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Adhesion and Cohesion Properties of Solids:

Adsorption to Solids
Atomic (Cohesive) Bonding Systems Atomic (Cohesive) Bonding Systems

The Metallic (or Electronic) Bond: Those elements that readily conduct
heat and electricity are referred to as metals. The valence electrons of
metallic elements are not bound to specific nuclei as they are in
ceramic and polymeric materials.
The Covalent Bond: When two or more atoms (ions of the same
charge) share a pair of electrons such that they constitute a stable
octet, they are referred to as covalently bonded atoms.

Atomic (Cohesive) Bonding Systems Atomic (Cohesive) Bonding Systems

The Ionic Bond: Some materials are held together by electrostatic The van der Waals Bonds: Attractive forces of atoms extend a distance
attraction between positive and negative ions. Where the valence of of 3 or 4 times the radius of an atom, though the forces at this distance
the positive and negative ions is the same, there will be equal numbers are weak.
of these bonded ions.
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Adhesion Atomic Arrangements: Lattice Systems

Adhesion refers to the tendency of some substances to cling to
other substances. The term comes from the root words “ad” for Unit cell
“other” and “hesion” for “to stick to.”
The atomic order in crystalline solids indicates that small groups
of atoms form a repetitive pattern.

Metallic Crystal Structures

The Body-centered Cubic Crystal Structure The Face-centered Cubic Crystal Structure
Another common metallic crystal structure also has a cubic unit The crystal structure found for many metals has a unit cell of
cell with atoms located at all eight corners and a single atom at the cubic geometry, with atoms located at each of the corners and the
cube center. centers of all the cube faces.
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The Hexagonal Close-packed Crystal Structure Trigonal bipyramidal

Not all metals have unit cells with cubic symmetry. The top and Formation is a molecular geometry with one atom at the center
bottom faces of the unit cell consist of six atoms that form regular and 5 more atoms at the corners of a triangular bipyramid.
hexagons and surround a single atom in the center.

List of Some Metals According to Their Atomic Lattice

Arrangement

Adsorption and Oxidation

Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas,

liquid or dissolved solid to a surface. This process creates a film of
the adsorbate on the surface of the adsorbent.
Oxidation is the loss of electrons during a reaction by a molecule atom
or ion. It occurs when the oxidation state of a molecule, atom or ion is
increased. The opposite process is called reduction, which occurs when
there is a gain of electrons or the oxidation state of an atom, molecule
or ion decreases.

Solid Surfaces
Technological Surface Making
Cutting: One of the more common surfaces making processes is done
with a hard tool on metals in lathes, milling machines, and drilling
machines.
Technological Surface Making
Extrusion and Drawing: These processes can also be done hot or cold.
The effect of oxides is the same as in rolling although the billets for
extrusion and drawing are often heated in nonoxidizing atmospheres to
reduce these effects.
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Technological Surface Making
Rolling: Rolled sheet, plate, bar, et al., may be processed hot or cold.
Hot rolling of metal is done at temperatures well above the
recrystallization temperature and usually results in a surface covered by
oxide and pock marks where oxides had been pressed into the metal
and then fallen off. Cold rolling is usually done after thick scales of
oxides are pickled off in an acid. It produces a smoother surface.
Technological Surface Making
Electrospark Erosion: This process (applicable mostly to metals) melts a
small region of the surface and washes some molten metal away.
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Numerical Codes
Technological Surface Making The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) system is based on the use of
four-or five-digit numbers.
1xxx Carbon Steel
Grinding and Other Abrasive Operations: Removal of material by 2xxx Nickel steels
abrasive operations involves the same mechanics as in cutting with a 3xxx Nickel-chromium steels
hard tool. 4xxx Molybdenum steels
5xxx Chromium steels
6xxx Chromium-vanadium steels
7xxx Tungsten steels;
8xxx Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
9xxx Silicon-manganese steels.

SAE 5130 indicates a chromium steel alloy, containing 1% of chromium and

0.30% of carbon.

SAE 1045 Type of steel (carbon). Percent of alloy (none). Carbon content
(0.45-percent carbon).

SAE 2330 Type of steel (nickel). Percent of alloy (3-percent nickel). Carbon
content (0.30-percent carbon).

SAE 71650 Type of steel (tungsten).Percent of alloy (16-percent tungsten).

Carbon content (0.50-percent carbon).

SAE 50100 Type of steel (chromium). Percent of alloy (less than l-percent
chromium). Carbon content (1-percent carbon).