TOPIC 6:

CIRCLES

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 LEARNING OUTCOMES
Use the properties of planar and solid geometric shapes in
solving common applications.
Analyze properties of polygons and circles.
Apply suitable transformations of figures in the coordinate
plane using properties of similarity and congruency.
Construct geometric proofs in verifying conjectures about
plane figures.
Communicate mathematical ideas both in written and in oral
form.

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 6.1 : CIRCLES
Definition:
A circle (symbol: ) is the set of all points in a plane that are
at a fixed distance from a given point known as the
centre of the circle.

Radius (plural: radii) of a circle is a segment that joins the

centre of the circle to a point on the circle (i.e. the
distance from the centre to the edge). Note: all radii of a
circle are congruent.

Chord of a circle is a line segment that joins two points of a

circle.

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 Diameter of a circle is a chord that contains the centre of
the circle (i.e. the diameter starts at one point of the
circle, goes through the centre and ends at the other
side).

The length of a diameter is twice the length of a radius.

Let a radius of a circle be denoted by r and the
diameter of a circle be denoted by d, then d  2r .

Semicircle is a closed shape consists of half of a circle

and a diameter of that circle.

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An arc (denoted by ) of a circle is a part or a portion of
a circle.

Minor arc is part of a semicircle. Major arc is more than a

semicircle but less than the entire circle.

Intercepted arc of an angle is an arc formed when two

lines cross a circle, and the part of the circle that lies
between the intersection points in the intercepted arc.

The sum of the measures of the consecutive arcs that

form a circle is 3600.

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 A central angle of a circle is an angle whose vertex is the
centre of the circle and whose sides are radii of the
circle.

An inscribed angle of a circle is an angle whose vertex is

a point on the circle and whose sides are the chords of
the circle (i.e. an angle formed by two chords in a circle
which have a common endpoint (vertex)).

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 Congruent circles are two or more circles that have
congruent radii.

Concentric circles are coplanar circles that have a

common centre.

Example 1:

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Example 2:
Given AB is the diameter of circle O and
OA = AC = 12 cm. Find the length of
chord BC.
Solution:
Since OA and OC are the radii of circle O and OA = AC =
12 cm, then we know that OC = 12 cm. Thus, AOC is
an equilateral triangle. Hence,AOC  OAC  ACO  60 .
0

Since AOB is a straight line andAOC  60 , then

0

COB  1200. Note that OB and OC are the radii of circle

O. Thus,COB is an isosceles triangle. Therefore,

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Hence, ACB  ACO  OCB  900 . We know that
AB  OA  OB  24 cm . By using Pythagorean Theorem,

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Theorem 6.1.1:
A radius that is perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord.
Postulate 6.1.1: Central Angle Postulate
In a circle, the degree measure of a central angle is equal
to the degree measure of its intercepted arc.
In a circle or congruent circle, congruent arcs are arcs with
equal measure.
Postulate 6.1.2: Arc-Addition Postulate
If AB and BC intersect only at point B, then AB  BC  ABC .
Theorem 6.1.2:
The measure of an inscribed angle of a circle is one-half
the measure of its intercepted arc.
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Example 3:

Solution:
Proof:

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 Theorem 6.1.3:
In a circle (or in congruent circles), congruent minor arcs
have congruent central angles.
Theorem 6.1.4:
In a circle (or in congruent circles), congruent central
angles have congruent arcs.
Theorem 6.1.5:
In a circle (or in congruent circles), congruent chords have
congruent minor (major) arcs.
Theorem 6.1.6:
In a circle (or in congruent circles), congruent arcs have
congruent chords

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Theorem 6.1.7:
Chords that are at the same distance from the centre of a
circles are congruent.
Theorem 6.1.8:
Congruent chords are located at the same distance from
the centre of a circle.

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Exercise 6.1
Consider the circle with centre P below.

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 6.2 : TANGENT AND SECANT LINES
Definition:
A tangent is a line that intersects a circle at exactly one
point. The point of intersection is the point of contact or
the point of tangency.

Definition:
A secant is a line that intersects a circle at exactly two
points.

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 Example 4:

1. Line r is a tangent to circle O with point A is its point of

tangency.
2. Line s is a secant to circle O with point B and C are the
point of intersections.

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 A polygon is inscribed in a circle if its vertices are points
on the circle and its sides are chords of the circle.
Equivalently, the circle is said to be circumscribed about
the polygon.
The polygon inscribed in a circle is further described as a
cyclic polygon.
A polygon is circumscribed about a circle if all sides of the
polygon are line segments tangent to a circle, and the
circle is said to be inscribed in the polygon.

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 Example 5:

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Theorem 6.2.1:
If a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle, the opposite angles
are supplementary.
Theorem 6.2.2:
The measure of an angle formed by two chords that
intersect within a circle is one-half the sum of the
measure of the arcs intercepted by the angles and its
vertical angle.
Theorem 6.2.3:
The radius (or any other line through the centre of a circle)
drawn to a tangent at the point of tangency is
perpendicular to the tangent at that point.

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Corollary 6.2.1:
The measure of an angle formed by a tangent and a chord
drawn to the point of tangency is one-half the measure of
the intercepted arc.
Example 6:

Given a circle O with diameter DB, tangent AC, and the

angle measure of DE is 840. Find :
a) 1 c) ABD
b)  2 d) ABE

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Solution:
a) 1 is an inscribed angle. Thus, by Theorem 6.1.2, we
know that the measure of an inscribed angle is one-half
the measure of its intercepted arc. Hence,

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b) Since DEB is a semicircle and the angle measure of DE
is 840, then

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c) By Theorem 6.2.3, the radius drawn to a tangent at the
point of tangency is perpendicular to the tangent. Thus,
ABD is 900.

d) We know thatABE  ABD  1 . Thus,

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Theorem 6.2.4:
The measure of an angle formed when two secants
intersect at a point outside a circle is one-half the
difference of the measure of the two intercepted arcs.
Example 7:

Given circle O with AOB  136 and DOC  46 . Find E .

0 0

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Solution:
If AOB  1360 and DOC  460, by Central Angle Postulate,
AB  1360 and DC  46 . Then, by Theorem 6.2.4,
0

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Theorem 6.2.5:
If an angle is formed by a secant and a tangent that
intersect in the exterior of a circle, then the measure of
the angle is one-half the difference of the measures of its
intercepted arcs.
Theorem 6.2.6:
If an angle is formed by two intersecting tangents, then the
measure of the angle is one-half the difference of the
measures of the intercepted arcs.
Theorem 6.2.7:
If two parallel lines intersect a circle, then intercepted arcs
between these lines are congruent.

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Example 8:
Consider the figure above. Given
that 1  460. Find the measures
of AB and ACB .

Solution:
Let the degree measure of AB be x and the degree
measure of ACB be y. Since the angle measures
of a circle is 3600, thus,

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Now, by Theorem 6.2.6,

By using simultaneous equation,

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Theorem 6.2.8:
A line that is perpendicular to the radius of a circle at its
endpoints on the circle is a tangent to that circle.

Methods for measuring angles related to a circle:

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Exercise 6.2
1. Given that AB and CA are
tangents to circle O and
ACB  680.
Find:
a. Degree measure of BC.
b. Degree measure of BDC.
c. ABC
d. A

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2. Consider the figure given for the following questions.

a. Given that 1  63 0
, the degree measures of RS is 3x + 6
and VT is x . Find the degree measure of RS.
b. Given that  2  1240 , the degree measures of VT is x +1
and RS is 3(x +1) . Find the degree measures of VT .

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3. Given that AB and AC are tangents to circle O from
point A. Prove that ABC is an isosceles triangle.

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 6.3 : INEQUALITIES IN CIRCLE
Theorem 6.3.1:
In a circle (or in congruent circles) containing two unequal
central angles, the larger angle corresponds to the larger
intercepted arc.

Theorem 6.3.2:
In a circle (or in congruent circles) containing two unequal
central angles, the larger arc corresponds to the larger
central angle.

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Theorem 6.3.3:
In a circle (or in congruent circles) containing two unequal
central angles, the shorter chord is at a greater distance
from the centre of the circle.

Theorem 6.3.4:
In a circle (or in congruent circles) containing two unequal
chords, the chord nearer the centre of a circle has a
greater length.

Theorem 6.3.5:
In a circle (or in congruent circles) containing two unequal
chords, the longer chord corresponds to the greater
minor arc.

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Theorem 6.3.6:
In a circle (or in congruent circles) containing two unequal
minor arcs, the greater minor arc corresponds to the
longer chord.

Example 9:
Given that ABC is inscribed in circle O,
and AB = 5 ,BC = 6 and AC = 7 .
a) Which side is the longest minor
arc of circle O?
b) Which side of the triangle is nearest to the point O?

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Solution:
a) By Theorem 6.3.5, the longest minor arc is AC.
b) By Theorem 6.3.3 , the side that is nearest to the point
O is AC.

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