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CS0103

BIOINFORMATICS

1 . Mr BOBBY DUDLA 2. Mr PATAN ASRAR KHAN

Abstract:

Bioinformatics is the development and use of computational and mathematical

methods for acquiring, storing, analyzing and interpreting biological data to solve biological
data to solve biological questions. Bioinformatics is a crucial component of MRC’s post-
genome challenge to translate new information about genes and proteins into improved health
care. In this context we want to explain the various tasks that can be exhibited by the concept
of bioinformatics and how it can be implemented. The most pressing tasks in bioinformatics
involve the analysis of sequence information. Sub-disciplines with in bioinformatics involving
computational biology. Activities, organization and Analysis in bioinformatics. The Need and
scope of bioinformatics. Levels of bioinformatics. Aims and potential of bioinformatics

Keywords: Deluge, observations, underpin, Bio-informatics

Conclusions:

With the current deluge of data, computational methods have become indispensable to
biological investigations. Originally developed for the analysis of biological sequences,
bioinformatics now genomic and gene expression studies. In particular, we discussed the types
of biological information and databases that are commonly used, and finally looked at several
practical applications of the field. Two principal approaches underpin all studies in
bioinformatics. First is that of comparing and grouping the data according to biologically
meaningful similarities and second, that of analyzing one type of data to infer and understand
the observations for another type of data. These approaches are reflected in the main aims of
the field, which are to understand and organize the information associated with biological
molecules on a large scale.
1.III/IV, B.Tech, C.S.E 2.III/IV, B.Tech, C.S.E
bobby.sachin@gmail.com asrar528@gmail.com
St.ANN’s Collge of Engineering & Technology
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Bioinformatics: Function genomic, bimolecular structure,

protein analysis, cell metabolism,
Bio-informatics is conceptualizing biology in biodiversity, downstream, processing in
terms of molecules(in the sense of physical chemical engineering, drug and vaccine
chemistry)and applying “informatics design are some of the areas in which
techniques” (derived from disciplines such as Bioinformatics is an integral component.
applied math’s, computer science and There is a huge demand for trained
statistics) to understand and organize the Bioinformatics in U.S.A., Europe, South-east
information associated with these molecules, Asia, Australia and India.
on a large scale. In short, bioinformatics is a Bioinformatics concern the creation and
management information system for maintenance of databases of biological
molecular biology and has many practical information whereby researchers can both
applications. access existing information and submit new
Introduction to Bioinformatics entries. The most pressing tasks in
Bioinformatics has evolved into a bioinformatics involve the analysis of
full-fledged multidisciplinary subject that sequence information. Computational
integrates developments in Information and Biology is the name given to this process,
Computer Technology as applied to and it involves the following.
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences.  Finding the genes in the DNA
Bioinformatics uses computer software tools sequences of various organisms.
for database creation, data management,  Developing methods to predict the
data warehousing, data mining and global structure and/or function of newly discovered
communication networking. proteins and structural RNA sequences.
Bioinformatics is the recording, annotation, Clustering protein sequences into families of
storage, analysis, and searching/retrieval of related sequences and the development of
nucleic acid sequence (genes and RNAs), protein models.
protein sequence and structural information. Aligning similar proteins and generating
This includes databases of the sequences phylogenetic trees to examine evolutionary
and structural information as well methods to relationships.
access, search, visualize and retrieve the Sub-disciplines within bioinformatics:
information
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There are three important sub-disciplines
within bioinformatics involving computational
biology:
The development of new algorithms and
statistics with which to assess relationships
among members of large data sets.
The analysis and interpretation of various
types of data including nucleotide and amino
acid sequences, protein domains, and
protein structures and
The development and implementation of
tools that enable efficient access and
management of different types of
information.
Activities in bioinformatics:
We can split the activities in bioinformatics in
two areas:
The organization
The analysis of biological data
Organization:
The creation of databases of biological
information
The maintenance of these databases
Today, we are sequencing tens of millions of
bases a year and undertaking to sequence
whole organism genomes.
The growth of the sequence databases is an
unbroken exponential.
The current size of the EMBL nucleotide
database (release 42 of March 1995) is a
staggering 262,000,000 bases.
The most important databases today in
biology are probably the protein sequence
databases.
Analysis
The most pressing tasks in
bioinformatics involve the analysis of
sequence information. Computational
Medicinal Chemistry is the name given to this
process, and it involves the following:
Development of methods to predict the
structure and/or function of newly discovered
proteins and structural RNA sequences.
Clustering protein sequences into families of
related sequences and the development of
protein models.
Aligning similar proteins and generating
phylogenetic trees to examine evolutionary
relationships
The Need for Bioinformatics:
Whole Genome Analysis and Sequences
Experimental Analysis involving thousands of
Genes simultaneously
DNA chips and Array Analyses-Expression
arrays, comparative Analyses between
species and strains
Proteomics: ‫׳‬proteome‫׳‬of an Organism.
Medical applications: Genetic Disease-
Pharmaceutical and Biotech Industry
Forensic applications
Agricultural applications
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Sequence: For example:
Similarity with other known genes
phylogenetic trees, evolutionary relationships
Bioinformatics and its scopes
Bioinformatics has evolved into full-
fledged scientific. Discipline over the last
decade. The definition of Bioinformatics is
not restricted to computational Molecular
biology and computational structural biology.
It now encompasses fields such as
comparative genomic, structural genomic,
transcriptions, proteomics, cellunomics and
metabolic pathway engineering.
Developments in these fields have direct
implications to healthcare, medicine,
discovery of next generation drugs,
development of agricultural products,
renewable energy, environmental protection
etc.
Bioinformatics integrates the advances in the
areas of computer science, Information
science and Information Technology to solve
complex problems in Life Sciences. The core
data comprises of the genomes and
proteomes of human and other organisms, 3-
D structures and functions of
proteins, micro array
data, metabolic
pathways, cell
lines &
hybridoma, biodiversity etc. The sudden
growth in the quantative data in Biology has
rendered data capture, data warehousing
and data mining as major issues for
biotechnologists and biologist.
Availability of economic and other data has
resulted in the realization of the inherent
biocomplexity issues, which call for
innovative tools for synthesis of knowledge.
Information Technology, particularly the
Internet, is utilized to collect, distribute and
access ever-increasing data which are later
analyzed with mathematics and statistics-
based tools. Bioinformatics has a key role to
play in the cutting edge Research &
Development areas such as functional
genomic, proteomics, protein engineering,
pharmacogenomics, discovery of new drugs
and vaccines, molecular diagnostic kits,
agro-biotechnology etc. This has attracted
attention of several companies and
entrepreneurs.
As a result, a large number of Bioinformatics-
based start-ups have been launched and the
trend is likely to continue. This has
necessitated the availability of a large
number of formally trained individuals in
Bioinformatics. A Bioinformatician must
acquire/possess expertise in the essential
multi-displinary fields that comprises
the core of this new science. Quality
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research and education in Bioinformatics are
vital not only to meet the existing challenges
but also to set and accomplish new goals in
Life Sciences.
Three levels of bioinformatics:
Analysis of a single gene (protein)
Identification of well-defined domains in the
sequence
Sequence features (physical properties,
binding sites, modification sites……….)
Prediction o sub cellular localization
Prediction of secondary and tertiary structure
Analysis of complete genomes. For example:
Which gene families are present, which is
missing?
Location of genes on the chromosomes,
correlation with function or evolution
Expansion/duplication of gene families
Presence or absence of biochemical
pathway
Identification of "missing" enzymes
Large-scale events in the evolution of
organisms
Analysis of genes and genomes with respect
to functional data. For example:
Expression analysis; micro array data; mRNA
conc. Measurements
Proteomics; protein conc. Measurements,
covalent modifications
Comparison and analysis of biochemical
pathways
Deletion or mutant genotypes vs. phenotypes
Identification of essential genes, or genes
involved in specific processes
Aims of Bioinformatics
The aims of bioinformatics are basically
three-fold. They are
Organization of data in such a way that it
allows researchers to access existing
information & to submit new entries task, the
information stored in these databases is
useless unless analyzed. Thus the purpose
of bioinformatics extends well beyond mere
volume control.
To develop tools and resources that help in
the analysis of data. For example, having
sequenced a particular protein, it is with
previously characterized sequences. This
requires more than just a straightforward
database search. As such, programs such as
FATA and PSI-BLAST much consider what
constitutes a biologically significant
resemblance.
Use of these tools to analyze the individual
systems in detail, and frequently compares
them with few that are related.
The potential of bioinformatics
The potential of bioinformatics in the
identification of useful genes leading to the
development of new gene products, drug
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discovery and drug development has led to a
paradigm shift in biology and biotechnology-
these fields are becoming more & more
computationally intensive. The new
paradigm, now emerging, is that all the
genes will be known "the sense of being
resident in database available electronically”,
and the starting point of biological
investigation will be theoretical and a
scientist will begin with a theoretical
conjecture and only then turning to
experiment to follow or test the hypothesis.
With a much dear understanding of the
biological processes at the molecular level,
the Bioinformatics scientist have developed
new techniques to analyze genes on an
industrial scale resulting in a new area of
science known as 'Genomic'.
The shift from gene biology has resulted in
the development of strategies-from lab
techniques to compare programmes to
analyze whole batch of genes at once.
Genomics is revolutionizing drug
development, gene therapy, and our entire
approach to health care and human medicine
The genomic discoveries are getting
translated in to practical biomedical results
through Bioinformatics applications. Work on
proteomics and genomic will continue using
highly sophistical software tools and data
networks that can carry multimedia
databases. Thus, the research will be in the
development of multimedia databases in
various areas of life sciences and
biotechnology. There will be an urgent need
for development of software tools for data
mining, analysis and modeling, and
downstream processing.
Security of data, data transfer and data
compression, auto checks on data accuracy
and correctness will also be major research
area of bioinformatics. The use of virtual
Reality in drug design, metabolic pathway
design, and unicellular organism design,
paving the way to design and modification of
multicellular organisms, will be the
challenges, which Bioinformatics scientist
and specialist have to tackle.
The most pressing tasks in bioinformatics
involve the analysis of sequence information.
Computational Biology is the name given
to this process, and it involves the following:
Finding the genes in the DNA sequences of
various organisms
Developing methods to predict the structure
and/or function of newly discovered proteins
and structural RNA sequences.
Clustering protein sequences into families of
related sequences and the development of
protein models.
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Aligning similar proteins and generating Nucleotide and genome sequence.

phylogenetic trees to examine evolutionary Gene expression data.
relationships. Data integration.
Applications
Protein sequence database.
Structural database.