FYP Progress Report Summary

FYP Progress Report 2010/201
FINAL YEAR PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT

ACADEMIC SESSION 2010/2011
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA
PART A: TO BE COMPLETED BY STUDENT
STUDENT DETAILS
Name: NOR AKMAL BINTI RAI
Student Number: 95058
Supervisor:
Supervisor: Dr. SHAHID IQBAL
Design and Implement of a 100W Soft-Switching Buck Converter
Project Title :
Program : B. Eng (Electronic) B. Eng (Electrical) B. Eng (Mechatronic)
EEE 499 EEK 499 EEM 499
Course Code :
Type of Project: Hardware Software Both
PART A: REPORT BY CANDIDATE
Research proposal submitted? YES NO
INTRODUCTION (UP TO 1 PAGE)
Introduction
The field of Power Electronics is very broad and contains components from several disciplines of electrical
engineering. Being general, Power Electronics involves converting energy from one form to another [3].
Globally we are becoming more aware that energy is a precious commodity. Therefore the use of energy is
becoming such that we want more for less, that is, more work done using less energy than before. In essence,
in any system we want energy expended to do the desired job only with no additional energy expenditures for
unwanted or unnecessary work. This concept of high efficiency is nothing new but the demand for it seems to
be growing. Most Power Electronic systems can be simplified into three general components the source,
converter, and load (shown in the block diagram below).
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Figure 1:Simplified Power Electronic System Block Diagram
The source provides the input energy and the load uses that energy to perform the desired task. The load can
be anything from a motor to a microprocessor or a combination of items. In some cases, only a source and a
load make up the entire system. However, in most systems some form of conversion is needed to provide the
load with correct form of energy it needs. Certainly energy savings in any system, given a source, can be made
almost anywhere in the system. The converter, being central to the energy flow, can be one of the best places
to reduce unwanted losses. The ideal converter does not have any losses and the power in is equal to the power
out. In any real converter this is not the case of course and there are losses. Reducing this loss to a minimum is
necessary to have a high level of efficiency.
Power semiconductor switches are the key part of power electronics circuits. Every major breakthrough in new
materials or a new device will result in a revolutionary improvement in the performance of power converters.
The area of new materials, new device and the associated control, system integration and packaging technique
have been the research focus in power electronics field. The simplest way to control power semiconductor
switches is by Pulse-Width-Modulation (PWM).
The PWM technique is to control power flow by interrupting current or voltage by means of switch action
with control of duty cycles. Conventionally, the voltage across or current through the semiconductor switch is
abruptly interrupted, such a technique is so-called hard-switched PWM. Because of its simplicity, relatively
small current stress and ease in control, hard-switched PWM techniques have been predominantly used in
modern power electronics converters for decades. Thanks to the rapid developments of new power device
technologies, the switching speed of power devices has improved significantly. From the SCR, BJT, GTO to
IGBT and MOSFET, the power device switching transition time has decreased dramatically from sub-
milliseconds to sub-microseconds. This enables PWM power converters to operate at a much higher switching
frequency thus reducing the passive component size and eventually reduce the overall system cost. However,
in association with the increased frequency, the converter switching loss also increases proportionally. The
high dv/dt and di/dt caused by the increased speed will result in increased stress on device and system EMI
noise.
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These limitations restricted the conventional hard-switched PWM converters from operating at a higher
frequency. In past several decades, lots of research works have been done to seek a better solution to shape the
switch transition in order to overcome the inherent problem of hard switched PWM converters [5].
Scope and Aim
These projects focus on design and implement 100W soft switching buck converter. This project needs an
experimental and hardware of the project to fulfil the Final Year Project’s criterion. A 100-W Soft-Switching
Buck Converter would be designed and developed. Buck converters are used to step down dc voltage with
high efficiency. This project can be divided into three parts of circuit. First is the buck converter circuit.
Second, an auxiliary circuit (resonant converter) is added to the conventional buck converter and used to
achieve soft-switching for both the main switch and the freewheeling diode. Lastly, PIC microcontroller for
generating a PWM signal in the circuit. In order to initiate this project, fully understanding about dc converter
is needed. Parameters of circuit are calculated according to the theoretical and practical method. The design of
the switching converter and the selection of the switching components meet a big challenge.
SUMMARY (1-2 PAGES)

Provides
 A brief overview of the final report which will be submitted
 Summary of the topic of your project
 Summary of the work already completed and the work planned for the second semester.
Report Outlines
The project report chapters has been arrange so that the presentation of the details is work project can be clearly
presented. The report consists of five chapters. In the first chapter, it discusses the project background, objectives,
Scope and report outline.
Chapter 2 presents an introduction to the types of the dc converter. The theoretical part and calculations also
contain in this chapter. The principle, duty cycle and switching techniques involved are explained in detail in this
chapter.
In chapter 3, the focus is on soft switching buck converters and the main objective of this paper will be addressed.
In chapter 4, all the results and discussions are represented in the form of diagram, figure, and waveform and
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tabulated tables.
Lastly, the conclusion about the project is written on the fifth chapter. It is also provide suggestions and
recommendations for future work.
Design and Implement 100W Soft Switching Buck Converter
This project main idea is to design and implement 100W soft switching buck converter. This project needs an
experimental and hardware of the project to fulfil the Final Year Project’s criterion. A 100-W Soft-Switching
Buck Converter would be designed and developed. Buck converters are used to step down dc voltage with high
efficiency. This project can be divided into three parts of circuit. First is the buck converter circuit. Second, an
auxiliary circuit (resonant converter) is added to the conventional buck converter and used to achieve soft-
switching for both the main switch and the freewheeling diode. Lastly, PIC microcontroller for generating a PWM
signal in the circuit. Despite of generating the satisfied output value of this converter, there protection and
efficiency of the circuit are also need to be considered as it is a part of engineer’s act to be deliver consumer.
Work Complete During First Semester
For the first semester, first stage is doing the preliminaries study by searching the information regarding the dc
converter, switching and also MOSFET and IGBT driver. Then, calculate the parameters for each component used
and analyse it whether all the parameters may consume and generate the appropriate output.
Work Planned for Second Semester
The plan for the second semester is more on the hardware side of the project and achieving the desired output of
the project which is 100W. Part from that, the circuit created, must meet the user’s friendly needs, save, economic
and also high efficiency equipment.
 To define a good parameter of the circuit design and its effect to the output value.
 To implement the complete circuit to the PCB board and make it easy to handle and tidy.
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OBJECTIVES (Up to 1/2 Pages)
 Precise objectives of the research project
OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this project is:
 To design and implement 100W soft switching buck converter which can generate 100W output.
 To learn more about soft switching technique and it advantages
 To validate the designed soft switching buck converter through PSIM 6.0 simulation and to implement the
converter into hardware manner.
 Providing expanded knowledge of ZVT soft switching buck converters through application of theory,
simulation and experimental testing.
PROJECT WORK COMPLETED IN FIRST SEMESTER (3-5 Pages)
 Presents a report of your progress to date.

 You need to describe the work that you have done (for example, the first stages of a design; a preliminary literature
review; some experimental work).
 You then need to discuss the outcomes of your investigation so far.
 This section may include headings such as literature review, preliminary experimental work, design calculations,
data analysis, case studies, and findings to date.
Literature Review
Power conversion is in and of itself a general topic, one that is addressed within the field of Power Electronics.
There are four general forms of power converting circuits ac-to ac, ac-to-dc, dc-to ac, and dc to dc [3] . Since
addressing all forms of conversion would not be entirely useful for supporting the scope of the work done in this
thesis, only dc-to-dc will be covered. Even within topic of dc-to-dc converters there are many circuit topologies
and aspects of each circuit topology that can be addressed, the very thought of covering them all can be
overwhelming.
Dc-dc converter topology

1. Buck converter
2. Boost converter
3. Buck-boost converter
4. Cúk converter
Principle of Step-down Operation

In order to have a bright view regarding about the principle of step-down operation of a dc converter, figure 2 can
be considered as a reference (M. H. Rashid 2004).
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+
VH -
Converter
io
+ +
t=0
SW
Vs vo R
- -
Figure 2: Step down converter with resistive load
vo
Vs
t1 t2
0 t
T
i
Vs
R t1
t2
0 t
kT T
Figure 3: Waveform for the output voltage and

load current
When switch SW, known as the chopper, is closed for a time t1, the input voltage Vs appears across the
load. If the switch remains off for a time t 2, the voltage across the load is zero. The waveforms for the output
voltage and the load current are also shown in Figure 3. The converter switch can be implemented by using a
power bipolar junction transistor (BJT), power metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), gate-
turn-off thyristor (GTO), or insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT). The practical devices have a finite voltage
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drop ranging from 0.5 to 2 V and this value is neglected for sake of simplicity (M. H. Rashid 2004).
The output voltage can be express by this equation
t1
1 t
V o = ∫ V s dt= 1 V s=D V s (1)
T 0 T
Vo = Output Voltage (V)

Vs = Input Voltage (V)
T= switching period (ms)
t 1 = time when switch on (ms)
D = duty cycle
From the equation 1, we can conclude that, output voltage is depending on the input voltage by a factor of D (duty
cycle). Value of D is in range of 0 to 1. The equations also prove that output voltages will always less than input
voltage.
The average load current is given by equation 2
V o DV s
I o= = (2)
R R
The rms value of output voltage is found from
Dt
1
V 0= ∫ V o2 dt=√ D V s (3)
T 0
Output power, Po is given by
Dt Dt 2
1 V DVs
Pi= ∫ V o i dt=∫ o dt= (4)
T 0 0 R R
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Where Pi = input power (W)
Po= output power (W)
From equation 4, assume that there is lossless converter. So the input power to the converter is same as the output
power.
Buck Converter
A buck conveter is a step down dc to dc converter . Its design is similar to step up boost converter, and like the
boost converter is a switched-mode power supply that used two switches (a transistor and a diode) and an inductor
and a capacitor.In buck regulator, the output voltage, Vo is less than the input voltage, Vs (M. H. Rashid
2004).The Buck converter uses a mosfet as a switch that alternately connects and disconnects the input voltage to
an inductor as shown in figure 4.
Figure 4:Circuit diagram for a buck converter
Figure 5:Current flow on switch operation
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Figure 6: The waveform for voltage and current of buck converter in continuous current
Figure 5 show the current flow paths (shown as the heavy lines) when the switch is on and off. When the switch
turns on, the input voltage is connected to the inductor. The difference between the input and output voltages is
then forced across the inductor, causing current through the inductor to increase. During the on time, the inductor
current flows into both the load and the output capacitor (the capacitor charges during this time). When the switch
is turned off, the input voltage applied to the inductor is removed. However, since the current in an inductor can
not change instantly, the voltage across the inductor will adjust to hold the current constant. The input end of the
inductor is forced negative in voltage by the decreasing current, eventually reaching the point where the diode is
turned on. The inductor current then flows through the load and back through the diode. The capacitor discharges
into the load during the off time, contributing to the total current being supplied to the load (the total load current
during the switch off time is the sum of the inductor and capacitor current).
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OFF State
In the OFF state the switch is open, diode D conducts and energy is supplied from the magnetic field of L and
electric field of C. The current through the inductor falls linearly. When the mosfet switch is off, the inductor
current discharges, inducing a negative voltage drop across the inductor. Because one port of the inductor is tied to
ground, the other port will have a higher voltage level, which is the target output supply voltage. The output
capacitance acts as a low- pass filter, reducing output voltage ripple as a result of the fluctuating current through
the inductor. The diode prevents the current flowing from the inductor when the mosfet switch is off.
ON state
The operation of the buck converter is fairly simple, with an inductor and two switches (usually a transistor and a
diode) that control the inductor. It alternates between connecting the inductor to source voltage to store energy in
the inductor and discharging the inductor into the load.
Buck converters from a high level description provide a function that is very basic and necessary for many power
systems. They step down the input voltage to a specified level and provide a level of regulation deemed necessary
by the circuit. Buck type converters are switching mode power supplies, meaning that they use switching elements
within their circuitry to manipulate the voltage and current characteristics of the output by using energy storage
elements. This differs from a linear regulator that does not use switching elements and simply drops voltage by
controlling a resistive element. The benefit of using a switch mode supply is in efficiency gain. This gain comes
from the use of energy storage elements such as inductors and capacitors which ideally do not dissipate any
energy. When using switching mode power electronic circuits, efficiency is always of some importance and often
is very important. There can be other reasons, but generally a buck converter is used over a linear regulator mostly
for the reason of higher efficiency. Lower losses and thus higher efficiency save power which is important for
energy conservation. Energy conservation leads to beneficial results such as longer battery life, and reduced size
for applications such as mobile electronic systems.
Design Calculations
Based on figure 4, figure 5 and figure 6 the analysis of the operational circuit of buck converter are shown bellow
di
(M. H. Rashid, 2004). The voltage across the inductor L in general, V L=L . Assume that the inductor current
dt
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rises nearly from I 1 to I 2in the time t 1 is
I 2−I 1 ∆I
V s −V o=L =L (5)
t1 t1
Note that ∆ I =I 1−I 2is the peak to peak ripple current of the inductor L. From the equation 5, we also can get the
time of switch went switch OFF(t 1 ¿.
∆ IL
t 1= (6)
V s−V a
The inductor current falls can also be express linearly from I 2 to I 1in timet 2
∆L
−V o =−L (7)
t2
Equating the value of ∆ I in equation 5 and equation 7 gives
(V s−V o )t 1 V o t 2
∆ I= = (8)
L L
Substitutingt 1=DT andt 2=( 1−D ) T yields the average output voltage as
t1
V o =V s =DV s (9)
T
Assuming a lossless circuit,V s I s=V o I o=D V s I o and the average input current
I s=D I o (10)
The switching period T can be express as
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1 ∆ IL ∆ IL ∆ IL V S
T = =t 1 +t 1= + = (11)
f V s−V o V o V o (V s −V o)
This gives the peak to peak ripple current as
V O (V s−V o ) D V s (1−D)
∆ I= = (12)
fL V S fL
Using Kirchhoff’s current law, we can write the inductor i Las i L =i C =i o.if we assume that the load ripple current
∆ i o is very small and negligible, ∆ i L=∆ i c .

t1 t 2 ∆I
The average capacitor current, which flow into for + , is I c = .
2 2 4
The capacitor voltage is expresses as
1
v c = =∫ ic dt +v c (t=0) (13)
c
And the peak to peak ripple voltage of capacitor is
T
2
1 ∆I ∆ IT ∆ IT (14)
∆ V o=v c −v v ( t=0 )= ∫ dt= =
C 0 4 8 C 8 fC
Substituting the value of∆ I from equation 8 into equation 9 yield
V a (V s−V a) D V s (1−D)
∆ V o= 2
= 2 (15)
8 f CLV s 8 f CL
For calculating the value of the Capacitances and the inductance in the circuit design, we can use the critical value
equation as guide line. This equation only can be applied for continuous inductor current and capacitor voltage
(M. H. Rashid, 2004).
For the critical value of inductor L, we must assume that ∆ I =2 I L.by using the equation 8 and equation
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12 we will get:
DV s (1−D) 2DVs
=2 I L=2 I a= ¿16)
fL R
This equation will give the value of critical inductances as:
R(1−D)
L= (17)
2f
Besides that, for the critical value of the capacitor C, we must assume that ∆ V c =∆ V a.then by using equation 9
and equation 15 we must get:
DV s (1−D)
=2V o=2 DV s (18)
8 f 2 CL
Which this equation gives the critical value of capacitor C as
1−D
C= (19)
16 f 2 L
The buck regulator also requires only one transistor, is simple, and has high efficiency. The di/dt of the load
current is limited by inductor L. However, the input current is discontinuous and a smoothing input filter is
normally required. It provides one polarity of output voltage and unidirectional output current. It required a
protection circuit across the diode path (Rashid,2004)
ZVT BUCK CONVERTER STUDY
A large amount of work has been done on this topic since it was first introduced . New topologies within this genre
continue to spring up looking to improve upon this concept and move on to ever more efficient and power dense
converters. To understand the work that has been done, some soft switching basic concepts must be explained.
First of all, the reason soft switching is done in the first place needs to be understood. The next important thing to
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understand is how soft switching is accomplished. This leads into ZVT’s contributions to this goal and looking
more into the present, how newer ZVT topologies may help us better accomplish the goals of soft switching by
improving upon this concept even further. The driving force behind the development of soft switching topologies
is the demand for high power density converters, which means more power handling capability in a smaller
package. Typically a large amount of area used by a converter is occupied by the passive energy storage elements
such as the output inductor and capacitor in a buck converter. This is due to the fact that for a given switching
frequency, to reduce voltage and current ripple larger values of inductance and capacitance are used. Larger
passive component values tend to be physically larger in size, thus taking up more area. To combat this for a given
set of output voltage and load conditions the switching frequency can be increased allowing for the use of smaller
component values. As switching frequency is increased so too are the converter’s switching losses. At high
frequencies switching losses can become the dominate loss in a converter. So the battle between efficiency and
area become more obvious. In order to save area high frequencies are desired, however at higher frequencies
switching loss can cause a considerable drop in efficiency. Thus a creation of a need to reduce switching losses is
present and soft switching topologies have sought to fulfill this need the best way possible [4].
ZVS, ZCS, & ZVT Description

Understanding how soft switching is accomplished is important in understanding how to use the topologies that
achieve this goal. Soft switching topologies make use of additional circuit elements passive or active in order to
limit di/dt or dv/dt during switching and minimize current and voltage overlap to reduce switching losses .
Essentially, in the switching device at the switching interval, either the current or the voltage must be driven to
zero to bring the product of the two as close to zero as possible. This leads to the concepts of zero voltage
switching (ZVS) and zero current switching (ZCS). Just as in the name either the voltage or current is driven to
zero during switching. There are many topologies that use ZVS, ZCS, or both to reduce overall switching losses.
Converters such as the ones termed as quasi-resonant can be used to achieve ZVS or ZCS. However, converters
such as these can cause additional problems that offset soft switching benefits, such as additional voltage or
current stress on the main switch [8]. Converters that have soft switching but reduce or eliminate this stress are
more highly desirable. For this reason, what are known as zero voltage transition (ZVT) converters have become
very popular and as stated previously, the number of ZVT topologies that have been introduced is large.
ZVS/ ZCS
ZVS and ZCS switching topologies typically use resonance to bring the voltage or current in the switch to zero. In
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ZVS converters if a MOSFET is used, often this is accomplished by flowing current in the reverse direction
through the body diode just before switching occurs, thus discharging the parallel capacitance of the switch
bringing the voltage across it near zero before turn on. At turn off this parallel capacitance limits the dv/dt across
the switch and causes a reduction current voltage overlap. In ZCS converters typically a resonance inductor placed
in series with the switch is used to resonant the current through the switch to zero for turn off and limit di/dt for
turn on [4].
ZVT
There are many types of ZVT converters. This class of converters has been categorized more thoroughly into
various types .However, in general there are two types of ZVT converters, ones that use passive auxiliary circuit
elements only and ones that use active elements in the auxiliary circuit. Although there are many different
topologies that use ZVT the basic concept can explained by using the buck topology. This family of topologies is
typically considered to be the conventional ZVT.
The voltage-mode soft-switching method that has attracted most interest in recent years is the zero voltage
transitionThis is because of its low additional conduction losses and because its operation is closest to the PWM
converters. The auxiliary circuit of the ZVT converters is activated just before the main switch is turned on and
ceases after it is accomplished. The auxiliary circuit components in this circuit have lower ratings than those in the
main power circuit because the auxiliary circuit is active for only a fraction of the switching cycle; this allows a
device that can turn on with fewer switching losses than the main switch to be used as the auxiliary switch. The
improvement in efficiency caused by the auxiliary circuit is mainly due to the difference in switching losses
between the auxiliary switch and the main power switch if it were to operate without the help of the auxiliary
circuit[4].
The design of project circuit.
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Figure 7:100 W Soft Switching Buck Converter design
Design Considerations
ZVT Voltage and load testing conditions used for experimentation to follow were similar to those used in [1].
However, there are some important things to consider when using topology in general. First of all, as with other
ZVT topologies the period of resonance between auxiliary components Lr and Cr should be small in comparison
to the overall switching period. This is done in order to limit the auxiliary circuit’s effects on gain and efficiency.
PWM gain is still desired since it is linear and the smaller the resonance period is the more linear ZVT’s gain is as
well. Efficiency can also benefit from this as the smaller the time the auxiliary components spend conducting the
smaller their conduction loss. The frequency and consequent resonance period of these auxiliary components is
designed using the following equation.
1
w= (20)
√ Lr C r
Although this equation dictates the product of Lr and Cr the exact values of each are not specified by it. In order to
pick the specific values of Lr and Cr input voltage and output load conditions must be considered. In order to
accomplish ZVS soft switching in the main switch the magnitude of the resonance current through Lr must exceed
the load output current. This is to induce the current flow through the device body diode necessary to create a ZVS
turn on condition. Further detail is given in the circuit mode descriptions in [1] and can be used to better
understand this concept. Below are the two equations used to determine the designed values of Lr and Cr.
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V
i Lr ( t−t o )= sinω ( t−t o ) (21)
Z
Lr
Z=
√ Cr
(22)
Equation 22 is the characteristic impedance. By using the equation for Lr resonance current (equation 21) it can be
seen that for a given input voltage (V) the magnitude of this current can be controlled using the characteristic
impedance (Z). This is important in the converter’s design since the magnitude of resonance current essentially
dictates the maximum load at which the converter is operating with complete soft switching conditions, keeping in
mind that iLr should be greater than load current. Proper timing of the switching waveforms is also important and
must be considered in the design.
PROJECT PLAN FOR THE SECOND SEMESTER (1-3 pages)
 Based on the work completed in Semester 1, you can provide a more detailed and more focused plan of the work
which needs to be done in order to achieve the aims of your project.
 Possible subheadings in this section are:
• Aims
• Project Plan
• Timetable
• Resources
Aims
The plan for the second semester is more on the hardware side of the project and achieving the desired
output of the project which is 100W soft switching buck converter. Part from that, the circuit created,
must meet the user’s friendly needs, save, economic and also high efficiency equipment.
Project Plan
1. Circuit setup and simulation: based on the parameters calculated, the circuit is design and setup.
Then, the circuit is simulated according to the real value of parameters so that the desired output
can be achieved.
2. Hardware implementation: normally, the simulation result is slightly different from the hardware
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PROJECT PLAN FOR THE SECOND SEMESTER (1-3 pages)
 Based on the work completed in Semester 1, you can provide a more detailed and more focused plan of the work
which needs to be done in order to achieve the aims of your project.
 Possible subheadings in this section are:
• Aims
• Project Plan
• Timetable
• Resources
results due to the component choose and losses in the circuit. Each difference occurs need to be
solving by referring back to the theories learned.
3. Protection of circuit: when dealing with high power, heat sinks is need to be attached to the
MOSFET and auxiliary cooling fan can also be put. This method can reduce the losses effect and
increase the efficiency of the converter.
4. Final Step: the satisfied design of soft switching buck converter lastly will be implemented on the
PCB board to make the circuit become more neat and tidy and also easy to handle.
5. Report: after all of the step and work in laboratory done, this is the time to completing the report
based on the progress done before
Timetable
Month
Work Plan January February March
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2
Circuit setup and simulation
Hardware implementation
Final ‘touch-up’ of the whole
project
Finishing the final report
CONCLUSIONS (1/2 to 1 page)

 Briefly summarises the main information in the report.
In this progress reports, it begins with the introduction of the dc converter with review of project
detail and also the scope and aim of enduring this project. Then, the summary of report layout, converter,
work done for the first semester and lastly the work plan for the second semester.
The objectives is as written in the objectives column and then followed by the detail of work done for
the first semester and also the work plan for the second semester such as literature review, design
calculation, aim, work plan and timetable .
The full references are also written in this report and finally, the appendices which have the design
procedure, design of circuit and simulated output waveform as its components.
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REFERENCES (1-2 pages)

 Lists only those sources which you have consulted and referred to be used in the research project.
 At least 15 references including books, conference and journals papers should be cited as references.
 Website references are not advisable.
 Consult the online referencing resources or the online tutorials on the library website about proper referencing
styles if necessary.
 Endnote usage is strongly encouraged.
[1] Muhammad H. Rashid , “Power Electronics” Third Edition by McGraw-Hill Book Company,1993
[2] DSP Journal, Volume 9, Issue 1, June, 2009, “A Zero Voltage Transition Synchronous Buck Converter
with an Active Auxiliary Circuit”
[3] I. Batarseh: Power Electronic Circuits, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2004.
[4] Conventional and ZVT synchronous buck converter design,analysis and measurement by Mark
Corry,2007
[5] G. Hua, “Soft-Switching Techniques for Pulse-Width-Modulated Converters”, Ph.D.dissertation, Virginia
Tech, Blacksburg, VA , April 22, 1994.
[6] H. Mao, “Soft-Switching Techniques for High-Power PWM Converters”, Ph.D. dissertation, Virginia
Tech, Blacksburg, VA, Dec. 6, 1996.
[7] G. Hua, C.-S. Leu, Y. Jiang, F. C. T. Lee, “Novel Zero- Voltage- Transition PWM Converters,” IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 9, NO. 2, March 1994.
[8] Simon S.Ang , (2000), Power Switching Converters(1995), Marcel Dekker.
[9] Choi, Hyun-Chil(2002) 'A novel buck converter with soft-switching transition', International Journal of
Electronics, 89: 3, 221 — 232
[10] Research Article A Novel Soft-Switching Synchronous Buck Converter for Portable Applications by
Anup Kumar Panda, Swapnajit Pattnaik, andK. K. Mohapatra
[11] A new family of soft transition converters: Design and dynamic model S¯adhan¯a Vol. 33, Part 5,
October 2008, pp. 459–479.
[12] A New ZVT-PWM DC–DC Converter Hacý Bodur, Member, IEEE, and A. Faruk Bakan
[13] G. Hua, C. S. Leu, Y. Jiang, and F. C. Y. Lee, “Novel zero-voltaget ransition PWM converters,” IEEE
Trans. Power Electron., vol. 9, pp. 213–219, Mar. 1994.
[14] G. Hua, E. X. Yang, Y. Jiang, and F. C. Lee, “Novel zero-current-transition PWM converters,” IEEE
Trans. Power Electron., vol. 9, pp. 601–606, Nov. 1994.
[15] A.K. Panda, Hari N.Pratihari, Bibhu Prasad Panigrahi, L.Moharana,A Zero Voltage Transition
Synchronous Buck Converter with an Active Auxiliary Circuit, DSP Journal, Volume 9, Issue 1, June,
2009
[16] Choi, Hyun-Chil(2002) 'A novel buck converter with soft-switching transition', International Journal of
Electronics, 89: 3, 221 — 232
[17] Hua, G., Leu, C., and Lee, F. C., 1992, Novel zero-voltage transition PWM converters. IEEE Power
19
1
REFERENCES (1-2 pages)

 Lists only those sources which you have consulted and referred to be used in the research project.
 At least 15 references including books, conference and journals papers should be cited as references.
 Website references are not advisable.
 Consult the online referencing resources or the online tutorials on the library website about proper referencing
styles if necessary.
 Endnote usage is strongly encouraged.
Electronics Specialists’ Conference, pp. 33±61.
[18] Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Tutorial by Datadog Systems
[19] Lisheng SHI ,Limin CHEN, Chengqun Yin, A Novel PWM Soft Switching DC-DC Converter
[20] G.Hua and Fred.C.Lee, "Soft-Switching Techniques in PWM Converters", IEEE International Conference
on Industrial Electronics, Control and Instrumentation,1993, pp.637-643.
APPENDICES (If applicable:2-3 pages)

 This section can be used to provide additional information to the reader about the details of, for example, the
calculation procedures, the design features of a particular piece of equipment, the raw data collected in the
laboratory or in the field, etc.
 You must refer to each appendix in the text of the report.
Calculation Procedure
To make the design become much easier, several parameters are set. The setting parameters are:
Input voltage, Vs: 40 V
Switching frequency, f: 100 kHz
20
1

Resonant switch, f:100 kHz
Duty cycle, D: 0.65
Output power, Po: 100 W
Resonant capacitor: 16nF
Resonant inductor: 10 nF
Desired output values:
Design of Circuit
From equation
t1
V o =V s =DV s
T
Output voltage,Vo:
V o =0.65 x 40=26 V
Output current ,Io:

Po 100
I o= = =3.85 A
V o 26
Resister, Ro:
V o 26
Ro = = =6.8 Ω
I o 3.85
Inductance, Lo:
R(1−D) 6.8(1−0.65)
L= = =119 uH ≈ 150 uH
2f 2 x 100 k
Capacitance, Co:
1−D 1−0.65
C= = =140 nF
16 f L 16 x (100 k 2 )(150u)
2
21
1

Figure 8:100 W Soft Switching Buck Converter design
Figure 9: Voltage output waveform
22
1

Figure 10: Current output waveform
STUDENT'S NAME:
Nor Akmal binti Rai
STUDENT’S SIGNATURE:
…………………………………………….
DATE:
23
1
PART B REPORT BY SUPERVISOR
STUDENT DETAILS (TO BE COMPLETED BY STUDENT)
 Once completed, please save Part B in a word file as yourname_progressFYP.doc and e-mail
the file to your respective supervisor
Name: NOR AKMAL BINTI RAI

Student Number: 95058
Supervisor: Supervisor: Dr. SHAHID IQBAL
Course Code: EEK 499

Project Title : Design and Implement of a 100W Soft-Switching Buck Converter
(Please highlight with * if there is any
change from the proposed title)
(TO BE LEFT BLANK BY STUDENTS UPON SUBMISSION)
To be completed by supervisor
It is expected that the senior supervisor will consult with other supervisors in order to complete this report.
1. PROGRESS RATING (since last report)

Compulsory:
EXCELLENT Progress Grade For Progress Report:

GOOD Progress
SATISFACTORY Progress
UNSATISFACTORY Progress
GRAD A A- B+ B B- C+ C C- D+ D D- F
E
MARK 80-100 70-79 64-69 58-63 52-57 46-51 40-45 36-39 32-35 28-31 25-27 0-24
2. STUDENT’S PROGRESS AGAINST ORIGINAL RESEARCH PROPOSAL (up to half page)

(This section must be completed if progress is deemed unsatisfactory)
The supervisor should state reasons for the allocated progress rating, report on student progress towards attainment of
graduate attributes and anticipated developments/milestones for the next semester, including difficulties encountered and
deficiencies in progress and remedy for recovery.
Recommendation that the student can proceed with the FYP YES NO
24
1
SUPERVISOR'S SIGNATURE:
(Not compulsory if submitted via e-mail)
Please submit to Nurfishah (rgnurfishah@eng.usm.my) and cc to Zuraini(zuraini@eng.usm.my) by 15th Jan 2010
…………………………………………….
DATE:
25

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FYP Progress Report 2010/201

FINAL YEAR PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

PART A: TO BE COMPLETED BY STUDENT

Type of Project: Hardware Software Both

PART A: REPORT BY CANDIDATE

Research proposal submitted? YES NO

INTRODUCTION (UP TO 1 PAGE)

INTRODUCTION (UP TO 1 PAGE)

Figure 1:Simplified Power Electronic System Block Diagram

INTRODUCTION (UP TO 1 PAGE)

Scope and Aim

SUMMARY (1-2 PAGES)

Design and Implement 100W Soft Switching Buck Converter

Work Complete During First Semester

Work Planned for Second Semester

OBJECTIVES (Up to 1/2 Pages)

 Precise objectives of the research project

The main objective of this project is:

PROJECT WORK COMPLETED IN FIRST SEMESTER (3-5 Pages)

 Presents a report of your progress to date.

Dc-dc converter topology

Principle of Step-down Operation

PROJECT WORK COMPLETED IN FIRST SEMESTER (3-5 Pages)

 Presents a report of your progress to date.

Figure 2: Step down converter with resistive load

Figure 3: Waveform for the output voltage and

PROJECT WORK COMPLETED IN FIRST SEMESTER (3-5 Pages)

 Presents a report of your progress to date.

The output voltage can be express by this equation

Vo = Output Voltage (V)

The average load current is given by equation 2

The rms value of output voltage is found from

Output power, Po is given by

PROJECT WORK COMPLETED IN FIRST SEMESTER (3-5 Pages)

 Presents a report of your progress to date.

Figure 4:Circuit diagram for a buck converter

Figure 5:Current flow on switch operation

PROJECT WORK COMPLETED IN FIRST SEMESTER (3-5 Pages)

 Presents a report of your progress to date.

PROJECT WORK COMPLETED IN FIRST SEMESTER (3-5 Pages)

 Presents a report of your progress to date.

PROJECT WORK COMPLETED IN FIRST SEMESTER (3-5 Pages)

 Presents a report of your progress to date.

time of switch went switch OFF(t 1 ¿.

Equating the value of ∆ I in equation 5 and equation 7 gives

The switching period T can be express as

PROJECT WORK COMPLETED IN FIRST SEMESTER (3-5 Pages)

 Presents a report of your progress to date.

This gives the peak to peak ripple current as

∆ i o is very small and negligible, ∆ i L=∆ i c .

And the peak to peak ripple voltage of capacitor is

Substituting the value of∆ I from equation 8 into equation 9 yield

PROJECT WORK COMPLETED IN FIRST SEMESTER (3-5 Pages)

 Presents a report of your progress to date.

This equation will give the value of critical inductances as:

Which this equation gives the critical value of capacitor C as

ZVT BUCK CONVERTER STUDY

PROJECT WORK COMPLETED IN FIRST SEMESTER (3-5 Pages)

 Presents a report of your progress to date.

ZVS, ZCS, & ZVT Description

PROJECT WORK COMPLETED IN FIRST SEMESTER (3-5 Pages)