ENGLISH 4th Grading supremely aware of courtesy and the

lack of it,
Capulet
>ROMEO AND JULIET
 The patriarch of the Capulet family,
 Tragedy
father of Juliet, husband of Lady
 Written by WILLIAM Capulet, and enemy, for unexplained
SHAKESPEARE reasons, of Montague
 Believed to be written in the late 1591-
1595
 Other books of Shakespeare are
o HAMLET
o KING LEAR Montague
o THE MERCHANT OF
 Romeo’s father, the patriarch of the
VENICE
Montague clan and bitter enemy of
o RICHARD III
Capulet
CHARACTERS: Lady Montague
Romeo
 Romeo’s mother, Montague’s wife. She
 The son and heir of Montague and Lady dies of grief after Romeo is exiled from
Montague Verona.

Juliet Paris

 The daughter of Capulet and Lady
Capulet. A beautiful thirteen-year-old
girl
Friar Lawrence
 A Franciscan friar, friend to both Romeo
and Juliet. Kind, civic-minded, a
proponent of moderation, and always
ready with a plan
Mercutio
 A kinsman to the Prince, and Romeo’s
close friend.
The Nurse
 Juliet’s nurse, the woman who breast-
fed Juliet when she was a baby and has
cared for Juliet her entire life
Tybalt
 A Capulet, Juliet’s cousin on her
mother’s side. Vain, fashionable,
 A kinsman of the Prince, and the suitor
of Juliet most preferred by Capulet.
Benvolio
 Montague’s nephew, Romeo’s cousin
and thoughtful friend, he makes a
genuine effort to defuse violent scenes
in public places, though Mercutio
accuses him of having a nasty temper in
private
Prince Escalus
 he Prince of Verona. A kinsman of
Mercutio and Paris
Friar John
 Franciscan friar charged by Friar
Lawrence with taking the news of
Juliet’s false death to Romeo in Mantua.
Friar John is held up in a quarantined
house, and the message never reaches
Romeo.
Balthasar
 Romeo’s dedicated servant, who brings
Romeo the news of Juliet’s death,
unaware that her death is a ruse.
Sampson and Gregory
 Two servants of the house of Capulet,
who, like their master, hate the
Montagues. At the outset of the play
Abram
 Montague’s servant, who fights with
Sampson and Gregory in the first scene
of the play.
The Apothecary
 An apothecary in Mantua. Had he been
wealthier, he might have been able to
afford to value his morals more than
money, and refused to sell poison to
Romeo.
Peter
 A Capulet servant who invites guests to
Capulet’s feast and escorts the Nurse to
meet with Romeo. He is illiterate, and a
bad singer.
Rosaline
 The woman with whom Romeo is
infatuated at the beginning of the play.
The chorus
 The Chorus is a single character who, as
developed in Greek drama, functions as
a narrator offering commentary on the
play’s plot and themes.
Summary
An age-old vendetta between two powerful
families erupts into bloodshed. A group of
masked Montagues risk further conflict by
gatecrashing a Capulet party. A young
lovesick Romeo Montague falls instantly
in love with Juliet Capulet, who is due to
marry her father’s choice, the Count
Paris. With the help of Juliet’s nurse, the
women arrange for the couple to marry
the next day, but Romeo’s attempt to halt
a street fight leads to the death of Juliet’s
own cousin, Tybalt, for which Romeo is
banished. In a desperate attempt to be
reunited with Romeo, Juliet follows the
Friar’s plot and fakes her own death. The
message fails to reach Romeo, and
believing Juliet dead, he takes his life in
her tomb. Juliet wakes to find Romeo’s
corpse beside her and kills herself. The
grieving family agree to end their feud.
Voices of Verbs
Voice
 Doer/receiver of the action
 The doer is the subject or the main
idea or topic and must be a:
 Noun (name of: place, things,
events, person, animal)
 Pronoun (subtitles a noun: she,
her, he, him, I, me, myself, you,
they, the, us, them)
 (common noun – general and
proper noun – specific)
Two Kinds of Voice
1. Active Voice
2. Passive Voice
Active Voice
 Subject is the doer of the action
Passive Voice
 Subject is the receiver of the action
The Pattern The blue wall(S) of his
room has just been
Subject - Verb – Direct Object in Active
painted(V) by him. (D.O)
Subject (Direct Object in Active) – Verb –
 Past Tense
Direct Object (Subject in Active) in
 Simple Past
Passive
(Active = past) (Passive = was +
 Voices of verb has tenses of past)
verb: Active
1. Present The postman(S)
2. Past delivered(V) the mail (D.O)
3. Future yesterday.
Passive
 Present Tense The mail(S) was delivered
 Simple Present (V) yesterday by the
(Active = resent) (Passive = past) postman. (D.O)
Active
 Past Progressive
The postman(S) delivers(V)
(Active = was + gerund) (Passive =
the mail. (D.O)
was + being + past)
Passive Active
She (S) was cooking(V)
The mail(S) delivered(V) by
lasagna (D.O) for her
the postman. (D.O)
mother.
 Present Progressive Passive
(Active = gerund(-ing) (Passive =
being +past) The lasagna (S) for her
Active mother was being cooked
She(S) is cooking(V) (V) by her. (D.O)
lasagna (D.O)
Passive
Lasagna(S) is being
cooked(V) by her (D.O)
 Present Perfect
(Active = has + past) (Passive = has  Past Perfect
+ just + been + past) (Active = had + past) (Passive =
Active had + been + past)
He(S) has painted(V) the Active
blue wall (D.O) of his room. He (S) had painted (V) the
blue
Passive
wall (D.O) of his room.
 Passive
>VOICES OF VERBS
The blue wall (S) of his
room had been painted (V)  VOICE is the doer or receiver of the
by him. (D.O) action
 Future Tense
 Simple Future ACTIVE VOICE
(Active = will + present) (Passive =
will be + past) S-V-DO
Active Subject is the doer of the action
The postman (S) will deliver
(V) the mail (D.O) Ex. She is cooking lasagna.
tomorrow. S V DO
Passive
The mail (S) will be
delivered (V) by the PASSIVE VOICE
postman (D.O) tomorrow.
DO-V-S
 Future Progressive Subject is the receiver of the action
(Active = will + be + gerund)
(Passive = will be + past) Ex. Lasagna is being cooked by her.
Active DO V S
She (S) will be cooking (V)
lasagna (D.O) for her
mother. SIMPLE RESENT

Passive A- The postman delivers the mail

The lasagna (S) for her P- The mail is delivered by the postman
mother will be cooked (V) PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
by her. (D.O)
A-she is cooking lasagne
 Future Perfect
P- lasagna is being cooked by her.
(Active = will + have + past)
(Passive = have + been + past) PRESENT PERFCT
Active A-she has cooked lasagna
He (S) will have painted (V)
the blue wall (D.O) of his P-the lasagna has just been cooked by her
room.
Passive
The blue wall (S) of his SIMPLE PAST
room have been painted (V)
A-the postman delivered the mail yesterday
by him. (D.O)
P-the mail was delivered by the postman
yesterday
PAST PROGRESSIVE
A-she was cooking lasagna for her mother
P-the lasagna fr her mother was being cooked by
her
PAST PERFECT
A-the postman had delivered the mail yesterday
P- the mail had been delivered by the postman
yesterday
SIMPLE FUTURE
A-the postman will deliver the mail tomorrow
P-the mail will be delivered by the postman
tomorrow.
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE
A-the postman is going to deliver the mail
tomorrow
P- the mail is going to be delivered by the
postman tomorrow
FUTURE PERFECT
A-the postman will have delivered the mail
tomorrow.
P-the mail will have been delivered by the
postman tomorrow.
Resume
1. Heading includes name, address,
date of birth, email, address, and
contact number
2. Objective states what your resume
is for
3. The education portion presents the
school(s) you have attended.
Include the address(es) of your
school(s), dates of attendance and
graduation (if applicable) and also
include awards received, if any
4. You can also put your school
activities, extracurricular
activities, volunteer activities work
experience, special skills, and
references
Cover Letter
Date:
Name, Designation, Address of
Recipient of Letter:
Saturation: Dear, Mr./Ms./Mrs.
First Paragraph: Get to the point.
State why you are writing the letter.
Include how you were able to find out
about what you are applying for. If
you were referred by someone in the
company, include it here.
Second Paragraph: Briefly state your
accomplishments and qualifications
which should show that hiring you or
giving you the scholarship is beneficial
to them. Use strong and direct
statements.
Third Paragraph: Connect your
accomplishments and qualifications
with what you are applying for. Show
how enthusiastic you would be should
you be successful in your application.
Fourth Paragraph: Invite them to
contact you for an interview or
further questions.
Fifth Paragraph: A thank you
statement.
 Closing and Signature: Yours truly,
sincerely yours, under this your full
name and include the signature above
your name.
Formal Request Letter
Date:
Name, designation, and address of
recipient of letter
>COVER LETTER
Salutation: Dear, Mr./Miss/Mrs.
Followed by a colon
First Paragraph: As in the cover letter
go straight to the point. State the
purpose of your letter of request.
Second Paragraph: Here, you make
your request. Use polite words and
phrased. You may use modals to
express requests.
Third Paragraph: It would be
practical to put your contact info
should any inquiries or a confirmation
arise.
Fourth Paragraph: A thank you
statement.
Closing and Signature: Say yours truly,
sincerely yours and under this, your full
name and include your signature above
your name.
>Formal Letter of Request. Request letters
>RESUME
 is a brief account of a person’s
education, qualifications, and previous
experience, typically sent with a job
application.
 Resume includes:
o HEADING- name, address,
date of birth, email address, and
contact number
o OBJECTIVE states that your
resume is for
o EDUCATION- portion that
presents the schools you have
attended
 is a letter of introduction that
accompanies a resume
 Parts:
o DATE-Name, designation, and
address of the recipient of letter
o SALUTATION
o FIRST PARAGRAPH –state
why you are writing the letter
o SECOND PARAGRAPH –
state your accomplishments
o THIRD PARAGRAPH –
connect your accomplishments
to what you are applying for
o FOURTH – invite them to
contact you
o FIFTH – a thank you statement
o CLOSING AND
SIGNATURE
 
o are typically required for job
interviews, for a raise or a
promotion or may be an
approach to a company or
business colleague for specific
information.
o The formal
letter of request should have
the complete details of yourself
 and also the person you are
addressing.
The Praying Hands
About 1490 two young friends, Albrecht Durer
and Franz Knigstein were struggling young
artists. Since both were poor, they worked to
support themselves while they studied art.
Work took so much of their time advancement
was slow. Finally they reached an agreement:
they would draw lots, and one of them would
work to support both of them while the other
would study art. Albrecht won and began to
study, while Franz worked at hard labour to
support them. They agreed that when Albrecht
was successful he would support Franz who
would then study art.
Albrecht went off to the cities of Europe to
study. As the world now knows, he had not only
talent but genius. When he had attained success,
he went back to keep his bargain with Franz.
But Albrecht soon discovered the enormous
price his friend had paid. For as Franz worked
at hard manual labour to support his friend, his
fingers had become stiff and twisted. His
slender, sensitive hands had been ruined for life.
He could no longer execute the delicate brush
strokes necessary to fine painting. Though his
artistic dreams could never be realised, he was
not embittered but rather rejoiced in his friend’s
success.
One day Durer came upon his friend
unexpectedly and found him kneeling with his
gnarled hands intertwined in prayer, quietly
praying for the success of his friend although he
himself could no longer be an artist. Albrecht
Durer, the great genius hurriedly sketched the
folded hands of his faithful friend and later
completed a truly great masterpiece known as
‘The Praying Hands”.
Today art galleries everywhere feature Albrecht
Durer’s works, and this particular masterpiece
tells an eloquent story of love, sacrifice, labour
and gratitude. It has reminded multitudes the
world around of how they may also find
comfort, courage and strength.
The Pardoner’s Tale
Summary: Prologue to the Pardoner's Tale.
After getting a drink, the Pardoner begins his
Prologue. He tells the company about his
occupation—a combination of
itinerant preaching and selling promises of
salvation. His sermon topic always remains the
same: Radix malorum est Cupiditas, or “greed
is the root of all evil.”
There Will Come Soft Rains
The irony of the story "There Will Come Soft
Rains" is strong. The poem within the story
describes how happy nature will be when man
has destroyed himself, but the truth is that
nature has been decimated by the war. The dog
that comes in to die is lean and covered with
sores. The rest of the city is "rubble and ashes."
Robert Frost
Born: March 26, 1874 (San Francisco, USA)
Died: January 29, 1963 @ 88 (Boston,
Massachusetts)
Title: Poet Laureate (1958-1959)
Achievement: Four-Time Pulitzer Prize in
Poetry Winner
The Road Not Taken
Theme: It is impossible to see where a life-
altering decision will lead
Central Message: Chose and Continue Life’s
Journey
Figurative Meaning: Metaphor (Life)
Literal Meaning: Randomly Choose a Road
Symbolism:
Yellow – unsure
Black – untouched
Road – journey
Point of view = TRAVELER