RCII Column Design Solved Examples

Example 2.1.(Classification of columns).

The frame shown in figure below is composed of members with rectangular cross sections. All
members are constructed of the same strength concrete (Ec is the same for both beams and
columns). Considering bending in the plane of the frame only, classify column EF as long or
short if the frame is (a )non sway and(b)sway . All girders (beams) are 300 x 600 mm.
600 525 KN
F I
C F M1 = 30 KNm
350
3.80 m
300 x 350
600
B H
E
400
3.80 m
300 x 400 E M2 = 45 KNm

A D G
9m 7.5 m

Solution:
Moments of inertia
3
300 x600
Girders: I g   54 x108 mm4
12
300 x400
Columns: I DE   16 x108 mm4
12
300 x350 3
I EF   10.71875 x10 8 mm 4 .
12
Stiffness Coefficients:

 
 
E  54 x108  6 x105 E.
EI g  BE
K K cF
9000
Beams/ Girders : K g   
Lg 
 
 
E  54 x108  7.2 x105 E.
 EH
K K

FI
7500
  
E  16 x10  4.21 x105 E
8

 K DE 
EI c  3.8 x103
Columns: K c  
Lc 
 K EF 
 E 10.71875 108    2.82 x105 E
 3.8 x10 3

The column being considered is column EF.

Rotational stiffnesses

At joints E and F.
 EI col / L  I col / L  4.21x105  2.82 x105
  E   0.53
 f EI g / Leff   f I g / Leff 
Joint E:
6 x105  7.2 x105
2.82 x105
Joint F: F   0.21 4
6 x105  7.2 x105

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 RCII Column Design Solved Examples

E  F 0.53  0.21
m    0.37
2 2
(a) For Non sway frame

Le  m  0.4 0.37  0.4

   0.66  0.7, Take, Le / L  0.7
L  m  0.8 0.37  0.8

Le= (0.7) (3.8) = 2.66m = 2660mm

L Le 2660
The slenderness ratio:   e  
I I A 10.71875 x10  300 x 350
8

   26.33.
  30 
  50  25   66.66  ok!
 45  Second Order effect is ignore
 The colum is short.

Exercise: Design the column as unixially loaded column

(b) For sway frame

7.5  4  E   F   1.6 E F
 1.15  for design 
Le

L 7.5   E   F

7.5  40.53  0.21  1.60.530.21

=  1.136  1.15, Take, Le / L  1.15
7.5  0.53  0.21

 Le  1.15 3.8  4.37m

4370
   43.25
101.036
15
  25 or    27.66  not ok!
525 x103
0.85 x 30 x300 x350
1.5

The Column is Long. , Second Order effect is considered.

Exercise: Design the column as unixially loaded column

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 RCII Column Design Solved Examples

Example 2.2. The 300x400mm axially loaded column pin fixed end support is having 4ϕ 16mm
diameter bars. Calculate the ultimate capacity to resist compressive and tensile force if (a)
L=5.5m (b) L=7m
Take, fy =460 N/mm2
fck =35N/mm2
Ec  9.5 f ck  8 3
1

Es= 200GPa

Solution: Assume the Column is braced.

(a) For L = 5.5m

Le= 0.7L (for one end fixed the other pinned – nomograph)
 Le = (0.7) (5.5) = 3.85.
Lex 3.85
  9.625  15  short.
h 0.4
Ley 3.85
  12.83  15  short.
b 0.3

 The Column with this length and restrain Conditions is a short column.
 Ag=300x400= 120000 mm2 (gross area).
As = (8 *162)/4= 1608mm2 (reinforcement area).
Design Compressive force:
N sd 
0.85 f ck
Ag  As   f y As
c s Taking c = 1. s =1.15

Nsd=
0.8535 120000  1608  4601608.
1.5 1.15
= 2991308 N = 2991.308 kN

In tension, the design axial load is:

fy
Nsd =  As  
460
1608N   643.2kN
s 1.15
(b) For L=7m.
Le= 0.77  4.9m.
Lex 4.90
  12.25  15  short
h 0.4
Ley 4.90
  16.33  15  Long.
b 0.3
 The column is slender.

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 RCII Column Design Solved Examples

 2 EI e
Ncr = EI e  0.2 Ec I c  E s I s .
L2e
40mm 220mm 40mm
300 mm

40mm 220mm 40mm

416
16

400 mm
Take minimum reinforcement Cover = 32mm
Ic 
4003003  9 x108 mm 4
12

Is 
4 162 1102  9.73x10 6 mm4 .
4
..

 EI e  0.233 9 x108  200 9.73x106 .   
 59.4 x108  19.46 x108  78.86 x108 kN.mm2

 N cr 
 78.86 x10   3241.6kN.
2 8

49002
Exercise: Repeat if the column is Fixed Fixed Support

Example 2.3 Analysis of Uniaxial Column Section Capacity.

A rectangular column 300x500 (mm x mm) reinforced with 4  26 (As’ = As =1060mm2) one at
each corner with d’/h=0.1 and Determine
i) The design strength Pd when the design eccentricity from centerline of column x-section
including all effects is
a) eb (balanced )
b) 20mm
c) 150mm
d) 400 mm
e)Very large approaching  .
ii) Draw moment versus axial load table and interaction diagram

Solution
d’ = (0.1) (500) = 50 mm
d = 500 - 50 = 450mm
4  26
500 Constants: - fck=24 , fcd=13.60
fyd = 260.87

300

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 RCII Column Design Solved Examples

As
   0.00785
bd
As'  As  2 x530  1060. f yd
m   23.98.
0.8 f cd
Ast  2120
f yd
m'   0.8m  19.18
f cd

(a) Balanced case:-

cu 0.0035
Xb  d  x 450  328mm
yd  cu 260.87
 0.0035
2 *105
ab =0.8xb =262mm

x0.0035  0.002966  0.003  yd 0.0013

278
's 
328
Compression steel is yielding
 0.8 cu 
Pnb  f cd bd   
yd  cu 
 0.80.0035 
 13.60300450   0.00785 
 0.0013  0.0035 
 1056587.4 N  1056kN

 
f cd abb  As' d  ab
2
 A f
'
s yd d  d '
e 
'
b
Pnb

13.60262300  1060450  262   1060260.87 450  50

=  2 
1056
 423mm

eb = eb’ - (d-d’)/2 =223mm.(from Centerline).

(b) e=ed =20mm < eb Comp.failure controls.

Pdo = fcd (bh – Ast)+fyd Ast.

= (13.60) ((300) (500) – 2120)+(260.87) (2120)
= 2564212.4N  2564kN.
Pdo 2564
Pd 
p e  2564  20 
1   do  1 d 1   1 
 pnb  eb  1056  223 
 2273kN.

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 RCII Column Design Solved Examples

(c) e= ed = 150mm < eb Comp. Controls.

Pdo 2564
Pdo = 2564 Pd = 
P e  2564   150 
1   do  1 d 1   1  
 nb  b
P e  1056   223 
= 1308kN
(d) e=ed =400mm > eb = 223mm  Tension controls.
e’ = e + (d-d’)/2 = 400 + (450 – 50)/2 = 600.
d' 50 1 600
1   0.111, e   1.33
m =19.18, d 450 d 450
  0.00785.

 600 0.00785   600 0.00785 
2
 50  

Pd  13.603004501     1   20.007851  19.18

   450   450  
450 2 2


= 514679.03 N.
 514.68 kN.
(e) e   or Pd  O  only flexure.
b1 = As Es cu  f yd f cd /0.8b f cd .
  
 1060 200 x103 x0.0035  260.87  13.60 /0.8x300 x13.60.
= 138.19mm
c  
= As' d ' cu Es / 0.8bf cd .
= 1060 x50 x0.0035x2 x10 /0.8x300 x13.60.
5

= 11366.42.
=  138.19  138.19  4 x11366.42 
1 2
x
2 
 
= 57.95 < xmax.
 x  d'  57.97  50
fs’=  cu  Es  x0.0035 x2 x105
 x  57.97

= 96.24Mpa. > fyd.

Md = fcd (0.8bx-As’)(d-0.4x) + As’fs’(d - d1)
=(13-6) (0.830057.97-1060)(450-0.4x57.97)
+ 106096.24(450-50)=115411678 Nmm.
= 115.4 kNm.
ed/h 0 0.04 0.3 0.446 0.8 
X (m)  ? ? 0.328 ? 0.0575
ed (m) 0.00 0.020 0.150 0.223 0.4 
Pd (kN) 2564.00 2273.00 1308.00 1056.00 515.00 0.00
Md (kNm) 0 45.46 196.20 235.49 206.00 115.40
 If compression member is subjected to Pd 0.1 fcd Ac, it may be designed as a beam using
flexural equation, provided min. steel is placed on the compression face of the member.

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 RCII Column Design Solved Examples

P_M Interaction Diagram

3000

2500

2000
Axial Load,P in KN

1500

1000
ed=150mm
500
ed=400mm

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Moment,M inKN.m

Interaction diagram for axial load versus moment

Example 2.4 Design Unixial Column

Design a column to sustain a design axial load of 1100KN& design bending moment of
160KNm, which includes all other effects, assume concrete C-30, steel S- 400 class I work.
Approximate b=0.6h.
Solution:
Constants:
0.85 x 24
f ck  24, f ed   13.6
1.5
f yd  347.83

M d 160 x10 3
Pda=1100KN, ed =   145mm.
Pda 1100
Using Equations.

Trial 1: Assume 300x500mm & 4 26

  g  0.014   g min  0.008
530
  As bd  2 *  0.00785.
300 x500
d  500  50  450 so that d '  0.1
h
Conditions controlling the design.

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 RCII Column Design Solved Examples

 0.8 cu 
Pub=fcdbd      967 kN.
yd  cu 
0.8 cu
ab= d  240mm.
yd  cu

   
f cd bab  As'  d  b   As' f yd d  d '

a
2
eb'   482mm
Pnb
eb =282mm > ed compression controls.
Pdo = fcd Ag  Ast   f yd Ast  2749KN .
p do
Pd=  1412 KN  Pd  1100 kN Safe but not economical.
 Pdo  ed
1    1
 Pnb  eb
- For ductility requirement, it would be better to go for low steel ratio.

Trial procedure: - Change cross-section fixing reinforcements or vice- versa.

For offshore structures use large  tie bars due to corrosion action.

Trial 2.

270  450 with 4 24   g  0.015.

2  452
  As bd   0.0083
270  450  45

Pnb = 13.60270405[0.534438 – 0.0083] 10-3 = 782kN.

ab = 0.534438405 = 216mm

 216 
13.6  270  216  904 405    904  347.83  405  45.
eb’ =  2 
782 x103
= 441mm.

eb = 441 – 360/2 = 26mm > ed Compression controls.

Pd0 = [13.6  (270  450-1808) + 347.83  1808]  10-3 = 2257 KN

2257
Pd = = 1102 KN > Pd = 1100 KN Safe and economical.
 2257  145
1   1
 782  261
Using interaction charts: - [Uniaxial chart No 2 ].
d' 45
Assume 270 x 450   0.10
h 450

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 RCII Column Design Solved Examples

N 1100  10 3
sd = = = 0.67
f cd bh 13.6  270  450
 = 0.35
M 160 10 6
sd = = = 0.22
f cd bh 2 13.6  270  450 2
Ac f cd 0.35  270  450 13.6
 Ast =  = 1662.71mm2
f yd 347.83

 24 = 3.7  use 4  24

Exercise: Show reinforcement sketch

Example 2.5 Unixial Column Design

Design a column to sustain a design axial load of 550 KN acting with a design bending moment
of 200 KNm including all other effects. Use the same materials example 2.4.

Solution:
M 200 x103
ed  d  mm = 364mm.
Pd 550
fcd = 13.6 Mpa , fyd = 347. 83 Mp

Trial 1: 270 x 450 with 4  26

4  530 450
 g   0.017, d  450   405mm
270  450 10
2  530
  As bd   0.0097
270  405
Pnb = 780 KN , ab = 216mm, eb = 467mm
eb = 287 < ed Tension controls.
f yd 1
m'   25.58 , d  0.11, e' 1.343
f d d
cd

Pd=598 KN.>Pda=550 safe It is possible to stop at this.

Trial 2: Let’s use 4  20 +4 16

 Pd=584 ok!
Using interaction chart : [ Uniaxial Chart No 2 ]
270x450 d '  0.1 d = 405.
h
Nd M
   o.33 ,  bh 2  0.27.
f cd bh f cd
 = 0.40.

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 RCII Column Design Solved Examples

Ac f cd 0.40  270  450  13.60

 Ast    1900mm 2
f yd 347.83

 Use 4 20 & 4 16.

Ast = 4*314 + 4*201 = 2060mm2> 1900mm2

Exercise: Show reinforcement sketch

Example 2.6 Circular Column

Design a circular column for design axial load of Pda=1225 kN& design bending moment of
Md=180 KN.m. including all other effects. Use C-30, S-300, class I work.

Solution.
Pda = 1225 KN, Md= 180KNm, C-30, S-300, class I.

Required: Design a circular column.

Constants: fcd=13.6, fyd=260.87, m’=19.18.

Assume D=h= 500mm & 6  24 As=2712

h 2
Ag   196.35  10 3
4
 g  0.0138   max  Ok !
180  10 3
e  ed   147mm
1225
 
eb  0.2  0.9  g m ' h  219mm ed  Compression controls .
Using the formula:
 
 2712  260.87 196.35  10  13.6 
 3
 3
Pd=     10
 3  145 9 .6  500  145
1  1.18 
 500  2  50 0.8  500  0.67500  2  502 

=1313KN > Pda (= 1225kN)  Ok!

Using Interaction Chart

Assume D =500mm; Ag = 196.35 * 103 mm2 ; d ' = 0.10
h
Pda 1225 10 3
    0.46
f cd Ag 13.6 196.35 10 3

Md 180 10 6
   0.135
f cd Ag h 13.6 196.35 10 3  500

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 RCII Column Design Solved Examples

 = 0.19 from chart

0.19 196.35103 13.6

 As   1945mm2
260.87

 Use 6  22  this shows 6  26 is conservative

Exercise: Show reinforcement sketch

Example 2.7 Biaxial column Design

Design a column to sustain a factored design load of 900 KN and biaxial moments of
Mdx = 180 KNm, Mdy = 270 KNm including all other effects. Assume materials of concrete C-
30, steel S-300, class I work.
Solution:
Constants fck = 24, fcd = 13.6, fyd = 260.87, m1 = 19.18
M dy M
edx =  300mm edy  dx  200mm
Pda Pda
Trial1: Assume 600 x 400 with 8  28 arranged as shown.
Y

Mdx
400
Mdy X

600

Ast = 8 615 = 4920;  g  0.0205

Pdo = fcd (Ag - Ast) + fyd Ast = 4480 KN
As = A 's = 3* 615
[The two bars on the centroidal axis have negligible moment for both cases of direction]
X- direction:
edx =300 mm, Pda = 900 KN, d = 600-60 = 540mm
A
b = 400mm , = s  0.00854
dd
Pnb = 1678 KN , eb' = 520mm , eb = 280mm < edx = 3  T-controls


 
Pdx =bdfcd 1  e     1  e     2 m ' 1  d ' 


2
' '


 d 2  d 2 d 

= 1560 KN
If Pdx is near 900 or less, you should change the X- section immediately without further check for
Pdy because for even a uniaxial case it hasn’t satisfied to be  900.

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 RCII Column Design Solved Examples

Y- direction;
edy = 200mm, d = 400 – 40 = 360mm , b = 600mm.
Pnb = 1687 KN, eb = 187mm < edy = 200  T-controls.
Pdy = 1560 KN

Pdx Pdy Pdo

Pd=  944 KN  Pda  900 KN .
Pdo ( Pdx  Pdy )  Pdx Pdy

Using interaction chart No 9.

400x600 - same section.

900  10 3
  0.28
13.6  400  600
270  10 6
h   0.138
13.6  400  600 2 ω=0.395 from biaxial chart #9

180  10 6
b   0.138.
13.6  400 2  600

As tot=ω*Acfcd/( fyd)=0.395*400*600*13.6/(260.87)=4942.23mm2

Exercise: Show reinforcement sketch

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 RCII Column Design Solved Examples

Example: The ultimate capacity

A column resting on an independent footing supports a flat slab. The super imposed factored
load transferred from the slab is 1000 kN. Design the column assuming a gross steel ratio of (a)
0.01 (b) 0.02. Use concrete C30, steel S300 and class I works. Assume column height h = 4 m.

Solution: fcd = 13.6 MPa; fyd = 260.87 MPa

Pdu = Ag [ fcd (1 – ρ) + ρ fyd]

(a) For ρ = 0.01 and Pd = 1000 kN,

Pd
Ag 
[ f cd (1   )  f yd ]
2 1000 *103
S = S = 249 mm
13.6(1  0.01)  0.01(260.87)

Use 250 mm × 250 mm cross section

Ast = ρ Ag = 0.01 (250)2 = 625 mm2

Use 4 numbers of 16 mm dia rods; Ast provided = 804 mm2

Ties: d ≥ 6 mm (or) S ≤ 12* dia of main bar = 192 mm

≥ Dia of main bar/4 = 16/4 = 4 mm ≤ Least lateral dimension = 250 mm
≤ 300 mm
Therefore, use 6 mm dia rods at 190 mm center to center

(b) For ρ = 0.02 and Pd = 1000 kN,

Pd
Ag 
[ f cd (1   )  f yd ]
2 1000 *103
S = S = 232 mm
13.6(1  0.02)  0.02(260.87)

Use 240 mm × 240 mm cross section

Ast = ρ Ag = 0.02 (240)2 = 1125 mm2

Use 4 numbers of 20 mm dia rods; Ast provided = 1256 mm2

Ties: d ≥ 6 mm (or) S ≤ 12* dia of main bar = 240 mm

≥ Dia of main bar/4 = 20/4 = 5 mm ≤ Least lateral dimension = 240 mm
≤ 300 mm
Therefore, use 6 mm dia rods at 240 mm center to center

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 RCII Column Design Solved Examples

Example: uniaxail bending

Design a slender braced (non-sway) column subjected to uniaxail bending.
Given: - factored load=1650KN
-factored 1st order equivalent constant
Moment=130KNM
-Geometric length: l=7m and le=0.7l
-Material data; C-30, S-460 class I work
Required: - quantity of reinforcement.
Solution
Assume Column size
b = 400mm; h = 400mm; cover = 20mm; ølong = 20mm and ølat. = 10mm
d ' 40
 = 0.1 and d = 400-40 = 360mm
h 400
d ' 40
ea >=  & d = 400-40 = 360mm
h 400
Le 0.7 * 7000
ea >= = = 16.33 or 20mm
300 300
Therefore; ea=20mm
Check for second order effect
Le 4900
- λ= = = 42.4
I 400 2
A 12

- λmax = 50-25( M 1
) ; here first order moment is constant through out the column.
M2

Therefore; λmax= 50-25=25

As λ > λmax, second order effect has to be considered
Msd = first order moment + moment due to ea
= 130+ (1650*0.02) =163kNm
0.85 f ck 0.85 * 24
For C-30 concrete; fck= 24; fcd= = = 13.6MPa
rs 1.5

f yk 460
fyd = = = 400MPa
rs 1.15

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 RCII Column Design Solved Examples

N sd 1650 *10 3
νsd = = = 0.76
Ac f cd 400 2 *13.6

M sd 163 *10 6
 sd  = =0.187
Ac f cd h 400 2 *13.6 * 400

Using chart no- 2; for νsd = 0.76 and  sd = 0.187; ω = 0.32;  bal = 0.25

 sd 0.187 1 5 5
K2 = = = 0.75, = K2 ( ) 103 = 0.75( *10 3 = 10.42*10-6
 bal 0.25 r d 360

K 2 Le2 1
e2 = ( ) here K1 = 1 for λ > 35
10 r
1(4900) 2
= (10.42 *10 6 ) = 25mm
10
130 *10 3
e tot = ee + ea+e2 =  20  25  123.8mm
1650
123.8 204.3 *10 3
Msd = 1650* = 204.3kNm ,  = 0.23 implies ω=0.45
1000 400 3 *13.6
Recalculating k2, μbal=0.3
0.23 1 5
k2= = 0.77 , = 0.77( ) *10 3 = 10.69*10-6 = 26mm
0 .3 r 360
etot = 124.3
124.3 M sd 205.1 *10 6
Msd = 1650* = 205.09 kNm ,  sd  = = 0.236
1000 Ac f cd h 400 2 *13.6 * 400
ω = 0.45
Interaction can be stopped.
0.45 * 400 2 *13.6
Ast  = 2448mm2
400
Use 8 number o f 20mm diameter rods.
As provided = 2512, compare the result with minimum and maximum code requirements
>0.008*4002=1280
<0.08*4002=12800 Hence ok

Lateral ties: ø  6 or 20/4=5 Hence use ø 6 bar

S  12 ø =240

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 RCII Column Design Solved Examples

400- Least lateral dimension

300
Use 10mm diameter bar @240mm c/c.

Example; uniaxail bending

A uniaxial column is to be constructed from a materials C-30, S-400 class I works. If the
diagram for 1st order end moment and axial force are as shown, determine the area of
reinforcement assuming non-sway frame system.(use b/h =300/400 and Le=0.75L)

d' 40
Soln: Assume d’= 40mm; = = 0.1 use uniaxail chart no-2
h 400
ee  0.6eo2+0.4eo1 or 0.4eo2
155
eo2= *1000 =121.1mm
1280
 82
eo1= *1000 =-64.1mm
1280
ee  0.6*121.1+0.4*-64.1=47.02mm 0r 0.4*121.1=48.44; therefore ee=48.44mm
le 0.75 * 7500
ea  = =18.75mm or 20mm; use ea =20mm
300 300
0.75 * 7500  82
Check for e2; λ= =48.7 ; λmax=50-25( )=63.2
400 2 * 300 155
12
λ < λmax; therefore; neglect second order eccentricity
etot=eo2 +ea =121.1+20=141.1mm
141.1
Msd= 1280* =180.6kNm; fcd= 13.6 ; fyd=347.8
1000

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 RCII Column Design Solved Examples

1280 *10 3 180.61 *10 6

ν= =0.78 and μ= =0.28 implis ώ=0.6
13.6 * 300 * 400 13.6 * 300 * 400 2
 * Ac * f cd 0.6 * 400 * 300 *13.6
As= = = 2815.4mm; use 8ø22mm bar
f yd 347.8
22 2 * 
Aspov= 8* =3041mm2
4
< Asmax= 0.08*Ag=9600mm2
>Asmin=0.008Ag=960mm2
Lateral reinforcement
Ø  6 or 22/4 S  22* 22 =264 or 300
Use 6mm Ø ties at 260mm spacing.
Exercise
Design a column to sustain Pd=1100KNand Msd=160KNm, which include all effects.
Use C-30, S-460 class I works and b=0.6h.

Example; Biaxial Bending

Design a column to sustain a factored design axial load of 900KN and biaxial moments of
Mdx=270KNM and Mdy=180KNm including all other effects. Use C-30, S-300 class I works.

Soln: fck= 24MPa ;fcd=13.6MPa; fyd=260.87MPa

b' h'
Assume b*h = 400*600mm and  = =0.1, Nsd= 900kN
b h
Mh=Mdx=270kNm
Mb=Mdy=180kNm
900 *10 3
ν= =0.28(between0.2 and0.4)
13.6 * 400 * 600
Mb 180 *10 6 Mh 270 *10 6
b  = =0.14 and  h  = =0.14
f cd Ac b 13.6 * 600 * 400 2 f cd Ac b 13.6 * 400 * 600 2
Using biaxial chart no- 9 and for  =0.2;  h =0.14 ,  b =0.14; ώ=0.4
And for  =0.4;  h =0.14,  b =0.14; ώ=0.4
By interpolation for  =0.28; ώ=0.4

 * Ac * f cd
0.4 * 400 * 600 *13.6
As= = =5005mm2
f yd 260.87
< Asmax= 0.08*Ag=19200mm2
>Asmin=0.008Ag=1920mm2
use 8ø30mm bar
Lateral reinforcement
Ø  6 or 30/4 S  22* 30 =360 or 300 or400

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 RCII Column Design Solved Examples

Use 8mm Ø ties at 300mm spacing.

Example; Biaxial Bending
Given: squer column b/h=450/450, Pd=100KN,Mx=98KN,My=87KN(1st order constant
moment), e2=0.1ee(in both direction)eax= eay=20mm. Use C-25, S-300 class I works.
Required: to design this column using: Biaxial chart no.1 or 2

Soln:
b' h'
Let = =0.1, fck= 25MPa; fcd=11.33MPa; fyd=260.87MPa
b h
Etot=ee+ea+e2; here e2=0.1ee
Therefore etot=1.1ee+ea
Mdx=1.1*98+0.02*100=127.8kNm
Mdy=1.1*87+0.02*1000=115.7kNm
1000 *10 3
ν= =0.44(between 0.4and 0.6)
11.33 * 450 * 450
Mb 115.7 *10 6
b  = =0.11
f cd Ac b 11.33 * 450 3

Mh 127.8 *10 6
h  = =0.12
f cd Ac b 11.33 * 450 3

for  =0.4;  h =0.11 ,  b =0.12; ώ=0.2

for  =0.6;  h =0.11 ,  b =0.12; ώ=0.22
by interpolation ώ 0.204
 * Ac * f cd 0.204 * 450 2 *11.33
As= = =1794mm2
f yd 261

< Asmax= 0.08*Ag=16280mm2

>Asmin=0.008Ag=1628mm2
Use 4ø24mm bar; Aspor.=1808mm2
Lateral reinforcement
Ø  6 or 30/4 S  22* 30 =360 or 300 or400
Use 6mm Ø ties at 280mm spacing.

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