviewer What do you think makes jingles
memorable?
George Among purists in rhe field jingles are, you know,
laughed at, scoffed at, bur God you remember them. You
know rhey, what do they call them, ear worms? They get
into your head a nd you can't get rhem out somerimes
and you add rhar to almost everyday exposu re six rimes
a day, it's going ro get in there. I can do, there was a, you
know, there was a, there was a, I could sing one for you,
there was a kids hot cereal, a hot cereal for children
called H. 0. Farina and it was an animated cartoon, it
was very rudimentary. It you saw it today you wouldn't
believe it was a nationally broadcast carrooa and it was
a little story of Willie and Wilhelmina and Willie trips
on a rock and he goes, 'Every day I trip over that rock
Wilhelmina.' And she says, 'Move it Willie.' And he
says, 'Can't, too big.' And I bet you I'm getting this word
for word ifyou could find ir. And she says. ' I will.' And
he says, 'Huh, you're a girl.' And she picks it up and t hen
the jingle comes up and it goes 'Strong Wilhelmina eats
her Farina.' Like I said, I probably heard rhat 500 rimes,
maybe more, when I was growing up because ir was very
weekend for about eight years.
5 22 >))
Part2
Interviewer Whar elements of a commercial are rhe
most important?
George To me a commercial basically is built in three
parts. If you think of it as a pyramid , the top part of
rhe pyramid I would say is impact. I have ro intrude
upon your li fe because you are probably working on
your computer while you're watching TV or you're
doing something, and when I'm talking about a TV
commercia l it's the same for a web ad or an app. So
you have to get impact, you have to intrude, you have
to kind of knock on the door. T he second thing is
communication, what do you want the person to
know. And, and, that needs to be clear a nd precise.
And the third thing is the hardest, it's persuasion
because ultimately you are running a commercial ro
get people ro do something, so it's that amalgamation.
Another way of talking about it-and chis is old school
- bur there's an acronym that probably comes from
the Mad Men era that is called AIDA, you know like
the opera: Attention, lnreresr, D esire, Action .
Interviewer How do you feel about using celebrities to
sell things?
George Sometimes it's a short, using a celebrity is a
short cur ro intrusion because people pay arrearioa
to celebrities. Hopefully, it's a celebrity that has some
bearing on the brand. I don't think, ifl was working
on a depilatory, I would want to use Tommy Lee Jones,
that would just be gross. Bur you know if you fi nd the
right person, they can have special meaning, I chink,
and we do live in a celebrity culture, and people, you
know their ears perk up when they see a celebrity.
So, if you go back ro the pyramid I drew, it's a way of
getting impact. I'm not a giant fan ofir, but sometimes
you do things you're not a giant fan of.
Interviewer On your website you say, ' I can make
people laugh.' How important is humour in
advertising?
George I tend nor robe funny in TV com mercials, I'm
just, partly because I am a kind of cerebral guy and I
wind up having rouse that more than humour, but I
think humour is incredibly important in the business
and a lot of the commercials that really resonate with
people I thi nk a re funny, a lot of the movies, a [or of
everything, you know.
§>23 >))
Part3
Interviewer With all rhe technology, viral adverrising,
etc, do you think billboards and TV commercials have
had their day?
George Have billboards and TV commercials had their
day? You know what, I don't think so. I mean, I can tell
you empirically a nd I can tell you rationally that 753
of all media dollars is spent on broadcast, a nd I know
it's current to say, 'I don't have a TV,' or'[ never watch
TV.' Bur, rhe fact is, TV viewership is at an all-rime
high. So I don't think TV is dead and I don't think
billboards will be, you know, something as kind of
passe as a billboard will be dead as long as, like, the
h ighways are crowded, because you've got a captive
audience, and unril we can kind of pixilise ourselves
and beam ourselves ro work , I think t here will be
billboa rds. They can be effective.
Interviewer As a consumer, and obviously as an
advertiser. does advertising influence the decisions
you make?
George Yes, you know, I'm very, I'm very susceptible to
advertising. I think because I tend to notice it. You know,
I think I am very sensitive ro, I think I'm very sensitive
to stuff that isn't true. But when I see something that's
well crafted and appeals, I think to both my head and my
heart, I chink I register those things
Interviewer ls there an existi ng advertising campaign
you wish you'd come up wi th, and why do you chink it
is so effective?
George Is there an existing advertising campa ign?
Yes, rhar I wish I did? There's a few. I t hink t he stuff
that is being done for Nike just in general for 30 years
has been exemplary, you know. They rapped into a
mind-set, and they made everyone feel like they were
at hletic, and they beca me kind of the gold standard,
and they rarely hit a false note. The sa me thing with
Apple, though people are just stressed in the industry
about rhe latest direction Apple has been taking,
which seems less sincere.
Interviewer Why do you think t he Apple campaign is
so effective?
George You know Apple rook ... I think Apple is effective
because they looked at an industry and they said, 'Here's
what's wrong with the industry and everything that
industry does we're goi ng ro do differently.' So, that
industry for years and years and years and years was
talking about speeds and feeds, and they were talking
about 697 megahertz and 4 megabytes of RAM or
gigabytes of RAM, or whatever it is, and Apple just said,
'Ir works.' And what they did was ro say, ' You want to be
creative? This machine makes you creative.' And they
simplified, they simplified, and they were compelling,
and they never lied, yeah.
5 S>))
Interviewer D o you think you're influenced by
advertising campa ig ns?
Jeanine Most defi n itely.
Interviewer ls there a ny product chat shouldn't be
advertised, in your o pinion?
Jeanine Alcohol and ju nk food to children.
Interviewer Why s hou ld those ads be banned ?
Jeanine Because it's promotin g something that 's
unhealthy a nd that, especially junk food for
children, when they see it they're very susceptible
ro the adverts and th en they wa nr it immediately
and it's a problem.
In terviewer D o you think you're influenced by
advertising campa ign s?
Dustin I am s u re I am, proba bly not con sciously but
I a m sure subconsciously.
Interviewer ls there any product chat shouldn't be
advertised, in you r o p inion? Why sho uld those ad
be banned?
Dustin I m ean I, I do n't care for, for cigarette ad s
or a lcohol ad s, bur s hould they be ad ... , or s hould
rhey not be advertised ? T hat is not a decision I
s ho uld make, so, I do n't t h in k so.
Interviewer D o you think you're influenced by
advertisin g campa ign s?
Elvira I'm not very influenced by ad campa igns, I'm
influenced by reviews.
Interviewer Is th ere any product t hat shouldn' t be
advertised , in you r opinion? Why s ho uld those ad s
be ban ne d?
Elvira The on ly thing that comes co mind that
should be banned from advertisements is, I
think they tend to use the fem a le body, urn ,
inappropriately ro sell t hings and items. T h at 's
pretty m uch the only thing chat I ca n chink of.
Interviewer Do you think you're influe nced by
advertising campaigns?
Ivan I think that everyone is somewhat influenced
by advertising campaigns, even on a minor level.
Interviewer ls the re any product tha t sho uldn't be
advertised, in your opinion? Why should those ad s
be banned?
Ivan Perhaps cigarettes shouldn't be a dvertised
because children, um, probably shouldn't be
seeing them advertised in a cool or exciting
manner.
Interviewer Do you think you 're influenced by
advertising campaigns?
Yasuko l think a lot of people are usually influence d,
you know, a little by advertisement, especially
because we've, there's so much advertisement
on media. And we watch a lot ofTV, you know,
inte rnet. r try not to be, I try to research the
product on my ow n using internet o r whatnot, and
choose the, a nd try to choose the best product. Not
because of the advertisement.
Interviewer ls t he re any product that shouldn' t be
advertised, in your opinion? Why should those ads
b e banned?
Yasuko Advertisements for cigarettes, I think should
be banned. Um, I don't chink there's anything positive
about cigarette smoking, so I think that anything that
causes health issues or bad influences or addiction
should be banned from being on commercials.
7>))
Lee's scare with the first one about the coin. Many people
chink chat a coi n dropped from the top of the Empire
State building, for example, would be travelling so fast
that ifit hit a person on the ground it would kill them.
However this just isn't true. Coins are not aerodynamic
and they are also relatively small and light so, a lthough
a person on the ground would certainly feel che impact,
the coin wouldn't kill him - it wou ldn't even hurt him
very much!
Number two is one of che most popula r scientific
myths, that we o nly use ten per cent of our brains.
Perhaps chis is because people would like co chink
that they could be much mo re intelligent if they were
able to find a way to use the orher 90 per cent! In fact,
neurologists haven't been able to find any area of our
brains which isn't being used for something.
Number three. The dark side of the moon? Well,
that only exists as the title of a Pink Floyd album. People
used to think that there was a side of the moon that was
a lways dark, chat never got the sun, but, of course, that
isn't true. T he sun illuminates every part of the moon
ar some point during the 24-hour cycle. It is true that
there's a side of the moon that we never see, that's to say
we always see the sa me side of the moon, but the other
side isn't always dark.
Now number four, the o ne about rubbe r tyres. A lot
of people think that rubber tyres on a car will protect
you from lightning in the same way that wearing rubber
shoes will protect you from an electric shock. Well, it's
certainly true chat if you're caught in a thunderstorm,
it 's much safer to be inside a ca r tha n outside. But the
ryres have nothing to do with it. When lightning strikes
a ca r, it's actually the car's metal body that protects
the passengers. It acts as a conductor a nd passes the
electrica l current down to the ground.
Num ber five. Poor old Einstein! Over the yea rs he's
often been used as an example to show that you can do
very badly at school and still be very successful in life.
And people have actually sa id that he wasn't very good
at maths or science. But, in fact, records show that the
young Albert, as you would expect, got very high marks
in maths a nd science.
Number six. Antibiotics don't kill viruses. No, they
don't, and it's a waste of time taking them if you have
a virus. Antibiotics help your body to kill bacteria, not
vi ruses. What's more, you ca n't exactly ' kill' a virus at
all , since a virus is not really alive to begin with. Stick
to your doctor's advice a nd on ly take a ntibiotics when
he or she specifically prescr ibes them. T he problem is
that it's often very difficult for a doctor to know ifyou're
s uffering from a virus or from a bacterial infection.
Number seven. I love the idea chat a full moon can
make people go mad, but I chink this is only true for
werewolves. For centuries, nearly all cultures have
attributed special mystical powers to the full moon, and
in fact che English word 'lu natic', which can be used to
describe a mad person, comes from the word 'lunar' -
which means 'to do with the moon'. But, in spite of a Joe
of scientific research, nobody has found any link at all
between the full moon and insanity or crime.
And ftnally, number eight, a re bats really blind?
Most British people probably think that they are,
because we have the expression in English 'as blind as a
bat'. But it's just not true. In fact, bats can see just as well
as humans, even ifchey don't depend on their sight in the
same way. Like dogs, bats rely heavily on other senses
like hearing and smell. They have a very advanced sound-
based system called echolocation, which allows them to
know where they a re when they're flying at night. But
they can certainly see.
6>))
Presenter When Neil Armstrong became the first
man to walk on the Moon on July 20th 1969, a global
audience of 500 million people were watchi ng and
listening. As he climbed down the steps from the
s pacecraft and stepped onto the moon they heard
him say, 'That's one small step for man, one giant
leap for mankind'. le seemed like the perfect quote
for such a mo mentous occasion. But from the
mo ment he said it, people have argued about whether
Armstrong got his lines wrong and made a mistake.
James, tell us about it.
James Well, Armstrong always said that he wrote those
words himself, which became some of the most
famous and memorable words in history, during
the time between landing on che moon and actually
stepping out of the capsule onto the moon. T hat was
nearly seven hours.
Presenter And so what is the controversy about what
Armstrong sa id when he stepped down che ladder
onto the moon?
James The question is, did he say, 'one small step for
man' or 'one small step for a man'? T hat's to say
did he use the indefinite article or not? Lt's just a
litcle word but there's a big difference in meaning.
Armstrong always insisted that he wrote 'one small
step for a man, one giant leap for mankind ,' Of
course this wou ld have been a meaningful sentence.
If you say 'a ma n' then it clearly means that this was
one sma ll step for an ind ividual man, i.e. himself,
but one giant leap for mankind, that's to say, men
a nd women in general. But what everybody acrually
heard was, 'One small step for man, one giant leap
for mankind', with no indefinite article, and that
sentence mea ns, 'O ne small step for people in
general, one giant leap for people in general.' And
that doesn't rea lly maJce sense.
Presenter So, did he just get the line wrong when he
said it?
James Well , Armstrong himself was never sure ifhe
actually said what he wrote. Jn his biography Fim
Man he told the author James Hansen, ' I muse ad mit
that it doesn't sound like the word 'a' is there. On the
other band, certainly che 'a' was intended, because
that's che only way it makes sense.' He a lways
regretted that there had been so much confusion
about it. But, almost four decades later, Armstrong
was proved to be right. Peter Shann Ford, an
Australian computer expert, used very hi-tech sound
techniques to ana lyse his sentence and he discovered
that the 'a' was said by A rm strong. It's just that he sa id
it so qu ick ly that you couldn't hea r it on the recording
which was broadcast to the world on 20th July 1969.
Presenter Was Armstrong relieved to hear this?
James Yes, he was. I think it meant a lot to him to know
that he didn't make a mistake.
5 l >))
[was doing a tour of Asia where I was giving a
presentation about database programs. I assumed
the aud iences would understand Engli h -rhe
organizers knew that I couldn't spea k C hinese - and
I knew they would be fami liar with the, um, with the
technical language ofche products I was goi ng to talk
about, which were dbase and Clipper.
Well, fo r mosc of the tour che cal ks seemed to
go extremely well; rhere were big audiences and the
venues were great. T he questions I was asked by rhe
audience at the end of the ralks showed thac, um,
everyone had rea lly under rood what I was sayin g.
When we arrived in the penultim ate city, whose
name I'm not going to mention. I scarred my session
as I, as I usually did with a few questions co get to
know something about the audience. So, first I asked
them "How many of you use dbase?" I raised my own
hand, because I use it myself and pretty much the
whole audience raised their hands. So then I asked,
' How many ofyou here use C lipper?' And, once
agai n, nearly I 00 per cent of the audience raised their
hands. This was, um, this was extremely unusual-
in fact almost impossible. With a sinking feeling I
then asked chem, ' How many of you want to be an
astronaut?' and I watched as everyone's hands went
up. I might as well have been speaking to a group of
aliens-as it turned out most of che audience spoke
C hinese, and only C hinese. But I could see that
two or three people in the audience spoke English ,
because they were practically rolling on the floor
laughing.
2 I was giving a talk in Hungary co a group of about
200 English teachers. I got to the place where I was
giving the talk a bit late, only about ten minutes
before I was supposed to start. I rushed to the room,
and saw chat everything was set up and most of
the audience were a lready waiting and Ltold the
orga nisers that I just needed to quickly go co the
toilet and then I would start. They pointed me in the
right direction but, when I got to the toilets, I saw
that there were two doors with words on them in
Hungarian but no signs. I looked at the words and
decided thac one of them must be che men's coiler a nd
I went in and went into a cubicle. Suddenly I heard
voices of other people coming in - but, to my horror,
they were women's voices, and I realized that I had
guessed wrongly and had gone into the women's
coilecs. I guessed that these women must be teachers
coming to my talk, so there was no way I could open
the door and come out. I waited and waited, getting
more and more stressed by the minute and worrying
about being late to start my talk. After about five
minutes or so, everything went quiet and I was
able to rush ou t and go back to the room where the
audience was waiting for me to start as it was a lready
five minutes past the start time. T hank Goodness
nobody saw me ...
3 My first ever presentation was at a con ference for
English teachers in Spain in about 1988. I wanted to
show the audience some good ideas for using video
in the classroom. I explained one of the ideas and
then I went to turn on the video player and nothing
happened ... and then agai n ... noching ... and again.
By this time I was so stressed and annoyed that in
che end I said, 'OK , if it doesn't work this time, I'm
leaving', a nd I really mea nt it. Amazi ngly, almost as if
it had heard me, it worked. I never forgot that talk and
it caught me to never rely I 00 per cent o n technology
in a presentation.
4 Some years ago. I had to do a presentation to a group
of construction workers about health and safety at
work. When I was getting dressed chat morning I put
on a silk skirt, and as I was doing it up, the button at
the waist broke. I didn't bother to change, because
the skirt had a zip and anyway I was in a hurry.
During the presentation, as I walked backwards
and forwa rds across che stage, I s tarted to feel
something silky hit the back of my ankles. My skirt
was falling down! T he audience was absolutely
entranced - and not by what I was saying. I quickly
pulled it up and said, 'Now that I have your
attention .. .'. T he audience roared with laughter, and
one of them shouted ouc, 'I thought that was part
ofyour presentation!' I felt terribly embarrassed,
and I cou ld hear my mother's voice in my ear saying,
'You should always wea r nice underwear, in case
you a re ever in an accident.' I managed to fin ish my
presentation and I rushed outside and scarred to
shake. That audience may never remember a thing I
said, buc I'm sure they won't forge t me.
Listening 131
 6A
gerunds and infinitives verbs that can be followed by either gerund or
infinitive with to
verbs followed by the gerund and verbs followed by the infinitive
1 I enjoy listening to music. I couldn't help laughing. 3 37 l)) 1 It started to rain. It started raining. 3 38 l))
2 I want to speak to you . They can't afford to buy a new car. 2 Remember to lock the door.
3 It might rain tonight. I'd rather eat in than go out tonight. I remember going to Venice as a child.
Sorry, I forgot to do it.
When one verb follows another, the first verb determines the form of the I'll never forget seeing the Taj Mahal.
second. This can be the gerund (verb + -inB) or the infinitive (with or without to). I tried to open the window.
1 Use the gerund after certain verbs and expressions, e.g. enjoy, can't help. Try calling Miriam on her mobile.
You need to cle an the car.
• When a phrasal verb is followed by another verb, the verb is the gerund,
The car needs cleaning.
e.g. carry on, keep on, Bive up, lookforward to, etc.
2 Use the infinitive (with to) after certain verbs and expressions, e.g.
1 Some verbs can be followed by the gerund or
want, afford.
infinitive (with to) with no difference in
3 Use the infinitive (without to) after modal verbs and some expressions, meaning. The most common verbs like this are
e.g. miBht, would rather, and after the verbs make and let. start, beBin, and continue.
• In the passive, make is followed by the infinitive with to. Compare My 2 Some verbs can be followed by the gerund or
boss makes us work hard. At school we were made to wear a uniform.
infinitive (with to) with a change of meaning.
)ii- p.164 Appendix Verb patterns: verbs followed by the gerund or infinitive - remember + infinitive =you remember first,
then you do something. Remember + gerund =
p like, love, hate, and prefer you do something then you remember it.
- forBet + infinitive = you didn't remember to do
like, love, hate, and prefer are usually used with the gerund in British
English but can also be used with the infinitive. something.
We tend to use the gerund when we talk generally and the infinitive forBet +gerund= You did something and
when we talk specifically e.g. you won't forget it. It is more common in the
I like swimming (general) negative.
I like to swim first thing in the morning when there aren't many - try + infinitive =make an effort to do
people there (specific)
something.
I prefer cycling to driving (general)
try + gerund = experiment to see if something
You don't need to give me a lift to the station. I prefer to walk (specific)
works.
When like, love, hate, and prefer are used with would, they are always
followed by to+ infinitive, e.g. I'd prefer to stay at home tonight, I'd - need+ gerund is a passive construction, e.g.
love to come with you. needs cleaninB = needs to be cleaned NOT nttttr
to cleaii.

a Complete with a gerund or infinitive with to of a verb b ~the correct form.

from the list. Your hair needs @J to cut. It's really long!
carry call come do drive eat out ge--et:ff take 1 I'll never forget to see/ seeinB the Grand Canyon for the
tidy wait work first time.
2 I need to call/ callinB the helpline. My computer has
I'm exhausted! I don't fancy BOinB out tonight.
crashed.
1 I suggest a taxi to the airport tomorrow.
It'll be much quicker. 3 Have you tried to take/ takinB a tablet to help you sleep?
2 Even though the snow was really deep, we managed 4 I must have my keys somewhere. I can remember
_____ to the local shop and back. to lock / lockinB the door this morning.
3 We'd better some shopping- there isn't 5 I had to run home because I had forgotten to turn/
much food for the weekend. turninB the oven off.
4 I'm very impatient. I can't stand in queues.
6 Our house needs to paint/ paintinB· Do you know any
5 I wasn't well and a young man offered my bags. good house painters?
6 My parents used to make me my room.
7 Did you remember to send/ sendinB your sister a card?
7 We threatened the police if the boys didn't
It's her birthday today.
stop throwing stones.
8 Do you feel like _____ to the gym with me? 8 We tried to learn/ learninB to ski last winter, but we
weren't very good at it.
9 I'd prefer instead of getting a takeaway.
10 I don't mind late tonight if you want me to. <Ill( p.5 7
II

68
used to, be used to, get used to
used to I didn't use to + infinit ive
1 I u sed to sleep for eight hours every night, 3 43 l))
but now I only sleep for six.
I didn't recognize him. He didn't use to have a beard.
2 When I lived in France as a child we used to have
croissants for breakfast. We would buy them every
morning from the local baker.
a Right (/") or wrong (X)? Correct the m istakes in the
hig lighted phrases.
[ can't get usea to getting up so early. I'
She isn't used to have a big dinner in the evening. X
isn't used to havinB
1 When we were children we use to p aying football in
the road.
2 When we visited our British friends in London we
couldn't get use to drink tea w ith breakfas t.
3 ave you got used to live in the country or do you still
miss the city?
4 I'm really sleepy. [ 'm not used to staying up so late. I'm
usually in bed by midnight.
5 There use to be a cinem a in our village, but it closed
down th ree years ago.
6 Paul is used to having very long hair when he was younger.
7 A I don't think I could work at night.
B It's not so bad. ['m use to i now.
8 Did you use to wear a uniform to school?
9 It's taking me a long time to e used to living on my own.
10 When I had exams at university [used to stay up all
night revising.
GRAMMAR BANK
1 We use used to /didn't use to + infinitive to talk about past
habits or repeated actions or situations / states which have
changed.
• used to doesn't exist in the present tense. For present habits,
use usually+ the present simple, e.g. I usually walk to work.
NOT I use to walk to wo1k .
2 We can also use would to refer to repeated actions in the past.
However, we don't use would for non-action verbs (e.g. be,
have, know, like, etc.). NOT I didn't 1ecogniu him. Ile wouldn't
hat1e a beai d.
be used to I get used to + gerund
1 I'm not used to sleeping with a duvet. I've always 3 44 l))
slept with blankets.
Carlos has lived in London for years. H e's used to driving
on the left.
2 A I can't get used to working at night. I feel tired all the
time.
B D on't worry, you'll soon get used to it.
1 Use be used to + gerund to talk about a new situation which is
n ow familiar or less strange.
2 Use Bet used to + gerund to talk about a new situation which is
b ecoming familiar or less strange.
The difference between be used to and Bet used to is exactly the
same as the difference between be and Bet+ adjective.
b Complete with used to, be used to, o r Bet used to (positive
or n egative) and the verb in brackets .
M y boyfriend is Spanish , so he isn't used to driving on
the left. (drive)
1 W hen Nathan star ted his first job he couldn't
_ _ _ _ _ at 6 a.m. (get up)
2 I didn't recognize you! You long hair,
didn't you? (have)
3 Isabelle a flat when she was at university,
but now she h as a house of her own. (rent)
4 When we were children we all day
playing fo otball in the park. (spend)
5 Jasmine has been a nurse all her life, so she _ _ _ __
nights. (work)
6 I've never wor n glasses before, but now I'll h ave to
_ _ _ _ _ _ them. (wear)
7 Amelia is an on ly child. She her things.
(sh are)
8 Although I've lived in Spain for years, I've never
_ _ _ _ _ dinner at 9 or 10 o'clock at night. (h ave)
9 I spinach, b ut now I love it. (like)
10 If you want to lose weight, then you'll have to _ _ __
less. (eat)
~p. 58
 7A
past modals
must I might I may I can't I couldn't+ have+ past participle
1 I must have left my phone at Anna's. I definitely
remember having it there.
You must have seen something. You were there when the
accident happened.
2 Somebody might have stolen your wallet when you were
getting off the train.
He still hasn't arrived. I may not have given him the right
directions.
3 She can't have gone to bed. It's only ten o'clock!
You can't have seen their faces very clearly. It was too dark.
• We use must/ may/ miBht / can't+ have + past participle to
make deductions or speculate about past actions.
a Rewrite the bold sentences u sing must / might (not) /
can't + have + verb.
I'm certain I left m y umbrella at home. It's not in
the office.
I must have left my umbrella at home.
1 Holly's crying. Perhaps she's had an argument with
her boyfriend. She .. .
2 I'm sure Ben has read m y email. I sent it first thing
this morning. Ben . ..
3 I'm sure Sam and Ginny haven't got lost. They have
satnav in their car. Sam and Ginny . ..
4 You saw E llie yesterday? That's impossible. She
was in bed w ith flu. You ...
5 Perhaps John didn't see you. That's why he didn't
say hello. John ...
6 I'm sure Lucy has bought a new car. I saw her driving
a blue VW Golf! Lucy .. .
7 I'm sure Alex wasn't very ill. He was only off work
for one day. Alex ...
8 They didn't come to our wedding. Maybe they didn't
receive the invitation. They ...
9 This tastes very sweet. I'm s ure you use d too much
sugar. You ...
10 It definitely wasn't my phone that rang in the
cinema. Mine was on silent. It .. .
Ill
1 We use must have when we are almost sure that something
happened or was true.
p The opposite of must have is can't have - see 3 below
NOT mustn't have
2 We use miBht /may have when we think it's possible that
something happened or was true. We can also use could have
with this meaning, e.g. Somebody could have stolen your wallet
when you were BettinB off the train.
3 We use can't have when we are almost sure something didn't
happen or that it is impossible. We can also use couldn't
have when the speculation is about the distant past, e.g. You
couldn't have seen theirfaces very clearly, e.g. She couldn't have
Bone to bed. It's only ten o'clock.
should have I ought to have + past participle
We've gone the wrong way. We shouldn't have 4 S >))
turned left at the traffic lights.
It's my fault. I ought to have told you earlier that my mother
was coming.
• Use should have + past participle to say that somebody
didn't do the right thing, or to express regret or criticism.
• You can use ouBht to have as an alternative to should have,
e.g. I ouBht to have told y ou earlier.
b Respond to the firs t sentence using should/ shouldn't
have or ought/ oughtn't to have + a verb in the list.
buy come eat go invite le-am sit write take
A We couldn't understand anybody in Paris.
B You should have learnt some French before you went.
A Sue is in bed with a stomach ache.
B She ouBhtn't to have eaten so much chocolate cake
yesterday.
I A Tom told me the date of his party, but I've forgotten it.
B You it down.
2 A I was late because there was so much traffic.
B You _ _____ by car. The metro is much faster.
3 A Amanda was rude to everyone at my party.
B You her. Youknowwhatshe'slike.
4 A I don't have any money left after going shopping
yesterday.
B You so many shoes. Did you really
need three pairs?
5 A You look really tired.
B I know. I to bed earlier last night.
6 A The chicken's still frozen solid.
B I know. You it out of the freezer earlier.
7 A I think I've burnt my face.
B I'm not surprised. You ______ in the sun all
afternoon without any sunscreen.
--< p.64
 GRAMMAR BANK
78
verbs of the senses
look I feel I smell I sound I taste

1 You look tired. 4 12 >))

T hat cake smells good!
These jeans don't feel comfortable.
2 Tim looks like his father. This material feels like silk - is it?
-.
L•-
.,.,..
,..-
!..11

Are you sure this is coffee? It tastes like tea. r-

r-
~ i--
3 She looks as if she's been crying. It smells as if something's
burning. It sounds as ifit's raining.
__.
1 Use look.feel, etc. + adjective. -
2 Use look.feel, etc. + like + noun.
3 Use look.feel, etc. + as if+ clause.
• You can use like or as thouBh instead of as if, e.g.
It sounds like / as thouBh it's raininB.

p Feel like
feel like can also be used as a verb meaning 'want' I 'would like'. It is
followed by a noun or a verb in the gerund, e.g. I feel like pasta for
lunch today(= I'd like past a for lunch today). I don't feel like going to
bed (= I don't want t o go t o bed).

a Match the sentence h alves.

1 T hat group sounds like [EJ A her mother.
2 T h at boy looks D B awful! You need to tune it.
3 Nora looks like D C very soft.
4 Th at guitar sounds D D someone h as been smoking in here.
5 Tom looks as if D E really sweet.
6 Our car sounds as if D F Coldplay.
7 Your new jacket feels D G too young to be drinking beer.
8 T his apple tastes D H it's burnt.
9 It smells as if D I roses.
10 Your perfume smells like D J it's going to break down any moment.
11 This rice tastes as if D K he's just run a marathon .
b Q the correct for m .
Your boyfriend look s /~a rugby player. He's huge!
1 You've gone completely white. You look/ look as if you've seen a ghost!
2 What's for dinner? It smells/ smells like delicious!
3 I think John and Megan have arrived . T hat sounds/ sounds lik e their car.
4 Have you ever tried frogs' legs? Apparently they taste like/ taste as if chicken .
5 Are you OK? You sound/ sound as if you've got a cold .
6 Can you put the heating on ? Itfeels/ f eels like really cold in here.
7 You look / look lik e really h appy. Does that mean you got the job?
8 Your new b agfeels /feels like real leather. Is it?
9 Let's throw this m ilk away. It tastes / tastes like a bit off.
10 Can you close the window? It sm ells/ smells as if someone is havin g a barbecue.

~p. 68
BA
the passive (all forms); it is said that. .., he is thought to..., et c.
the passive (all forms)

present simple Murderers are usually se ntenced to life imprisonment. 4 36 >))

present continuous The trial is being held at the moment.
present perfect My car h as b een stolen.
past simple Jim was arrested last month.
past continuous The cinema w as being rebuilt when it was set on fire.
past perfect We saw that one of the windows had been broken.
future The prisoner will b e released next month. The verdict is going to be given tomorrow.
infinitive with to People used t o be impriso ned for stealing bread.
infinitive without to You can be fined for parking on a yellow line.
gerund He paid a fine to avoid being sent to jail.

• Use the passive when you want to talk about an • If you also want to mention the person or thing that did
action, but you are not so interested in saying the action (the agent), use by. However, in the majority
who or what does / did the action. of passive sentences the agent is not mentioned.

it is said that..., he is thought to... , etc.

active
1 They say that the fire was started deliberately.
People think that the mayor will resign.
2 People say the man is in his 40s.
The police believe he has left the country.
passive 4 37>))
It is said t h at the fire was started deliberately.
It is thought that the mayor will resign.
The man is said to be in his 40s.
He is believed to have left the country.

• This formal structure is used especially in news You can use It is said, believed, etc. + that+ clause.
reports and on TV with the verbs know, tell, You can use He, The man, etc. (i.e. the subject of the clause)
understand, report, expect, say, and think. It +is said, believed, etc.+ to+ infinitive (e.g. to be) or perfect
makes the information sound more impersonal. infinitive (e.g. to have been).

a Rewrite the sentences in the passive, without the agent. b R ephrase the sentences in two ways to make them
The police caught the burglar immediately. more formal.
The burBlar was cauBht immediately. People think the murderer is a wom an.
1 Police closed the road after the accident. It is thouBht that the murderer is a woman.
The road .. . The murderer is thouBht to be a woman.
2 Somebody has stolen my handbag. 1 Police b elieve the burglar is a local man.
My handbag . .. It ...
3 They are painting my house. The burglar .. .
My house ... 2 People say the muggers are very dangerous.
4 They'll hold a meeting tomorrow to discuss the problem. It ...
A meeting ... The muggers . . .
5 If they hadn't found the b omb in time, it would have 3 Police think the robber entered through an open
exploded. w indow.
If the bomb .. . It ...
6 The police can arrest you for driving without a licence. T h e robber. ..
You ... 4 Police say the murderer has disappeared.
7 Miranda thinks som eon e was following her last night. It ...
Miranda thinks she ... The murderer ...
8 I hate som ebody waking me up when I'm fast asleep. 5 Lawyers expect that the trial will last three weeks.
I h ate ... It ...
9 They're going to close the local police station. The trial. ..
The local police station . .. ~p.76
SB GRAMMAR BANK

reporting verbs agree offer

1 + to + infinitive refuse promise (not) to do something
st ructures after reporting verbs
threaten
1 Jack offered to drive me to the airport. 4 3 9 l))
I promised not to tell anybody. advise persuade
2 The doctor advised me to have a rest. ask remind
2 + person + to somebody (not) t o do
I per suaded my sister not to go out with convince tell
+ infinitive something
George. encourage warn
3 I apologized for being so late. invite
The police accused Karl of stealing the car.
apologize (to sb) for
insist on
To report what other people have said, you can use
accuse sh of
say or a specific verb, e.g. 'I'll drive you to
recommend
the airport.'
3 + -inB form admit (not) doing something
Jack sai d he would drive me to the airport. regret
Jack offered to drive m e to the airport. blame sh for
• After specific reporting verbs, there are one to suggest
three different grammatical patterns (see chart deny
on the right)
• In negative sentences, use the negative infinitive
(not to do) or the negative gerund (not doinB),
p Verbs that use a that clause
With agree, admit, deny, promise, regret, you can also use that+ clause.
e.g. He reminded me n ot to be late. She reBretted
Leo admitted stealing the watch.
not BOinB to the party.
Leo admitted that he had stolen the watch.

a Complete with the gerund or infinitive of b Complete using a reporting verb from the list and the correct
the verb in brackets. form of the verb in brackets. Use an object where necessary.
The garage advised me~ a new car. (buy) accuse invite e#ef promise recommend refuse remind
1 Jamie insisted on for the suggest threaten
meal. (pay)
2 Lauren has agreed - - - - - late next Diana said to me, 'I'll take you to the station.'
week. (work) Diana offered to take (take) me to the station.
3 I warned Jane through the 1 Ryan said, 'Let's go for a walk. It's a beautiful day.'
park at night. (not walk) Ryan (go) for a walk.
4 The man admitted - - - - - the 2 'You copied Anna's exam!' the teacher said to him.
woman's handbag. (steal) The teacher (copy) Anna's exam.
5 The doctor advised Lily 3 Sam's neighbour told him, 'I'll call the police if you have any more
drinking coffee. (give up) parties.'
6 The boss persuaded Megan Sam's neighbour (call) the police ifhe had
the company. (not leave) any more parties.
7 Freya accused me of _ _ _ __ to steal 4 The children said, 'We're not going to bed. It's much too early.'
her boyfriend. (try) The children (go) to bed.
8 I apologized to Evie for - -- - - her 5 Simon said to me, 'Would you like to have dinner with me?'
birthday. (not remember)
Simon (have) dinner with him.
9 Did you manage to convince your parents
6 Molly said to Jack, 'Don't forget to phone the electrician.'
_ __ _ _ tonight instead of tomorrow?
Molly (phone) the electrician.
(come)
7 Ricky said, 'I'll never do it again.'
10 My neighbour denies my car,
but I'm sure it was him. (damage) Ricky _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (do) it again.
8 Sarah said, 'You really must try Giacobazzi's. It's a fantastic restaurant.'
Sarah (try) Giacobazzi's. She said
it was fantastic.
-oll( p.78
 9A
clauses of contrast and purpose
clauses of contrast
1 Although the advert said it would last 5 4l))
for years, mine broke after two months.
I went to work even though I wasn't feeling very well.
I like Ann, though she sometimes annoys me.
2 In spite of (Despite)
her age, she is still very active.
being 85, she is still very active.
the fact that she's 85, she is still very active.
Use althouBh, thouBh, even thouBh, and in spite ofor despite to expresss
a contrast.
1 Use althouBh, thouBh, even thouBh + a clause.
AlthouBh and even thouBh can be used at the beginning or in the
middle of a sentence.
• Even thouBh is stronger than althouBh and is used to express a
big or surprising contrast.
• ThouBh is more informal than althouBh. It can only be used in
the middle of a sentence.
2 After in spite of or despite, use a noun, a verb in the -inB form, or the
fact that+ subject +verb.
• Remember not to use of after despite NOT Despite of the rain ...

clauses of purpose

to 5 S l))
1 I went to the bank in order to talk to my bank manager.
so as to
2 I went to the bank for a meeting with my bank manager.
3 I went to the bank so that I could talk to the manager in person.
4 I wrote down what he said so as not to forget it.

Use to, in order to, so as to,Jor, and so that to express purpose.

1 After to, in order to, and so as to, use an infinitive.
2 Use fo1· +a noun, e.g. for a meetinB· You can also use for+ gerund
to describe the exact purpose of a thing, e.g. This liquid is for
cleaninB metal.
3 After so that, use a subject+ modal verb (can, could, would, etc.).
4 To express a negative purpose, use so as not to or in order not to, e.g.
I wrote down what he said in order not to forBet it. NOT to notfo1Bet it.

a Complete the sentences with one word . b Rewrite the sentences.

We're very happy in our new house, thouBh there's a lot Despite not getting very good reviews, I thought the
to do. book was fantastic.
1 We loved the film the fact that it was nearly Even though the book didn't Bet ve1y Bood reviews,
three hours long! I thouBht it was fantastic.
2 Carl doesn't like spending money ____ though 1 W e stayed at a bed and breakfast so as not to spend too
he's very well off. much money on accommodation.
3 They went down to the harbour ____ see if they We stayed at a bed and breakfast so that .. .
had fresh fish. 2 Despite earning a fortune, she drives a very old car.
4 I'll put your number straight into m y phone so _ __ Although ...
not to forget it. 3 Everyone enjoyed the film even though the ending was
5 M y mother called the doctor's in to make an sad.
appointment. Everyone enjoyed the film in spite of. ..
6 The cake tasted good in of not looking like 4 The plane managed to land despite the terrible weather
the photo in the recipe book. conditions.
7 I've put the heating on quite high so the The plane managed to land even though ...
house will warm up quickly. 5 I told h er I enjoyed the meal she had cooked me so that
8 I must say that the service was poor, the meal I wouldn't offend h er.
was delicious. I told her I enjoyed the meal she had cooked me so as ...
9 I stopped at a motorway cafe a quick meal 6 The manager called a meeting so as to explain the n ew
before continuing on my journey. policy.
10 ____ not being very fit , he managed to walk the The manager called a meeting in order. ..
three miles to the village.
~p. 85
Ill

98
uncountable and plural nouns
uncountable nouns
1 The weath er is fantastic there, and there's very 5 19 >))
little traffic so you can walk everywhere.
The scenery is beautiful here, but it's spoiled by all the
rubbish people leave.
2 Could you give me some advice about where to stay?
One useful piece of a dvice is to get a travel card.
3 The new opera house is made mainly of glass.
Can I have a glass of tap water please?
1 The following nouns are always uncountable: behaviour,
t1"affic, weathe,., accommodation, health, proBress, scenery,
rubbish, work, politics (and other words ending in -ics, e.g.
athletics, economics).
• They always need a singular verb, they don't have plurals,
and they can't be used with a/ an.
2 These nouns are also uncountable:furniture , information,
advice, homework, research, news, luck, bread, toast, luBBaBe,
equipment. Use a piece of to talk about an individual item.
a Right (./) or w rong (X)? Correct the b Q
mistakes in the highlighted phrases.
Our accommodation isn'n satisfactory. ./
he news are good. X The news is
1 We had a beautiful weather when we were
on holiday.
2 They've got some lovely furnitures in their
house.
3 M y brother gave me a useful piece of advice.
4 Do you have a scissors? I need to wrap this
present.
5 I need to buy a new trousers for my
interview tomorrow.
6 he staff is very unhappy about the new
dress code.
7 Your glasses are really dirty. Can you see
anything?
8 T he homeworks were very difficult last
night.
9 here isn't any more space in my suitcase.
Can I put this jacket in yours?
10 he police is sure that they know who was
responsible for the vandalism.
10
~p.91
GRAMMAR BANK
3 Some nouns can be either countable or uncountable, but
the meaning changes, e.g. Blass= the material used to make
windows, a Blass= the thing you drink out of. Other examples:
iron, business, paper, liBht, time, space.
plural and collective nouns
1 One of the best museums is on the outskirts of 5 20 l))
the city.
My clothes are filthy. I'll put on some clean trousers/
I'll put on a pair of clean trousers .
2 The hotel staff are very efficient.
The cabin crew are coming round with the drinks
trolley in just a few minutes.
1 Arms(= guns, etc.), belonBinBs, clothes, manners, outskirts,
scissors, trousers/ shorts are plural nouns with no singular.
They need a plural verb and they can't be used with a / an.
• If they consist of two parts, e.g. scissors, trousers, shorts, etc.
they can be used with a pair ofor some.
2 Crew, police, staff, etc. are collective nouns and refer to a group
of people. You can use a singular or plural verb with these,
except police, which needs a plural verb.
the correct form. Tick(./) if b oth are correct.
T he traffic@/ are awful during the rush hour.
I Athletics is/ are my favourite sport.
2 I bought a pair of/ some new jeans.
3 Harvey's clothes look/ looks really expensive.
4 The flight crew work/ works hard to m ake passengers comfortable.
5 I found out some/ a piece of useful information at the m eeting.
6 Could I have a paper/ a piece ofpaper to write down the new words?
7 I think I'll have a /some time after lunch to help you with that report.
8 I've got a /some good news for you about your job application.
9 We've m ade a lot of prowess/ proBresses this term.
Hello, Reception? Do you have an/ some iron I could use?
 lOA
quantifiers: all, every, both, etc.
all, every, most
1 All animals need food. All fruit contains sugar. 5 31 >))
All (of) the animals in this zoo look sad.
The animals all look sad.
2 Everybody is here. Everything is very expensive.
3 Most people live in cities.
Most of the people in this class are women.
4 All of us work hard and most of us come to class every week.
S Every room has a bathroom. I work every Saturday.
1 We use all or all (of) the+ a plural or uncountable noun.
All= in general, all (of) the= specific.
All can be used before a main verb (and after be).
2 We use everythinB / everybody (=all things, all people) + singular
verb, e.g. EverythinB is very expensive. NOTAH is very expensi'\le.
3 We use most to say the majority; most= general, most of= specific.
4 We often use all/ most of+ an object pronoun, e.g. all ofus, most of
them, all ofyou, most ofit.
S Use every + singular countable noun to mean 'all of a group'.
p every and all+ time expressions
Note the difference between every and all+ time expressions.
Every day= Monday to Sunday. All day= from morning to night
I usually go running every day. ... but today I'm ill, so I stayed
in bed all day.
a Q the cor rect word or phrase.
We've eaten @/ all cake.
1 Most of/ Most my closest friends live near me.
2 You can come round at any/ no time on Saturday. We'll
be hom e all day.
3 A ll / Eve1y thinB is ready for the party. We're just
waiting fo r the guests to arrive.
4 Most/ M ost ofp eople enjoy the summer here, but for
som e it's too hot.
5 G ina goes dancing all / eve1y Friday night.
6 We haven't got any / no onions for the soup .
7 A ny/ None of us want to go out tonight. We're all broke.
8 Nobody / A ny body can go to the festival. It's free.
9 I've got two very close friends, but unfortunately
either / neither of them lives near me.
10 I'd like to h ave a bigger table, but there's no/ no'!'l-e room
in my kitchen.
Ill
no, none, any
1 Is there any milk? 5 32 >))
Sorry, there's no milk. There isn't any (milk).
2 A Is there any food?
B No, none. / There's none. But none ofus are hungry.
3 Come any weekend! Anyone can come.
1 We use no + a noun after a G verb, or any+ noun after
a G verb to refer to zero quantity. Any can also be used
without a noun.
2 We use none in short answers, or with a G verb to refer
to zero quantity. You can also use none+ of+ pronoun/
noun.
3 We use any (and anythinB, anyone, etc.) and a[8verb to
mean it doesn't matter what, who, etc.
both, neither, either
1 Both Pierre and Marie Curie were scientists. 33 >))
Neither Pierre nor Marie was (were) aware of the
dangers of radiation . Marie Curie wanted to study
either physics or mathematics. In the end she studied
both at the Sorbonne in Paris.
2 She and her husband both won Nobel prizes.
Pierre and Marie were both interested in radium .
3 Neither of them realized how dangerous radium was.
1 We use a G verb with both and neither. The verb is plural
with both, and either singular or plural with neither.
2 When both refers to the subject of a clause, it can also be
used before a main verb but after be.
3 We often use both/ either/ neither+ of+ object pronoun,
e.g. us, them, etc. or + of the + noun.
b Right (v") or wron g (X)? C orrect the w rong sentences.
Both Mike and A lan passed the exam. v"
He neither watches the news or reads a newspaper. X
H e neither watches the news nor reads a newspaper.
1 Both the kitchen and the bathroom needs cleaning.
2 T he food wasn't cheap nor tasty.
3 We can go on holiday either in July or in August.
4 Both the journey was long and boring.
5 It's or Jane's or Karen's bir thday today. I can 't
remember which .
6 My brother has neither the energy nor the stamina to
run a marathon.
7 Her aunt and her cousin came to visit both.
8 We can walk either or take the bus.
9 I have two children but neither of them look like me.
10 My parents love horses, and both of they ride every day.
~ p.97
 GRAMMAR BANK
108
articles more rules: geographical names

basic rules: a I an I t he, no article 1 Tunisia is in Nor th Africa. 5 39 l))

2 Selfridges, one of London's biggest
1 My neighbour has just bought a dog. The dog is an Alsatian. 5 37 l)) department stores, is in Oxford Street.
He got into the car and drove to the Town Hall. 3 Lake Victoria and Mount Kilimanjaro are
2 Men are better at parking than women. both in Africa.
I don't like sport or classical m u sic. 4 The River Danube flows into the Black Sea.
I stayed at home last weekend. 5 The National Gallery and the British
Museum are London tourist attractions.
I Use a or an when you mention somebody or something for the first time
or say who or what somebody or something is. Use the when it's clear who We don't n ormally use the with:
or what somebody or something is (e.g. it has been mentioned before or I most countries, continents, regions ending with the
it's unique). name of a country/ continent, e.g. N orth America,
2 Don't use an article to speak in general with plural and uncountable nouns, South East Asia, islands, states, provinces, towns,
or in phrases like at home / work, BO home/ to bed, next/ last (week), etc. and cities (exceptions: The USA , the UK / United
KinBdom, the N etherlands, the Czech R epublic).
inst itutions 2 roads, streets, parks, bridges, shops, and restaurants
(exceptions: motorways and numbered roads,
My father's in hospital. 38 l))
the M6, the A25).
They're building a new hospital in my town.
He was sent to prison for two years. 3 individual mountains and lakes.
My grandmother used to work in the prison as a cleaner. We n or mally u se the with:
4 mountain ranges, rivers, seas, canals, deserts, and
With words like prison, church, school, hospital, and university , don't use an island groups.
article when you are thinking about the institution and the normal purpose 5 the names of theatres, cinemas, hotels, galleries,
it is used it for. If you are just thinking about the building, use a or the. and museums.

a ~the correct article.

James bought~/ the /(-) new suit at the weekend.
1 The weather was awful, so we stayed at a / the/ (-) hom e.
2 A/ The/ (-) dishwasher we bought last week has stopped working already.
3 I love reading a/ the/ (-) historical novels.
4 Sarah had had an exhausting day, so she went to a/ the/ (-)bed early.
5 I saw a m an walking with a woman in the park. A/ The/ (-) woman was crying.
6 The teachers are on strike, so the children aren't going to a/ the/ (-) school.
7 Turn left immediately after a/ the/ (-) church and go up the hill.
8 My neighbour's in a/ the/ (-) prison because he didn't pay his taxes.
9 People are complaining because the council have refused to build a/ the /(-) new hospital.
10 Visitors will not be allowed to enter a/ the/ (-) hospital after 7 p.m.
b Complete w ith the or(- ).
They're going to the USA to visit family.
1 Sicily is the largest island in Mediterranean.
2 C airo is on River Nile.
3 We didn't h ave time to visit Louvre when we were in Paris.
4 south west England is fa mous for its beautiful countryside and beaches.
5 Mount Everest is in Himalayas.
6 T he largest inland lake is Caspian Sea.
7 We stayed at Palace Hotel while we were in M adrid.
8 Romeo and Juliet is on at Globe T heatre.
9 Mont Blanc is the highest mountain in Alps.
10 I've always wanted to visit India.

~p. 98
 VOCABULARY BANK
Verbs often confused
a Complete the verbs column with the correct verb in the right form.
verbs
argue / discuss
1 I need to the problem with my boss. (= talk about sth)
2 I often with my parents about doing housework. (=speak angrily to sb)
notice / realize
3 I didn't you were so unhappy. (= understand fully, become aware of sth)
4 I didn't that Karen had changed her hair colour. (=see, observe)
avoid / prevent
5 Jack always tries to arguing with me. (= try not to do something)
6 My dad can't me from seeing my friends. (=stop)
look/ seem
7 I've spoken to her husband twice and he very nice. (= general impression)
8 Carol doesn't very well. I think she's working too hard. (=physical appearance)
mind / matter
9 My parents don't ifl stay out late. (= get get annoyed or upset)
10 It doesn't if we're five minutes late. (=be a problem)
remember / remind
11 Can you me to call my mum later? (= help sb to remember)
12 to turn off the lights before you go. (= not forget)
expect / wait
13 I that Daniel will forget our anniversary. He always does. (= think that sth will happen)
14 We'll have to half an hour for the next train. (= stay where you are until something happens)
wish/ hope
15 I I was a bit taller! (=want sth to be true even if it is unlikely)
16 I that you can come on Friday. I haven't seen you for ages. (= want sth to happen)
beat/ win
17 Arsenal the match 5-2. (= be successful in a competition)
18 Arsenal Manchester United 5-2. (= defeat sb)
refuse/ de~
19 Tom always to discuss the problem. (= say you don't want to do sth)
20 Tom always that he has a problem. (= say that sth isn't true)
raise/ rise
21 The cost ofliving is going to again this month. (=go up)
22 It's hard not to your voice when you're arguing with someone. (=make sth go up)
lay (past laid) / lie (past lay)
23 Last night I came home and on the sofa and went to sleep. (= put your body in a horizontal position)
24 I the baby on the bed and changed his nappy. (= put sth or sb in a horizontal position)
steal/ rob
25 T he men h ad been planning to the bank. (= take sth from a person or place by threat or force)
26 If you leave your bike unlocked, somebody might it. (= take money or property that isn't yours)
advise / warn
27 I think I should you that Liam doesn't always tell the truth. (= tell sb that sth unpleasant is about to happen)
28 My teachers are going to me what subjects to study next year. (= tell sb what you think they should do)

b 9>)) Listen and check.

-1111( p.67

Ill
 VOCABULARY BANK
The body
1 PARTS OF THE BODY AND ORGANS
a Match the words and pictures.
ankle l'ccokl/
1 calf /ka:f/ (pl calves)
heel /hi:I /

elbow /'clbau/
fist /f 1st/
nails /nc1lz/
palm /pa:m/
wrist Inst/

bottom /'bot'Jm/
chest /tfest/
hip /hip/
thigh /8a1/
waist /we 1st/

brain /bre1n/
heart /ha:t/
kidneys / 1k1dniz/
liver /'II V'J/
lungs /IArJZ/
b 17l)) Listen and check.

2 VERBS AND VERB PHRASES c Read the sentences. Write the part of the body related to the bold
verb.
a Complete the verb phrases with the parts of
1 He winked at me to show that he was only joking. "'""'ey~e_ __
the body.
/w1okt /
arms eyebrows hair (x2) hand hands 2 The steak was tough and difficult to chew. /tJu:/
head nails nose shoulders teeth 3 When we met, we were so happy we hugged each other.
thumb toes _ _ _ /hAgd/
1 bite your nails /bait/ 4 Don't scratch the mosquito bite. You'll only make it worse.
2 blow your ___ /bl'Ju/ _ _ _ I krretJ/
3 brush your / 5 She waved goodbye sadly to her boyfriend as the train left the
brush your /brAf/ station. /we 1vd/
4 comb your /bum/ 6 Some women think a man should kneel down when he proposes
marriage. /ni:l/
5 fold your /fauld/
7 The teacher frowned when she saw all the mistakes I had made.
6 hold somebody's ___ /h'Juld/
- - - /fraund/
7 touch your ___ /tAtJ/
8 The painting was so strange I stared at it for a long time.
8 suck your ___ /sAk/
- - - /ste'Jd/
9 shake /fe1k /
9 She got out of bed, and yawned and stretched.
10 shrug your ___ /frAg/ ___ / /j;:,:nd/
11 shake your _ __ 10 If you don't know the word for something, just point at what you
12 raise your _ _ _ /re1z/ want. /p;:,111t /
b 18 >)) Listen and check. d 19 >)) Listen and check.

~ p.70
 VOCABULARY BANK
Crime and punishment
1 CRIMES AND CRIMINALS 2 WHAT HAPPENS
a Match the examples to the crimes in the chart.
TO A CRIMINAL
A They took away a rich man's son and then asked for money for his a Complete the sentences w ith
safe return. the words in the list.
B She went to her ex-husband's house and shot him dead. The crime
C Two passengers took control of the plane and made the pilot land
arrested /;:i'rest1d/ questioned /'kwcstf;:md/
in the desert. charged /tfa:d3d/ committed /k;)'m1t1d/
D After the party, the man made the woman have sex against her will. invest igated /m'vest1ge1t1d/ caught /b:t/
E We came home from holiday and found that our TV had gone.
1 Carl and Adam committed a crime. They
F A teenager got into the Pentagon's computer system and
robbed a large supermarket.
downloaded some secret data.
2 The police the crime.
G Someone tried to sell me some marijuana during a concert.
3 Carl and Adam were driving
H When the border police searched his car, it was full of cigarettes.
to the airport in a stolen car.
I Someone threw paint on the statue in the park.
4 They were and taken to a police
J He said he'd send the photos to a newspaper if the actress didn't station.
pay him a lot of money.
5 The police them for ten hours.
K An armed man in a mask walked into a shop and shouted, 'Give
6 Finally they were with(=
me all the money in the till!'
officially accused of) armed robbery.
L The company accountant was transferring money into his own
bank account. The trial
M The builder offered the mayor a free flat in return for giving his accused /::>'kju:zd/ acquitted /::i'kwrt1d/
company permission to build new flats on a piece of green land. court /b:t/ evidence /'evrd:ms/
N They left a bomb in the supermarket car park which exploded. fil!fily (opposite innocent) /'g1lti/
judge /d3Acl3f illry /'d3u::>ri/ proof /pru:f/
0 Somebody stole my car last night from outside my house. Q.1!.nishment /'pAnifm;)nt/ sentenced /'sent::>nst/
P A man held out a knife and made me give him my wallet. -verdict /'v3:d1 kt/ -witnesses /'w1tn::is1z/
Q A woman followed a pop singer everywhere he went, watching
7 Two months later, Carl and Adam
him and sending him constant messages on the internet.
appeared in _ _ __
Crime Criminal Verb 8 They were of armed robbery
1 blackmail /'blrekme11/ blackmailer blackmail and car theft.
2 bribery /'bra1b;:iri/ - bribe 9 told the court what they had
3 burglary /'b3:gl;:,ri/ burglar break in I burgle seen or knew.
4 drug dealing /drAg 'di: l10/ drug dealer sell drugs 10 The , (of 12 people) looked at
and heard all the - - - - -
5 fraud /fr:>:d/ fraudster commit fraud
11 After two days the jury reached
6 hacking /hrek10/ hacker hack (into)
their - -- - -
7 hijacking /'ha1d3rek1IJ/ hijacker hijack
12 Carl was found . His
8 kidnapping /'k1dnrep1IJ/ kidnapper kidnap A fingerprints were on the gun used in the
9 mugging / mAg10/
1
mugger mug robbery.
10 murder /'m3:d;:,/ murderer murder 13 The decided what Carl's - - -
11 rape /re1p/ rapist rape should be.
12 robbery /'rob;:,ri/ robber rob 14 He him to ten years in prison
(jail).
13 smuggling /'smAg l11J/ smuggler smuggle
15 There was no that Adam had
14 stalking /'st:>:k1IJ/ stalker stalk
committed the crime.
15 terrorism /'tcr;:inz;:im/ terrorist set off bombs, etc.
16 He was and allowed to go free.
16 theft /8cf t/ thief steal
b 4 33 l)) Listen and check.
17 vandalism /'vrend::>l1z;:m1/ vandal vandalize

llil b 4 32 >)) Listen and check. -< p.75

 VOCABULARY BANK
The media
1 JOURNALISTS AND PEOPLE IN THE MEDIA
a Match the words and definitions.

§.gony aunt /'<egJni a: nt/ commentator /' kom;mtc1t;;i/ crit ic /'knt1k/ gditor /'ed1t;;i/ freelance journalist /'fri:la:ns 'd33:n;;il1st/
newsreader /'nju:zri:d;;i/ paparazzi (pl) /prep;;i'rretsi/ presenter /pn'zent;;i/ reQ.Qrter /n'p;):t;;i/

1 "-'--'-'--'-"---
critic a person who writes (a review) about the good/ bad qualities of books, concerts, theatre, films , etc.
2 _ ____ a person who describes a sports event while it's happening on TV or radio
3 _ _ ___ a person who collects and reports news for newspapers, radio, or TV
4 _ _ __ _ a person in charge of a newspaper or magazine, or part of one, and decides what should be in it
5 _____ a person who introduces the different sections of a radio or TV programme
6 _ ____ a person who writes articles for different papers and is not employed by any one paper
7 _ ____ a person who reads the news on TV or radio
8 _____ photographers who follow famous people around to get photos of them to sell to newspapers and magazines
9 _ _ ___ a person who writes in a newspaper or magazine giving advice to people in reply to their letters
b 4 43 l)) Listen and check.

2 ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE THE 3 THE LANGUAGE OF HEADLINES

MEDIA
p The language of headlines
a Match the sentences. Newspaper headlines, especially in *tabloids, often use
short snappy words. These words use up less space and
1 The reporting in the paper was very sensational are more emotive, which helps to sell newspapers.
1
/sen se1J~m l/. *newspapers with smaller pages that print short articles with lots of photos,
often about famous people
2 The news on Channel 12 is really biased /'ba Tdst/.
3 I think The Observer is the most objective
a Match the h ighlighted 'headline phrases' with their
/db 1d3ckt1v/ of the Sunday papers.
meamng.
4 The film review was quite accurate /'~kjdrgt/.
1 A Famous actress in restaurant bill row
5 I think the report was censored /'sensgd/.
2 United boss to quit after shock cup defeat
A It said the plot was poor but the acting good, which 3 Prince to wed 18-year-old TV soap star
was true.
4 Prime minister backs his Chancellor in
B It bases its stories just on facts, not on feelings or latest scandal
beliefs.
5 Tarantino tipped to win Best Director
C The newspaper wasn't allowed to publish all the details.
6 Thousands of jobs axed by UK firms
D It made the story seem more shocking than it really was.
7 Stock market hit by oil fears
E You can't believe anything you hear on it. It's obvious
8 Police quiz witness in murder tria l
what political party they favour!
9 Astronaut bids to be first man on Mars
b 4 44 l)) Listen and check. 10 Ministers clash over new car tax proposal
11 Bayern Munich boss vows to avenge defeat
12 Footballer and wife split over affair with cleane r
A argument G is going to marry
B have been cut H promises
c question, interrogate I is predicted
D is going to attempt J disagree
E is going to leave K has been badly affected
F separate L supports
b 4 45 l)) Listen and check.

<Ill( p.81
 VOCABULARY BANK
Business
1 VERBS AND EXPRESSIONS c Do or make? Put the phrases in the right column.

a Complete the sentences with a verb from the list in
the right form (present simple, past simple, or past
participle).
become /b1 1kAm/ close down /kl;:iuz daun/ drop /drop/
grows /grguz/ expand /Ik'sprend/ export /Jk'sp::i:t/
import /Jm'p::i:t/ launch /b:ntJ/ manufacture /mrenju'frektj';:)/
market /'ma:k1t/ merge /m3:d:y' produce /pr;:i'dju:s/
set up I et Ap/ take over /tc1k 'guv;:i/
business (with) /' brzn;:is/ a deal /di:!/ (= business agreement)
a decision /clr's13n/ a job /d3ob/ a loss (opposite profit) /los/
market research /1ma:k1t n's3:tf/ money /' mAni!
somebody redundant /n 'dAnd;:int/ (=sack somebody
because he I she isn't needed any more) well I badly
do make
business (with)

1 Although GAP stands for Genuine

American Product, most of its
d 8 ))) Listen and check.
clothes are manufactu1'ed in Asia.
2 In 1989 Pepsi-Cola a new
product called Pepsi A.M., which was 2 ORGANIZATIONS AND PEOPLE
aimed at the 'breakfast cola drinker'. It
was an immediate flop . a Organizations Match the words and definitions.
3 The Spanish airline Iberia ___ with British
a business /'b1zn;:is/ (or firm I company)
Airways in 2011. a branch /bro:ntji' a chain /tfem/ head Qffice /hed 'of1s/
4 Apple is considered one of the best companies in the a multinational /mAlti'meJn,gl/
world for the way they their products.

I ~·
1 a chain a group of shops, hotels, etc. owned by the
5 Prosciutto is a kind ofltalian ham. Two of the
same person or company
best known kinds are San Daniele and Parma,
which are in the Friuli and Emilia 2 an organization which produces or sells
I R:)~pS I t" goods or provides a service
I .
regions ofltaly, and are all over the
1501111
world. 3 a company that has offices or factories in
6 The Royal Bank of Scotland _ _ many countries
NatWest Bank in 2000, even though it 4 the main office of a company
was in fact a smaller rival. 5 an office or shop that is part of a larger
7 The supermarket chain Tesco _ __ organization, e.g. a bank
the market leader in 19 9 5, and is b People Match the words and definitions.
still the UK's biggest-selling chain.
8 Zara shops were opened in Spain in the CEQ /si: i: '';}{)/ (= chief executive officer)
a client /'kla1gnt/ a colleague /' koli:g/ a customer /'kAstgmg/
1975, but the company soon internationally.
a manager /' mrenid3g/ the owner /''Jung/ the staff /sta:f/
I t •'I
.•
9 Nowadays it is quite a risk to a new

,
1r··1
.---2--1-~-/­ business. In the UK, 203 of businesses fail in 1 the group of people who work for an
' their first year. organization
10 The cost ofliving in Iceland is so high 2 someone who buys goods or services, for

"
because so many food products have to example from a shop or restaurant
be - - - 3 someone who receives a service from a
11 During a boom period, the professional person, for example from a lawyer
economy quickly and 4 a person who works with you
living standards improve. 5 the person with the highest rank in a
12 During a recession, many companies company
_ _ _ and living standards _ __ 6 the person who owns a business
b 5 7))) Listen and check. 7 the person in charge of part of an
organization, for example a shop or a branch
c 9 ))) Listen and check your answers to a and b.

~p. 87

•
Word building VOCABULARY BANK

1 PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES 2 NOUNS FORMED WITH SUFFIXES

WHICH ADD MEANING
p Noun suffixes
a Match the bold prefixes in sentences 1-11 Common endings for nouns made from verbs:
to their meanings A-K. -ion I -(a)tion alienate - alienation
-ment em~ - em~ment
1 G Mumbai is a very overcrowded city.
Common endings for nouns made from adjectives:
2 Tokyo is one of20 megacities. -ness lonely - loneliness
3 This part of the city is very poor and -ence I -ance violent - -violence
-
underdeveloped. Common endings for abstract nouns made from nouns:
4 London is a very multicultural city, -hood neighbour - neighbourhood
with many different races and religions. -ism -vandal - -
vandalism
-
5 The quickest way to get around New
York is on the subway. a Make nouns from the words in the list and put them in the right
6 Montreal is probably the most bilingual column.
city in the world - most inhabitants
absent /'rebs;:mt/ accommodate /d'komdde1t/ alcohol /'celkdhol/
speak English and French.
brother /'br11.o;;i/ child /tJa1 ld/ cold /bold/ convenient /bn'vi:ni;;int/
7 If you want to avoid the traffic jams in distant /'d1st;;int/ entertain /entd'tern/ excite /Ik'sa1t/ friendly /'frcndli/
Bangkok, get the monorail. govern /'911.vn/ ignorant /'1gndr;;int/ improve /Irn'pru:v/ intend /rn'tend/
8 The autopilot was switched on after pollute /p;)' lu:t/ race /re1s/ reduce /n'dju:s/ ugly /'11.gli/ weak /wi:k/
the plane had taken off.
9 Vandalism, especially breaking public -ion I -(a)tion -ment -ness -ence I -ance -ism -hood
property, is very antisocial behaviour. accommodation
10 I misunderstood the directions that man
gave me, and now I'm completely lost.
11 He's doing a postgraduate degree in
aeronautical engineering. b 5 14l)) Listen and check.
A against G too mnch
B many H two
c I after
3 NOUNS WHICH ARE DIFFERENT WORDS
big
D
E
not enough
one
J under
K wrongly
p Noun formation with spelling or word change
Some nouns made from verbs or adjectives are completely different
F by (it)self words, e.g. choose - choice, poor - poverty.

b 5 12 >)) Listen and check.

a Write the verb or adjective for the following nouns.
c Match the bold suffixes to their meaning. Noun
1 There are a lot of homeless people in 1 verb loss /los/
this city. The situation is hopeless. 2 verb death /de8/
2 Be careful how you drive! The 3 verb success /sdk'ses/
instructions were very useful. 4 verb thought /8'J:t/
3 The police usually wear bullet-proof 5 verb belief /b1 1li:fI
vests. My watch is waterproof. 6 adj heat /hi:t/
4 Their new laptops are completely 7 adj strength /strel)8/
unbreakable. I don't think the tap
8 adj hunger / 'hAIJgg/
water here is drinkable.
9 adj height /ha1t/
A with B can be done 10 adj length /lel)8/
C resistant to D without
b 5 15 >)) Listen and check.
d 13>)) Listen and check.
-Ill( p.89
 Verb patterns: verbs followed by the Infinitive (with to)
gerund or infinitive afford I can't afford to go on holiday this summer.
agree I have agreed to pay David back the money he lent me next week.
Gerund appear The results appear to support the scientist's theory.
admit In court the accused admitted (to) stolen arrange I've arranged to meet Sally outside the restaurant.
the documents. be able I won't be able to work for two weeks after the operation.
avoid I always try to avoid driving in the rush can't wait We can't wait to see your new flat - it sounds fantastic.
hour.
choose I chose to study abroad for a year, and it's the best thing I've ever done.
be worth It isn't worth going to the exhibition. It's
really boring. decide They've decided to call off the wedding.

can't help We can't help laughing when my dad deserve Kim deserves to get the job. She's a very strong candidate.
tries to speak French. His accent is expect We're expecting to get our exam resu lts on Friday.
awful! happen Tom happened to be at Alan's when I called in so I invited him to our
can't stand I can't stand talking to people who only party as well.
talk about themselves. help* The organization I work for helps young people to find work abroad.
carry on* We carried on chatting until about 2.00
hesitate Don't hesitate to ask a member of staff if you need anything.
in the morning.
hope I'm hoping to set up my own company if I can get a bank loan.
deny Miriam denied killing her husband but
the jury didn't believe her. learn I wish I had learnt to play t he guitar when I was younger.
enjoy I used to enjoy flying but now I don't. make When I was at school, we were made to wear a uniform. It was awful.
fancy Do you fancy seeing a film this evening? manage Did you manage to get to the airport in time?
feel like I don't feel like going out tonight. offer Lucy has offered to give me a lift to the station.
finish Have you finished writing the report yet? plan We're planning to have a big party to celebrate.
give up* Karen has given up eating meat but she pretend I pretended to be enthusiastic but really I didn't like the idea at all.
still eats fish.
promise Sarah always promises to help me in the kitchen but she never does.
keep (on) I keep (on) telling my husband to lose
some weight but he just won't listen. refuse My neighbour refused to turn down the music and I had to call the police.
look forward to We are really looking forward to seeing seem Something seems to be wrong with the washing machine.
you again. teach Jack's father taught him to drive when he was seventeen.
imagine I can't imagine living in the country. I tend My boss tends to lose her temper when she's feeling stressed.
think I would get bored after a week.
threaten The teacher threatened to call my parent s and tell them what I had done.
involve My boyfriend's job involves travelling at
least once a month. want The police want to interview anyone who witnessed the crime.
mind I don't mind doing housework. I find it would like Would you like to try the dress on? The changing rooms are over there.
quite relaxing.
miss Does your father miss working now that * help can be followed by the infinitive with or without to.
he has retired? The organization I workfor helps young people (to) find work abroad.
postpone We'll have to postpone going to the
beach until the weather improves.
Infinitive (without to)
practise The more you practise speaking English
the more fluent you'll get. can Can you help me carry these suitcases?
recommend I recommend doing a double decker bus may There's a lot of traffic today, so we may be a bit late.
tour as the best way to see London.
might It might rain tomorrow, so please bring.an umbrella or a raincoat.
regret I regret not travelling more before I got
my first job. must I must remember to phone Harry - it's his birthday today.
risk If were you I wou ldn't risk walking should Should we book a table for tomorrow night? It's a very popular
t hrough the park at night. restaurant.
spend I spent half an hour looking for my had better You'd better leave now if you want to catch that train.
glasses this morning. would rather You look tired. Would you rather stay in this evening and watch a
stop Once I open a box of chocolates, I can't fi lm?
stop eating them. make Sue makes her two teenagers do the washing up every evening
suggest A friend of mine suggested visiting after dinner.
London in the autumn. let Let me pay for coffee - it must be my turn.

* All phrasal verbs which are followed by another

verb, e.g. canyon, give up, etc. are followed by the -411( p.142
gerund.

164
5 46>)) Infinitive Past simple Past participle
lay /lei/ laid /lerd/ laid
Infinitive Past simple Past participle
learn /b:n/ learnt /b:nt/ learnt
be /bi/ was I were been /bi:n/
leave /li:v/ left /left/ left
/woz/ /w3:/
lend /lend/ lent /lent/ lent
beat /bi:t/ beat beaten /lbi:tn/
let /let/ let let
become /br'kAm/ became /b1'kerm/ become
lie /laJ/ lay /leJ/ lain /lem/
begin /br'gm/ began /b11gren/ begun /br'gAn/
lose /lu:z/ lost /lost/ lost
bite /bart/ bit /brt/ bitten /'brtn/
make /me1k/ made /me1d/ made
break /bre1k/ broke /brduk/ broken /'brdukdn/
mean /mi:n/ meant /ment/ meant
bring /bnu/ brought /br;):t/ brought
meet /mi:t/ met /met/ met
build /bild/ built /brlt/ built
burn /b3:n/ burnt fb3:nt/ burnt pay /pe1/ paid /pe1d/ paid
(burned) /b3:nd/ (burned) put /put/ put put
buy /bar/ bought /b;):t/ bought read /ri:d/ read /red/ read /red/
can /keen/ could /kud/ - ride /rard/ rode /rdud/ ridden /'ndn/
catch /kretJ/ caught /b:t/ caught ring /nu/ rang /rreu/ rung /rnu/
choose /tJu:z/ chose /tJduz/ chosen /'tJ~:iuzn/ rise /ra1z/ rose /rduz/ risen /'n zn/
come lkA ml came /kerm/ come run /rAn/ ran /rren/ run
cost /kost/ cost cost say /se1/ said /sed/ said
cut /kAt/ cut cut
see /si:/ saw /sJ:/ seen /si:n/
deal /di:J/ dealt /delt/ dealt sell /sell sold /sduld/ sold
do /du:/ did /d1d/ done /dAn/ send /send/ sent /sent/ sent
draw /drJ:/ drew /dru:/ drawn /drJ:n/ set /set/ set set
dream /dri:m/ dreamt /dremt/ dreamt shake /Je1k/ shook /Juk/ shaken /'Je1k~m/
(dreamed /dri:md/) (dreamed) shine /Jam/ shone /Jon/ shone
drink /dnuk/ drank /drreJJk/ drunk /d rAIJk/ shut /JAt/ shut shut
drive /dra1v/ drove /dr;;,uv/ driven /'drrvn/
sing /sru/ sang /sreu/ sung /sAIJ/
eat /i:t/ ate /e1t/ eaten /'i:tn/ sit /sit/ sat /sret/ sat
fall /fo:l/ fell /fell fallen /'fo:ldn/ sleep /sli:p/ slept /slept/ slept
feel /fi :L/ felt /felt/ felt speak /spi:k/ spoke /spduk/ spoken /'spdubn/
find /farnd/ found /faund/ found spend /spend/ spent /spent/ spent
fly /flail flew /flu:/ flown /fldun/ stand /strend/ stood /stud/ stood
forget /fa'get/ forgot /fa'got/ forgotten /fa'gotn/ steal /sti:l/ stole /stdul/ stolen /'stduldn/
swim /swi m/ swam /swrem/ swum /s wAm/
get /get/ got /got/ got
give /g1v/ gave /ge1v/ given /'g1vn/ take /te1k/ took /tuk/ taken /'te1kan/
go /gdu/ went /went/ gone /gon/ teach /ti:tJ/ taught /tJ:t/ taught
grow /grdu/ grew /gru:/ grown /grdon/ tell /tell told /tduld/ told

hang /hreu/ hung /hAIJ/ hung think /8ruk/ thought /8J:t/ thought
throw /8rno/ threw /8ru:/ thrown /8rdun/
have /hrev/ had /bred/ had
hear /hrd/ heard /h3:d/ heard understand understood understood
/Andd'strend/ /Andd'stud/
hit /hrt/ hit hit
hurt/h3:t/ hurt hurt wake /we1k/ woke /wauk/ woken /'wauk~m/
kept wear /wed/ wore /wJ:/ worn /wJ:n/
keep /ki:p/ kept /kept/
kneel /ni:l/ knelt /nelt/ knelt win /wm/ won /wAn/ won
knew /nju:/ known /n';;mn/ write /ra1t/ wrote /rdut/ written /'ntn/
know /ndo/

~
,:I ffi<l!J; Irregular verbs 165
 SOUND BANK
Vowel sounds
usual spelling ! butalso usual spelling ! butalso l
i
fish
i linen silk
trip fit
fill pi.ck
pretty women
guilty decided
village physics m up
u cut scru ffy
lungs stunned
upset discuss
money
someone enough
touch flood blood
-I

ee bleed sneeze people thief a* ache lace break steak great

Cit
tree
ea
e
beat steal
even medium
key relieved receipt

train
ai
ay
faint plain
may lay
weight suede
obey grey

a r ash back o* choke chose throw elbow

~ ankle m atch
h ang travel oa
froze fold
toast approach
below although
shoulders
cat phone

I~ ar scarf smar t aunt laugh i* striped ice buy eyes

sharp h ardly heart y lycra stylish height aisle
·@ ·@
a calf branch igh tight flight
car bike
0 cotton top watch want OU hour mouth drought
·~·
·!_· drop cost because proud around
off on cough ow showers frown
clock owl
( o )or sore floor warm warn pouring oi boiling avoid

~ al stalker wall
aw yawn draw
t hought caught
exhausted launch oy
point avoid
enjoy employer
horse boy
u full put could should eer career volunteer realize ideally

~ 00 hooded woollen
stood good
would woman ere here we're
ear nearly clear
seriously zero

bull ear
loose cool suit juice air airport upstairs their there

~
00
u * argue refuse shoe prove fa ir h air wear
ew chew news through queue are scared sta re area
boot chair
Many different spellings. /';JI is always unstressed. A very unusual sound .

•
computer
collar IIBtterned advise complain
info rmation sandals
tourist
euro jury sure plural

A sound between hi and li:I. Consonant+ y

~ /i/
at the end of words is pronounced Iii.
windy sunny fogg y
bird
r
An unusual sound between /u/ and /u:/.
j /u/ education usually situation

egg
\..

* especially before consonant + e 0 short vowels long vowels 0 diphthongs

 SOUND BANK
Consonant sounds
usual spelling ! but also _-=r usual spelling ! but also
p postpone polluted th thunder thick
hope damp healthy thigh
pp disappointed kidnapping death teeth
parrot
brain bribe th the that with
objective biased fur ther brotherhood
robbery hobby

c court critic choir orchestra ch checked chilly

k kidneys shake stomach-ache tch scratch stretch
question t (+ure) departure
key ck shocked homesick expect accuse chess temperature
regret grateful j jet-lag hijack
colleague forget g suggest manager
hugged mugging dge knowledge judge

f fist theft enough laugh 1 lie Liver

ph physicist symphony tough heel lonely
ff offended staff ll colleague pillow

velvet ' andalism of r rise ride written

nen ous prevent r isky pretend wrong
e\·idence review rr ter rorism arrested

tasre rend produced w win waste one once

stand chest passed waist wave
man er bottom wh while wherever
witch
deny murder failed bored y yet yearly
editor redundant youth yourself
addictive suddenly before u university argue

s stop uck science scenery m mild rem ind comb

ss witne lo s fancy seem remem ber
ce/cinotice censored mm commit commentator

breeze freezing n nails honesty kneel

dizzy blizzard nn announce beginning knew
nose rai e spends agrees

sh shrug brush wish clash sugar sure chic ng length arranging

ti(+ vowel) hang bring
ambitious sensational before g / k wink sink
ci (+vowel)
shower spacious sociable singer

An unusual sound. h humid hail who

decision confusion usually genre beh aviour inh abitants whose
inherit perhaps whole
television house

Q voiced 0 unvoiced

OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University
of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of
excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford
is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and in certain other countries
©Oxford University Press 2014
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
First published in 2014
2018 2017 2016 2015 2014
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
No unauthorized photocopying
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transinitted,
in any form or by any means, without the prior
permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as
expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms
agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights
organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction
outside the scope of the above should be sent to the
ELT Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form and
you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in
good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims
any responsibility for the materi.als contained in any
third party website referenced in this work
ISBN: 978 0 19 455840 2
ISBN: 978 0 19 455848 8 (with Oxford Online Skills)
Printed in Spain by just Colour Graphic S. L.
This book is printed on paper from certified and
well-managed sources.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank all the teachers and students round the
world whose feedback has helped us to shape English File.
The authors would also like to thank: all those at Oxford University Press
(both in Oxford and around the world) and the design team who
have contributed their skills and ideas to producing this course.
A very special thanks from Qive to Maria Angeles, Lucia, and Eric, and from
Christina to Cristina, for all their support and encouragement. Christina
would also like to thank her children Joaquin, Marco, and Krysia for their
constant inspiration.
The publisher and authors would also like to thank the followingfor their
invaluable feedback on the materials: Robert Anderson, ElifBarbaros,
Kinga Beiley, Brian Brennan, Rachel Buttery-Graciani, Erika
Edit, M6nica G6mez Ruiz , Gill Hamilton, Jane Hudson, Deborah
Keeping, Petra Krasser, Rebecca Lennox, Martin Mani, Beatriz
Martin Garcia, Magdalena Miszczak-Berbec, Daniela Moren,
Magdalena Muszyilska, Wayne Rimmer, Graham Rumbelow,
Louise Rutter, Rachael Smith, Joanna Sosnowska, Raphael Stoll,
Pavlina Zoss.
The Publisher and Authors are very grateful to the following who have
provided information, personal stories, and/or photographs: Ryan Judd
(pp.12-13), Julia Eccleshare (pp.32-33), Candida Brady (pp.42-43).
Simon Callow (pp.52-53), and George Tannenbaum (pp.62-63)
for agreeing to be interviewed for the Class DVD and iTutor;
john Sloboda (p.56) and Miles Roddis (p.90) for agreeing to be
interviewed for the Class DVD and iTutor; Krysia Cogollos for
her invaluable research; Fran Drescher, Cheryl Hines, Jason
Schwartzman, Ellen Burstyn, Dan Hedaya,Jane Lynch, and Steve
Guttenberg (pp.68-69) for giving us permission to print their
Actors Acting photographs; Joe Navarro (p.71) for allowing us to use
the photographs from his book.
The authors would also like to thank Alicia Monge for her help
with interpreting handwriting material. We would also like to
thank all the friends, colleagues and people in the street who have
constantly answered surveys and questions for us.
The authors and publisher are grateful to those who have given permission
to reproduce the following extracts and adaptations ofcopyright material:
p.5 Extract from "Q&A: Elisabeth Moss" by Rosanna Greenstreet,
first published in The Guardian, 31 March 2012. Reproduced by
kind permission. p.4 Extract from "Q&A: Benedict Cumberbatch"
by Rosanna Greenstreet, first published in The Guardian. 6 January
2012. Reproduced by kind permission. p.6 Adapted extract from
"Big beasts fail 'extreme interviews'" by James Gillespie and
Lou Stoppard, The Sunday Times. 11 March 2012. Reproduced
by permission of News Syndication. p.14 Adapted extract from
"British Red Cross First Aid Quiz", redcross.org.ukffirstaid.
Reproduced by permission ofBritish Red Cross. p.16Adapted
extract from "Confessions of a cybercondriac" by Anita Chaudhuri,
The Sunday Times, 26 April 2009. Reproduced by permission of
News Syndication. pp.18-19 Adapted extract from "Older and
wiser" by Liz Gill. The Times. 10 August 2004. Reproduced by
permission of News Syndication. p.23 Adapted extract from "Rise
of the shamans" by Atul Sethi, The Times of India, 21August2011.
Copyright© 2013, Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
Reproduced by permission. pp.24-25 Adapted extract from Air
Babylon by Imogen Edward-Jones. Published by Bantam Press.
Reprinted by permission ofThe Random House Group Limited and
Furniss Lawton. p.26 Adapted extract from "Mini Sagas" by Brian
Aldiss. The Daily Telegraph, © Telegraph Media Group Limited
2013. Reproduced by permission. pp.28-29 Adapted extract from
"Rampage" by Lewis Cole. fiftywordstories.com. Reproduced by
permission of Lewis Cole (www.coleshideyhole.blogspot.com). p.30
Adapted extract from "Lazy Susan" by Nancy Pickard, copyright
© 1991 by Nancy Pickard, adapted from Sisters in Crime 4, edited by
Marilyn Wallace. Used by permission of Nancy Pickard and The
Berkley Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Group (USA) LLC.
p.34 Adapted extract from "Little habits rack up big eco-guilt" by
Mary Schmich, Chicago Tribune, 23 April 2008 © 2008 Chicago
Tribune. All rights reserved. Used by permission and protected by
the copyright Laws of the United States. The printing. copying.
redistribution, or retransmission of this Content without express
written permission is prohibited. p.36 Adapted extract from "Why
we always warm to the weather" by William Langley. The Daily
Telegraph, 1 October 2011 ©Telegraph Media Group Limited 2011.
Reproduced by permission. p.40 Adapted extract from "I'm Dave,
I'm a speedaholic" by Emma Smith, The Sunday Times, 24 June
2007. Reproduced by permission of News Syndication. p.43 Adapted
extract from "They Believe They Can Fly" by Douglas Quenqua,
New York Times, 14th December 2012 © 2012 New York Times. All
rights reserved. Used by permission and protected by the copyright
Laws of the United States. The printing, copying. redistribution, or
retransmission of this Content without express written permission
is prohibited. p.45 Adapted extract from The Survivor's Club by
Ben Sherwood (Michael Joseph, 2009) . Copyright© 2009 by Ben
Sherwood.. By permission of Grand Central Publishing and Penguin
UK. All rights reserved. p.55 Adapted extract from "What music
would you play an alien?" by Rhys Blakely, The Times, 3 October
2012. Reproduced by permission of News Syndication. p.60 Adapted
extract from "Sleepwalking chers recipe for disaster" by Kirsty
Scott, The Guardian, 31 March 2006. Copyright Guardian News &
Media Ltd 2006. Reproduced by permission. p.63 Adapted extract
from "Survival tastes so sweet for rescued British backpacker"
by Alexi Mostrous, The Times, 15 February 2013. Reproduced
by permission of News Syndication. p.65 Adapted extract from
"Why men and women argue differently" by Damian Whitworth,
The Times. 30 October 2007. Reproduced by permission of News
Syndication. pp.70-71 Adapted extract from What Everybody Is Saying
by Joe Navarro and with Marvin Karlins. PhD. Copyright© 2008 by
Joe Navarro. Reprinted by permission ofHarperCollins Publishers.
p.77 Adapted extract from "Freeloaders and then internet" by
Caitlin Moran, The Times, 22 September 2012. Reproduced by
permission of News Syndication. p.80 Adapted extract from 24
Hours in Journalism by john Dale. john Dale Publishing Limited.
Reproduced by permission. p.84 Adapted extract from "The 10
biggest lies ever told in advertising" by Jim Edwards. CBS News
Website, 21July2011. Reproduced by permission of CBS News.
p.86 Abridged extract from "What the Bagel Man Saw" by Stephen
J. Dubner and Steven D. Levitt. Copyright© by Stephen]. Dubner
& Steven D. Levitt. From The New York Times Uune 6, 2004).
Reproduced by permission. p.103 Adapted extract from "How's that
for good karma? Homeless man is given $100,000 by well-wishers
after he returned diamond engagement ring to bride after it fell
into his cup" by David McCormack. Daily Mail, 23 February 2013.
Reproduced by permission ofSolo Syndication. p.112 Adapted
extract from "Choking dog saves its own life by dialling 999" by
Alistair Taylor, The Sun, 28 March 2012. Reproduced by permission
of News Syndication. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised copying.
reproduction, rental, or co=unication to the public of the
material contained in this product is a violation ofapplicable laws.
The publisher would like to thank the following/or their kind permission
to reproduce photographs: Advertising Archives p.84 (Luckies)
85 (Loreal); Alamy pp.12 (Ian Dagnall(kit kat, Erkan Mehmet/
Facebook, Life on Whitefhorse). 21 (Leila Cutler/boy with tattoo).
23 (Hem.is/shaman). 24 (Image Source Plus/luggage). 25 (Alfonso
de Tomas/paper aeroplane). 34 (Oleksiy Maksymenko/car.
Studiomodefbag),35 Uohan H/tall wind turbines), 36 (H Lansdown/
drake, Lugris/duck). 41 (imagebroker). 46 (Bruce Coleman/jaguar,
Mode Images/footprint. Jacques jangoux/canoe). 57 (Sergey
Galushko/earphones). 70 (Richard Heyesfhammer). 78 (Bernd
Mellmannfbus), 88 (Del photos/flats), 90 (Mike V/Sydney Beach,
Jeremy Sutton-Hibbert/Edinburgh Festival, Manfed Gottschalk/
Vienti.a ne), 91 (Tibor Bognar/Cairo), 92 Ueremy Sutton-Hibbert/
BOSS ad), 94 (Clive Rivers/coins. Marvin Dembinsky Photo Ass/
Dog howling) 115. 118 (Bubbles), 119 Uanine Wiedel Photolibrary/
Fast food, Hemis{Empty restaurant, Mark Dyball/pub),
159 (Simon Balson/calf, David Taylor/thigh), 162 (Clynt Garnham
Food & DrinkfPepsi can); Associated Press/Press Association
p.55 (Grant Hindsley/Austin Chapman); Aviation Images p.24 (air
crew); Barcroft Media p.38-9 Uun Ahn); Stephen Bettles p.18
(Karoline Bell and Nick Sydney); Cris Burgess p.40 (key ring);
Captainbijou.com p.92 (MOM Brands/farina cereal); Cartoonstock
p.36 (weather); Corbis Images pp.16 (Tetra Images). 18 (Ocean/
park). 24 (Thom Lang/mobile phone), 47 Uungle), 63 (Splash
News/Sam Woodhead), 72 (Ocean/rehearsal), 73 (Hulton Deutsch
Collection(Laurence Olivier). 88 (Colin McPherson/Andrew
Marr). 153 (Daisy Cooperfvest), 162 (Mike SegarfReuters/Apple);
Jon Fletcher p.10 (pen); Frasers Autographs pp.10 (Leo Tolstoy,
Shulz. Charles Dickens, Elijah Wood, Damien Hirst); Kevin
Gale p.47 (photo ofYossi and friends); Getty Images pp.4, 5,
6 (couple), 7 (Reza Estakhrian), 12 (Focus-on-nature/landscape),
12 (H Lansdown/drake). 13 (lzabela Harbur), 17 (Stocklib). 20 (Film
Magic/Adele, Wirelmage/jane Fonda), 21 (Image Source/grey
haired man), 24-25 (David Joyner/Aircraft landing), 26 Uames
Lauritz/Pilot), 34 (Gotografia Basicafbottles). 35 (solar panels,
Gamma-Rapho/wind turbines on houses, AFP/snow machine),
40 (Maurice Marquardt/motorbike). 43 (Anders Blomqvist/
wingsuit). 45 Uoe Petersburger/elephant), 47 (aeroplane shadow),
50 (Peter Widmann), 51 (Hill Street Studios), 54 (Tetra Images/
bass guitar background, Hans Neleman/choir. Classic Rock
Magazine/female guitarist, drummer, Reclferns/flutist), 55 (Brand
X Pictures/bass guitarist), 56 (AFPDohn Sloboda, Ben Richardson/
notebook), 60 (Stocktrek Images/Luis Argerich), 70 (Stephen
Stickler/gun), 77 (Tetra Images/mouse, Chris Cheadle/grafirti),
79 (Roman Okopny/Globe, chefs), 81 (WireimagefBritney Spears,
Lindsay Logan, PCAfParis Hilton), 89 (Artem VorobieyfTokyo).
93 (Bloomberg/Nike ad, Hulton Archive/Apple ad), 94 (Tetra
lmages/Jarge moon. Einstein, Ingram Publishing/brain, Sean
Murphy/lightening. Allan Barredo/bats), 98, 99 Emmeline
Pankhurst, Gama-Keystone/Winston Churchill. AFP/Nelson
Mandela, AFPfBarak Obama), 105, 108 (Blend Images), 110 (AFP),
111 (Vincenzo Lombardo/jasmine). 112 (AFP), 117 (Hans Neleman/
family, Leland Bobbe/texting) 153 (Trish Gant/sandals), 159 (Jan
Sanderson/heel, Film Magic/ankle,jazz!RT/fist, Wirelmage/wrist,
waist), 161 (Ian McKlnnell). 162 (Bloomberg/Gap, Cover/fberia
airlines. UK PressfTesco bag); Istockphoto p.46 (raft) 153 (bow tie),
159 (hip); KCIV5 News 103; Koba! Collection 32(20th Century Fox/
The Beach), 72 (Polygram/Channel 4/Working Title/four Weddings
film still). 73 (Miramax/Dimension Films/Gangs of NY film still);
Ben Lack p.78 (dog); Steve Mytton p.78 (Longleat/tiger); N.I.
Syndication p.6 (The Sun/Dinosaur head); Oxford University Press
Picture Bank pp.48 (portraits). 70 (knife), 85 (stop watch). 94 (small
moon), 111 (cat, Vinegar); Ross Parry Agency p.37 Uonathan
Pow); Rex Features pp.10 (Barak O'Bama, Startraks Photo/Paris
Hilton. Si pa PressfUsain Bolt, Peter BrookerfPaul McCartney, Ken
McKay/Sean Connery), 20 (David Hartley/Gareth Malone, Dave
J Hogan/Mick Jagger). 24 (Alex Segre/life jkt demo, Eric Vidal/
Emergency exit demo), 26 (Action Press/Air traffic controller),
32 Uacqueline Wilson.JK Rowling), 52 (Everett Collection). 54 (Reg
Wilson/Jacqueline Du Pre). 70 (Miramax{Everett(The Queen).
72 (Alisdair Macdonalds/Old Vic, Graham Wiltshire/Amadeus).
80-81 (paparazzi). 81 (Dupuy Florent/SipafBrad Pitt, Broad.image/
Julia Roberts, Startraks Photo/Kate Bosworth). 83, 89 (Patrick
FriletfMexico), 91( Image Broker/Lucca), 94 (Eye Ubiquitous/
Empire State Building, GarofPhanie/pills); Science Photo Library
p.159 (Ian Hooton/bottom, kidneys. brain, lungs, heart, liver);
Shutterstock pp.21 (pink hair, striped skirt), 34 (Shower head.
Ingram Publishing/filling bottle), 35 (electric car) 107 (cabbage,
mango. rose, lolly, coat). 111 (camembert. chilli), 153 (cardigan.
lace top, fur collar. silk scarf. boots). 159 (palm, elbow, fingernails,
chest, ); Thomson Reuters p.89 (Tim Bravo/Band); Universal Uclick
p.11; Mark Wemple pp.70 Uoe Navarro), 71; p.32 Cover image of
Warrior Scarlet by Rosemary Sutcliff (Oxford University Press.
1958), reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press;
p.32 Cover image of Northern Lights Text Copyright© Philip
Pullman 1995, Cover Design by Crush Design. 2011 Reproduced
by permission of Scholastic Ltd. All rights reserved.; p.47 Cover
image of Lost in the jungle byYossi Ghinsberg is reproduced by
kind permission ofSummersdale Publishers; p.90 cover image
ofBlue Guide Istanbul by kind permission ofBlue Guides; p.90
cover Reproduced with permission of Lonely Planet.© 2011
Lonely Planet; The photographs of Fran Dresher on page 68
and Ellen Burstyn. Dan Hedaya and Steve Guttenberg on page
69 are reproduced by kind permission of Howard Schatz from
In Character: Actors Acting (published 2006 by Bulfinch Press)
©Howard Schatz and Beverly Ornstein 200.; The photographs of
Cheryl Hines. Jason Schwartzman and Jane Lynch are reproduced
by kind permission of Howard Schatz from Caught in the Act:
Actors Acting (published 2013 by Glitterati, Inc.)© Howard Schatz
and Beverly Ornstein 2013.
Pronunciation chart artwork: by Ellis Nadler
fllu.strations by: The Art Market/David McConochie pp.8, 9, 44,
56-57, 157; Colagene/Jerome Mirault p.60, 100; Dutch Uncle
Agency/Atsushi Hara pp.27, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 139, 141, 143,
144, 145, 148, 149, 150, 151; Good illustration/Oliver Latyk pp.74.
75, 160; illustration Ltd/Matthew Hollings pp.14, 30-31, 105, 109,
116, 152, 153; Tim Marrs pp.48-49;joe Mclaren p.58-59; Roger
Penwill p.156; PeppercookiesfLisa Billvik pp.28, 29, 66, 67, 96. 97,
114. 155.
Commissioned photography by: Gareth Boden: p.64; MM Studios:
pp: 32 (bookcovers), 57 (bookcovers), 61, 70 (ice pick). 86/7,
90 (bookcovers), 153 (suit; swimming costume; waistcoat).
Although every effort has been made to trace and contact copyright holders
before publication, this has not been possible in some cases. We apologise
for any apparent infringement ofcopyright and, if notified, the publisher
will be pleased to rectify any errors or omissions at the earliest possible
opportunity.
 ENGLISH FILE
the best way to get students talking
English File third edition gives you motivating, enjoyable
lessons that work.
• A proven balance of Grammar, Vocabulary, Pronunciation,
and skills.
• Engaging topics, tasks, and activities that get students
talking on every page.
• A complete teaching and learning package.

Oxford> making . s e n s e
For students For teachers
• Student's Book (with or without • Teacher's Book with Test and
Oxford Online Skills Program) assessment CD-ROM
with .; ~~'rf!ll" • iTools
• Workbook (with or without key)
• Class audio CDs
• Student's website
• Class DVD
www.oup.com / elt/englishfile
• Teacher's website
• English File Pronunciation app
• Learning Management System
for Oxford Online Skills Program.
English Sounds Pronunciation Chart Get started at
based on an original idea and design www.oxfordlearn.com
by Paul Seligson and Carmen Dolz.

OXFORD ~ for all your

ISBN 978-0-19-455874-7

UNIVERSITY PRESS
~, ~ testing needs
"'.41111
' online go t o
www.oup.com oxford engl ish testing .com 9 780194 558747