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Water consumption pattern

Types of water demand:


 Domestic water demand
 Commercial and industrial water demand
 Civic or public uses
 Fire demand
 Losses and waste of water
Domestic water demand:
o Includes water required for use in private residences, apartments
etc., for drinking, bathing, washing of clothes and utensils and
other sanitary purposes.
o As per the Indian Standard, IS: 1172-1993 in design of water
supply scheme for a town or city with full flushing system is
considered as 200 liters per head per day. And in case of houses of
Low Income Groups (LIG) and Economically Weaker Section (EWS),
and for small towns and cities the rate of domestic demand is
treated as 135 liters per head per day.

Average consumption Average


in liters per head per consumption in
Use of water for day for cities/towns liters per head per
with full flushing day for small cities /
system towns

Drinking 5 5
Cooking 5 5
Bathing 75 55
Washing of clothes 25 20
Washing of utensils 15 10
Washing and cleaning of houses 15 10
Flushing of water closets, etc 45 30
Lawn watering and gardening 15 -
Total 200 135

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Commercial and Industrial demand:
o Includes the water demand of commercial and other establishments such
as offices, hospitals, hotels, restaurants, cinemas, schools, etc., and
factories or industries
o The demand varies considerably with the nature of the city and with
number of factories or industries.
o It may vary from 40 lphd (for small cities/towns) to 400 lphd (for
industrials towns)
o Water requirements of industries includes for general use of employee
and for the production processes involved in the industries.
o Indian standards IS: 1172-1993 have recommended quantity of water
requirement for various commercial and industries / factories.
Civic and Public uses:
o This includes the quantity of water required for civic / public utility
purposes such as; watering of public parks, gardens, road washing,
sprinkling water on dusty roads, public sanitary blocks, large markets,
etc., and for public fountains.
o Usually 5-10 % of the total consumption of water is made to meet these
demands.
Fire Demand:
o Quantity of water required for fire fighting purposes.
o For all the big and medium sized cities necessary quantity of water
required for fire fighting purposes should be easily available and always
kept stored in the storage reservoirs.
o The fire hydrants are usually fitted in the water mains at a distance of not
more than 150 metres.
Calculation: The discharge of stream should be 1100 litres per min.
Thus in a town of population of 30 lakhs, if it is assumed that four fires may
break out in a day and it lasts for 3 hours, then the total quantity of water
required will be,
Q = 3 x 1100 x 60 x 3 x 4 (no. of fires x discharge x time of each fire)
= 2376000 litres per day

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Quantity of water required per head,
2376000
=
3000000
= 1 litres per head per day (apprx.)
in the design of a water supply project the quantity of water required to meet
the fire demand is usually determined by using various empirical formulae.
Buston’s formula:
Q  5663 P
Where, Q = quantity of water required for fire demand in litres per day,
P = Population
Kuichling’s formula:
Q  3182 P
Where, Q = quantity of water required for fire demand in litres per day,
P = Population in thousands
J.R.Freeman’s formula:
P 
Q  1136.5  10
5 
National Board of Fire Underwriter’s formula:


Q  4637 P 1  0.01 P 
Jabalpur formula:

4360T 0.275
Q
t  120.757
Where, T = frequency of fire (period of occurance of fire), years
t = duration of fire in minutes.

As per Manual on Water Supply and Treatment by Ministry of Urban


Development, Government of India: (for population more than 50,000)
Q  100 P

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The Indian Standard, IS: 9668-1990 recommends quantity of 1800 litres per
minute for every 50,000 population or part thereof for towns up to 3 lakhs
population and additional 1800 lpm for every 1 lakh population of more than 3
lakhs. A storage of 4 to 24 hours duration at this rate may be provided to meet
the demand.
Loss and Waste of Water:
o This includes the water lost due to leakage in mains, valves and other
fittings, worn or damaged meters, meter slippage, theft of water through
unauthorized water connections, and loss of water due to other
miscellaneous reasons.
o The quantity being uncertain it cannot be precisely predicted.
o Provision of about 30 – 40 % of the total consumption is usually made in
the design.
o If the system is well maintained, it is possible to bring the loss and waste
to about 10 to 15 % of the total consumption.
Estimation of Rate of Demand / Consumption:
 It represents the average consumption / demand of water for
various purposes per person per day.
 It is usually expressed as liters per head per day (lphd) or liters per
capita per day (lpcd)
 If V is the total quantity of water in liters required per year for a
town/city having a population P, then the average rate of
consumption in lpcd is given by,


q
P  365
If q and P are known than the total quantity can be obtained from,
  q  P  365

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For an average Indian town/city the rate of consumption:

Types of Consumption Average rate of demand, lpcd


Domestic 135 – 200
Industrial and commercial 45 – 180
Public demand 30 – 70
Water losses 15 – 50
Total 225 - 500

 For average Indian cities, usually adopted as 270 lpcd


Factors Affecting the Rate of Demand / Consumption:
Size and Type of City: small rural and suburban communities use less water
than the industrialized communities.
Standard of Living: higher socioeconomic status implies greater per capita
water use.
Climatic conditions: in cold countries the quantity of water required is less as
compared with hotter climates.
System of supply: in continuous supply water used is significantly greater than
the intermittent supply.
Pressure in the distribution supply: higher pressure results in more
consumption, more water losses.
Quality of water: poor quality of water results in less use.
Availability of supplementary sources: if adequate ground water is
available, reduces municipal water requirement.
System of sewerage: towns having water carriage system will require more
water.
Meterage: imposes sense of responsibility in use of water.

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Variations / Fluctuation in Rate of Demand:
In practice the demand does not remain uniform, but it varies from season to
season, even from hour to hour.
 Seasonal Fluctuations: in summer the water demand will be more,
whereas in winter the demand will be less.
 Daily fluctuations: depends generally on the general living habits of
people, climatic conditions and character of the city. Sundays, holidays
and during festival days the water requirement may be more.
 Hourly fluctuations: the peak or maximum demand of water usually
occurs in the morning from about 7 a.m to 9 a.m and in the evening from
about 7 p.m to 9 p.m. and minimum requirement during 12 noon to 4 p.m

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Variations in water demand
Annual average day demand (Qday-avg ) : the average daily demand over a
period of one year. For economical calculations and fire fighting

Maximum day demand (Q day-max): the amount of water required during


the day of maximum consumption in a year. Important for water treatment
plants and water storages

Peak hour demand (Q hr-max) : the amount of water required during the
maximum hour in a given day. Important for design of distribution systems
Assessment of maximum demands of water:
 Maximum daily demand is taken as 180 % of the annual average daily
demand.
 Maximum hourly demand is taken as 150 % of the average daily demand.
 Maximum seasonal demand is taken as 130 % of the annual average daily
demand.
 Maximum monthly demand is taken as 140 % of the annual average daily
demand.
The average hourly demand of water on the day of maximum day of the year,
= 1.8 q / 24
Thus the maximum hourly water demand per head,

 1.8q 
 1.5 
 24 
 q 
 2.7 
 24 
= 2.7 x annual average hourly demand of water per
head.
Coincident Draft:

Coincident draft (Q cd) : the sum of maximum daily demand, Q day-max, and
the fire demand (Q F).

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Effects of Variations of Demand on Water Supply Scheme:
Source of water supply: should have sufficient capacity to meet the maximum
daily demand of water.
Conduits or pipe mains carrying water from the source to the reservoir:
should be designed for the maximum daily demand.
Conduits or pipe mains carrying water from the service reservoir to
distribution: should be designed for fire demand plus the maximum daily
demand or the maximum hourly demand, whichever is more.
Pumps: are designed 2 to 3 times the annual average daily demand.
Units of water treatment plant: 2 times the annual average daily demand.
Distribution system: should be designed for fire demand plus the maximum
daily demand or the maximum hourly demand, whichever is more.
Service reservoir: designed to take care of the hourly fluctuations, fire demand
and emergency reserve.
Design Period:
 The future period or the number of years that a provision is made while
planning and designing a water supply project is known as design period.
The factors considered in design period:
 Useful life of the component structures
 Ease and difficulty in the future expansion
 Availability of funds
 Anticipated rate of population growth and industrial and commercial
growth.
In practice design period of 20 – 30 years is generally considered for the design of
water supply scheme.
Components Design period in years
Dams and storage reservoirs 50
Conveying pipes for raw water and clear water 30
Filtration works 30
Water treatment units 15
Service reservoirs 15
Distribution system 30
Motors and pumps 15

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