Heat Transfer with Phase Change

So far we have discussed heat transfer due to a

temperature gradient/difference
qx dT
= −k conduction
A dx
qx
= h(Tb − Tw) convection
A
When a phase change takes place, the temperature on
one side is CONSTANT, but the presence of
boiling/condensing fluids affects heat transfer.
• Important in evaporation, distillation
• LARGE h

© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

resistance to heat transfer

Boiling
Tsat
At low ∆T, few
T > Tsat bubbles form, and
heat transfer is by
natural convection.
heat As ∆T increases,
liquid phase more bubbles form,
increasing convection
(flow) in the liquid
phase, increasing h.

vapor phase

© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

1
 resistance to heat transfer

Tsat Film Boiling

As ∆T increases
T > Tsat further, a film appears
and grows, increasing
resistance to heat
transfer
liquid phase
heat

vapor phase

© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

transition boiling
nucleate boiling

Regimes of Heat
film boiling

Transfer during
convection

Boiling radiation
natural

becomes
important

There are
correlations
for h for ∆T 0.25
each
regime.
Geankoplis 4th ed, p284

© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

2
 •high h
Dropwise Condensation
•hard to maintain
•not used in practice

heat
T < Tsat
Tsat
vapor phase

condensed phase

© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

•film reduces h
Film Condensation •very stable
•often used

T < Tsat Tsat

vapor phase

heat

condensed phase

© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

3
 Heat Exchangers

T1′
double-pipe:

T1 T2

Q = UA∆Tlm
T2′

To increase Q appreciably, we must increase A, i.e. Ri

But:
•only small increases possible
•increasing Ri decreases h

© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

1-1 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

1 shell
1 tube

1-2 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

1 shell
2 tube
Geankoplis 4th ed., p292

© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

4
Cross Baffles in Shell-and-Tube Heat
Exchangers

© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

And other more complex arrangements:

2 shell
4 tube

© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

5
 For double-pipe heat exchanger:

Q = UA∆Tlm
For shell-and-tube heat exchangers:

Q = UA[∆Tlm (FT ) ]
calculated correction factor
(obtain from charts)

≡ ∆Tm correct mean temperature

difference for shell-and-
tube heat exchangers

© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

1-2
FT
Shell-and-Tube Heat
Exchangers FT,min=0.75
(1-1 exchanger, FT = 1)

2-4
Thi = hot, in
Tho = hot, out
Tci = cold, in FT,min=0.75
Tco = cold, out
Geankoplis 4th ed., p295

© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

6
 Heat Exchanger Fouling

scale adds an additional

•material deposits on hot surfaces
•rust, impurities resistance to heat transfer
•strong effect when boiling occurs

clean fouled
scale

© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Heat transfer resistances 1

Ri or o
Ui or o =
1 1 R  1
+ ln o  +
hi Ri k  Ri  hoRo
resistance due to
resistance due to
interface
limited thermal
1 conductivity
add effect of fouling
Ri or o
Ui or o =
1 1 1 R  1 1
+ + ln o  + +
hi Ri hdi Ri k  Ri  hdoRo hoRo

see Perry’s Handbook, or Geankoplis 4th ed.

Table 4.9-1, page 300 for values of hd

© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.