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Ordinary Differential Equations

[FDM 1023]
Chapter 1

Introduction to Ordinary
Differential Equations
Chapter 1: Introduction to Differential Equations

Overview

1.1. Definitions

1.2. Classification of Solutions

1.3. Initial and Boundary Value Problems


1.3. Initial and Boundary Value Problems

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this section, you should and be able to

1) Define IVP and BVP

2) Verify solutions to DE subjected to given


initial conditions.
1.3. Initial and Boundary Value Problems

Definition

Initial Value Problem (IVP)

A DE with initial conditions on the unknown function


and its derivatives, all given at the same value of the
independent variable.
1.3. Initial and Boundary Value Problems

Examples

Is an IVP since the initial conditions is given at

Is an IVP since the two initial conditions are both


given at
1.3. Initial and Boundary Value Problems

Examples

Is an IVP since the two initial conditions are both


given at

Is an IVP since the two initial conditions are both


given at
1.3. Initial and Boundary Value Problems

Definition

Boundary Value Problem (BVP)

A DE with initial conditions on the unknown


function and its derivatives, all given at the
different values of independent variable.
1.3. Initial and Boundary Value Problems

Examples

Is a BVP since the two initial conditions are given at

Is a BVP since the two initial conditions are given at


1.3. Initial and Boundary Value Problems

Examples
Find the solution of the IVP or BVP if the general solution is the
given one:
1) y′ + y = 0; y(3) = 2, y (x ) = c1e − x
Solution

Step 1: y (3) = 2 ⇒ y = 2, x = 3
−3
c1e = 2
3
c1 = 2e
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Step 2:
Solution of the IVP: y (x ) = 2e 3e − x = 2e3− x
1.3. Initial and Boundary Value Problems

π  π 
2 ) y + 4 y = 0; y   = 0, y   = 1 y ( x ) = c1 sin 2 x + c2 cos 2 x
′′
8 6

Solution

Step 1:
π  π
Based on 1st condition, y   = 0 ⇒ y = 0, x =
8 8
π  π π
y  = c1 sin 2 + c2 cos 2
8 8 8
c1 c2
= +
2 2
1.3. Initial and Boundary Value Problems

Step 1 (cont.):
 π  c1 c2
y  = +
8 2 2

π 
Since y  = 0 ,
8
c1 c2
+ =0
2 2
c2 + c1 = 0 Eq. (1)
1.3. Initial and Boundary Value Problems

Step 2: π  π
Based on 2nd condition, y  = 1 ⇒ y = 1, x =
6 6

π  π π
y  = c1 sin 2 + c2 cos 2
6 6 6
3c1 c2
= +
2 2
Since y  = 1 ,
 π
6 3c1 + c2
=1
2
3c1 + c2 = 2 Eq. (2)
1.3. Initial and Boundary Value Problems

Step 3:
Solve the both equations simultaneously
2 2
c1 = c2 = −
3 −1 3 −1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Step 4:

Solution of the BVP: y ( x ) = c1 sin 2 x + c2 cos 2 x

2
y= (sin 2 x − cos 2 x )
3 −1
1.3. Initial and Boundary Value Problems
Exercise 1.3
1) Determine c1 and c2 so that y ( x ) = c1 sin 2 x + c 2 cos 2 x + 1
will satisfy the conditions :

π   π
y  = 0 y ′  = 2
8 8

2) Determine c1 and c2 so that y ( x ) = c1e 2 x + c 2 e x + 2 sin x


will satisfy the conditions :

y (0) = 0 y ′(0) = 1
End
Chapter 1

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