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Mehul R. Pandya
Scientist
AED, BPSG, EPSA
Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad
Remote Sensing
Societal Benefits
Image Processing Applications
Data reception
Development of Sensor
Various sensor types used in RS Applications
Active Passive
•Radiometers (in
visible, near &
LIDAR Optical thermal infrared)
•Imaging
spectrometer
•Synthetic
Aperture RADAR Multi-frequency
(SAR) Microwave Microwave
•Scatterometer Radiometer
•Altimeter
Ka K Ku X C S L P
What is an image?
• Data that are organized in a grid of columns and rows
• Usually represents a geographical area
X-axis
Spatial resolution
AWiFS, 56 m
LISS-III, 24 m
LISS-IV, 5.8 m
Swath
• Sensors collect 2D images of the surface in a swath
below the sensor
• Example: IRS-AWiFS has a 740 km swath
Landsat has a 185 km swath
Spectral resolution: Measuring Light- Bands
Bands
Spectral signatures: Basis for discriminating various
Earth surface features
80
R
E TRUE COLOR FALSE COLOR
F COMPOSITE COMPOSITE
L 60 SILTY CLAY SOIL
E
C VEGETATION
T
40
A
N
C MUCK SOIL
E 20
(%)
WATER
WATER (Shallow/Deep)
0
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4
WAVELENGTH (µm)
IMAGE Pre-Processing
IMAGE PROCESSING
(Image Enhancement)
(Feature extraction)
IMAGE CLASSIFICATION
ACCURACY ASSESSMENT
What is pre-processing
• Every “raw” remotely sensed image contains a
number of artifacts and errors
• ….
Image Enhancement
• Image Enhancement: Improving the interpretability
of the image by increasing apparent contrast among
various features.
– Contrast manipulation: Gray-level thresholding, level
slicing, and contrast stretching.
– Spatial feature manipulation: Spatial filtering, edge
enhancement, and Fourier analysis.
– Multi-image manipulation: Band ratioing, principal
components, vegetation components, canonical
components…
•Unsupervised:
•Ex post approach
•Let the computer look for natural clusters
•Then try to classify those based on posterior interpretation
Supervised Classification
• Better for cases where validity of classification depends
on a priori knowledge of the technician; already know
what “types” you plan to classify
Source: F.F. Sabins, Jr., 1987, Remote Sensing: Principles and Interpretation.
Source: http://mercator.upc.es/nicktutorial/Sect1/nicktutor_1-15.html
Supervised Classification
•The next step is for the computer to assign each pixel to the spectral class is
appears to belong to, based on the DN’s of its constituent bands
•Clustering algorithms look at “clouds” of pixels in spectral “measurement space”
from training areas to determine which “cloud” a given non-training pixel falls in.
Source: F.F. Sabins, Jr., 1987, Remote Sensing: Principles and Interpretation.
Source: http://mercator.upc.es/nicktutorial/Sect1/nicktutor_1-15.html
Supervised Classification
• Algorithms include
– Minimum distance to means classification (Chain Method)
– Gaussian Maximum likelihood classification
– Parallelpiped classification
Source: http://mercator.upc.es/nicktutorial/Sect1/nicktutor_1-16.html
Unsupervised Classification
Source: F.F. Sabins, Jr., 1987, Remote Sensing: Principles and Interpretation.
Unsupervised Classification
Example: Change detection stages of development
Thank you