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FRENCHHHH REVIEW OF MOST THINGS I THINK…

FRENCH ARTICLES REVIEW


Focusing on Du, De la, De l’, et Des
DEFINITE INDEFINITE PARTITIVE
articles articles Articles

singular
singular

plural
before plural
before
vowel or singula before before
consonant plural
h r consonan vowel or
t h (mute)

Masculin masculine Un
le2
e masculine du
l' les2 des
de l' des
feminine Une
Feminine la feminine de la

2
The prepositions à (to, at) and de(of, from)
contract with the forms le and les:
À + le = au À + les = aux
De + le = du De+ les = des

 Equivalent to the English the.  Equivalent the English   There is no English


o used with a noun a/an. partitive article; it is often
referring to a specific item  refers to a non-specific translated as some, but often
when both the speaker and item, simply omitted in English.
the audience know what the 
item is
 also can refer to a It is used to indicate either
specific item when the speaker a) An indefinite portion of
and audience do not both something uncountable
« J'ai cassé la chaise rouge »
("I broke the red chair"). know what the item is b) An indefinite number of
    something countable:
 Unlike the, it is also used « J'ai cassé une chaise rouge »  
("I broke a red chair").
with mass nouns and plural nouns « J'ai du café »
with generic interpretation, and   ("I have some coffee."

with abstract nouns. For example:  Unlike a/an, the French or simply "I have coffee.").

indefinite article has a plural


« J'aime le lait. » ("I like milk.") form, often translated as some
« J'aime les romans. » but usually simply omitted in
("I like novels.") English
« Le capitalisme a transformé ce pays. »  
("Capitalism has transformed this country.") Il y a des livres là-bas »
("There are some books over there."
 
or "There are books over there").
 
FRENCHHHH REVIEW OF MOST THINGS I THINK…

 While the definite article indicates something in its totality or as a whole, the partitive article
specifies a part of the whole. Note that depending on what you want to say, the same noun may
be introduced by a definite, indefinite, or a partitive article. Compare these examples: 

Edouard: Vous prenez du vin, n’est-ce Partitive Edouard: You are having (some) wine,
pas?   article   aren’t you?
(a quantity that is not specified)
Le vin rouge est bon pour la santé! Definite Red wine is healthy!
   
article (‘wine’ in general)
En fait, nous avons un Beaujolais Indefinite In fact, we have a Beaujolais nouveau,
nouveau ou un Chambertin,  article or a Chambertin, a Châteauneuf-du-
un Châteauneuf-du-Pape, ou j’ai un  Pape, or I have an excellent Médoc for
   
excellent Médoc pour vous, ou un tout you, or a little grey wine from Savoy.
petit vin gris de Savoie. (These are items on the wine list, a
countable quantity)

In negative sentences, du, de la, des, de l' change to de: 

Joe-Bob mange de la Tammy ne mange pas de Joe-Bob eats meat.


   
viande. viande. Tammy does not eat meat.

Tammy ne boit jamais Tex drinks coffee.


Tex boit du café.    
de café. Tammy never drinks coffee.

There is some wine left.


Il y a encore du vin.   Il n'y a plus de vin.  
There is not any wine left.

 Except if the verb is être:


 
C'est de la viande. It's meat.

Ce n'est pas de la viande. It's not meat.


 
 
 Or if you want to stress the negative aspect:
 
FRENCHHHH REVIEW OF MOST THINGS I THINK…

Je n'ai pas de sous . I don't have any money

Je n'ai pas un sou. I don't have a (single) cent.


 Adverbs of quantity, Adjectives, Containers, and Prepositional phrases
 
1. After most adverbs of quantity and containers, de stands alone.
 
Il y a beaucoup de problèmes.                 There are a lot of problems.

Peu d'étudiants sont ici. Few students are here.

J'ai mangé moins de soupe que Lucie. I ate less soup than Lucie.

J'aimerais un verre de jus. I'd like a glass of juice.


                 
2. After adjectives and prepositional phrases, de stands alone.
 
La chambre est pleine de vêtements. The bedroom is full of clothes (clothes in general).

Les tables sont couvertes de gâteaux. The tables are covered in cakes (a bunch of cakes).

J'ai acheté du jus au lieu de vin. I bought juice instead of wine.

J'aimerais te parler au sujet d'écologie. I'd like to talk to you about ecology.
                 
3. Except if the noun after de refers to specific people or things - then de is used with the definite
article.
 
Beaucoup des problèmes sont graves. A lot of the problems are serious (specific or previously-
mentioned problems).

Peu des étudiants de Thierry sont ici. Few of Thierry's students are here (not students in
general).

Le repas que Lucie a préparé est The meal that Lucie made is delicious, but I ate less of the
délicieux, mais j'ai mangé moins de la soup than you (soup from previously-mentioned meal).
soupe que toi.

J'aimerais un verre du jus que tu as I'd like a glass of the juice that you brought. (specific)
apporté.

La chambre est pleine des vêtements The bedroom is full of David's clothes (specific).
de David.

Les tables sont couvertes des gâteaux The tables are covered in the cakes that I told you about.
dont je t'ai parlé.         (specific)

J'ai acheté du jus au lieu du vin que tu I bought juice instead of the wine you recommended.
as recommandé. (specific)
FRENCHHHH REVIEW OF MOST THINGS I THINK…
 
Descriptive vs Possessive de
 
1. To describe a noun with the de + descriptive noun construction, use de.
 
le livre d'étudiant student book (book for or about students)

le panier de chien dog basket (basket for a dog)


                 
2. To show possession of a noun, use de + definite article*
 
le livre de l'etudiant / le livre des the student's / students' book (belongs to the
étudiants student/s)

le panier du chien the dog's basket (as opposed to Lisa's basket)


 
* Of course, a proper noun would not need a definite article
 
le livre de Michel Michel's book
                 
                          
Verbs with prepositions
 
1. If de introduces an unmodified noun, use de.

Il faut changer de train ici You have to change trains here

Nous avons besoin d'argent We need money


                 
2. If the noun that follows de is modified and refers to a specific noun (the word "the" may be
needed in English), use de + definite article

Nous voulons profiter des nouveaux accords We want to take advantage of the new agreements

Il s'agit de la réforme agraire It's a question of land reform


                          
3. If the noun is preceded by an adjective but does not refer to a specific noun (the word "the" is
not needed), use only de.

J'ai besoin de nouvelles chaussures. I need new shoes.

Il se moque de mauvaises idées. He makes fun of bad ideas.


 
 
 
FRENCHHHH REVIEW OF MOST THINGS I THINK…

Reflexive Pronouns – Qui, Que, lequelle, auxquelle, etc


• A relative pronoun joins two clauses:  

There's the  girl. + The  girl  is intelligent.


=There's the girl  who  is intelligent.

The relative pronoun refers to (is "related" to) the last noun mentioned in the first clause. The word
referred to is called the antecedent.  

There's the girl  who  is intelligent. 


(who = girl; who is the relative pronoun; girl is the antecedent, the last noun before who)

• The pronoun form you choose depends on the grammatical role of the pronoun:

                  ==>   subject, object, or object of preposition.

Subject: The subject does the acting.

"I see a man. The man is tall." ==> "I see a man who [subj.] is tall." 


"Je vois un homme.  L'homme  est grand."  ==> "Je vois un homme  qui  est grand."

Object:  The object completes the verb.

"I see a man. I met the man yesterday."==> "I see the man (whom) I met yesterday."
[met whom? whom = D.O.]

(In English, you can often omit the relative pronoun. In French, never.)

"Je vois un homme. J'ai rencontré l'homme hier."  ==> "Je vois l'homme  que  j'ai rencontré hier."

Subject
Qui
(persons or things)

Object (persons or things) Que

For persons: qui
Obj. of preposition
For things: lequel (see à  or de + lequel below)

auquel, à laquelle, auxquels, auxquelles


à or de +lequel
duquel, de laquelle, desquels, desquelles

Option: de + any rel.pro. dont   (advantage: never changes for agreement)


FRENCHHHH REVIEW OF MOST THINGS I THINK…

For time or place où

Examples:

Subject: Voici un problème‹--qui  est intéressant.


                La personne‹--qui  m'a aidé était gentille.  
       

Object:    La personne‹--que  tu connais bien est son ami.


                L'élément ‹--  que  tu m'a exliqué est difficile.

Obj. of prep.:  Voilà l'homme  avec‹--  qui  elle va se marier.


                          Voilà la voiture ‹--dans  laquelle  elle a eu l'accident.
               Les leçons ‹--auxquelles  tu penses ne seront pas difficiles.
                          Voilà l'homme (la femme) ‹--duquel  (delaquelle) il a parlé.
                          Voilà l'homme (la femme) ‹--dont  il a parlé.

Time and place:  J'ai oublié le jour ‹--où  je l'ai rencontré.  (où = jour ) 

                       Voilà la maison  où  je suis né. (où = maison )

• If there is no antecedent in the main clause, you must give it one: it will always be ce (ce qui,ce que).

[1st clause] Voilà  (something not mentioned).] 


[2nd clause] (something not mentioned)  est bon.

==>   Voilà ___ |  qui est bon.  ==>  Voilà  ce  | qui est bon.

Voilà  ce  que je veux.         


Voilà  ce  dont il parle.

• The relative clause can either be attached to the end of the main clause or inserted in the middle of it.
Wherever it appears, the rel. pro. still refers to the last noun mentioned before it. (In the examples
below, the relative clause is in brackets.)

Voilà l'homme [dont il a parlé.]


L'homme [dont il a parlé] n'est jamais revenu.

• Dont  only replaces de + a relative pronoun, no other preposition. Dont   never agrees with the noun it
replaces.  Don't use an apostrophe with dont  !

Ex.: C'est la chemise.  J'ai besoin de  cette chemise.


Voilà la chemise  de laquelle  j'ai besoin.
Voilà la chemise  dont  j'ai besoin.
FRENCHHHH REVIEW OF MOST THINGS I THINK…
• When the antecedent refers to time or place, use où.

Ex.: Le 3 octobre est un  jour.  Je suis né  ce jour.


        Le 3 octobre est le  jour où  je suis né.

  PERSONAL PRONOUNS
A. Pronoun order

When there are multiple pronouns in a sentence, they always follow this order:

D.O. / I.O. D.O. I.O.    

Me        

Te Le lui    

se                    > la                      > leur            > y      > en

Nous les      

Vous        

B. How to identify when to use: D.O., I.O., y, en

1. To find the  direct  object, have the  verb in the sentence  ask the questions "what?" or "whom?"

John  ate  peanuts. "Ate  what?" = Ate  peanuts. (D.O.)


Mary  saw  Sam. "Saw  whom?" = Saw  Sam. (D.O.)

2. To find the  indirect  object, have the verb in the sentence ask "to whom?".

John  gave  the peanuts to Mary. "Gave  to whom?" = to  Mary  (I.O.)

3.  en  =  de  + anything

J'ai mangé  des pommes. --> J'en  ai mangé.

4.  y  = a preposition [not  de  ] + a  thing  [not  a person]. Often  y  means "there".

Ton chien est:  sur  le lit /  dans  la cuisine /  devant  la télé /  à côté de  ta chaise. = Ton chien  y    est.

C. Position of pronouns

1. Nothing ever separates the pronoun from its position next to the verb.
FRENCHHHH REVIEW OF MOST THINGS I THINK…
Marie ne  le  voit pas.  (Negatives go around the verb and pronoun.)
Le  mange-t-elle souvent?  (The subject inverts in a ques.; the pro. stays where it is.)
Ne  le  mange-t-elle pas?

2. In positive commands, the pronoun comes after the verb and is attached by a hyphen. Use the same
word order as in English.

Donne-leur-en.  (Give them some.)

In negative commands, follow the same rules as above (in C.1.).

Ne leur en  donne pas.

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