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τxy=0 τxz=0
• Shearing in uniform rectangular cross section
<2>Thin-walled members
• Torsion of thin-walled hollow shafts
FA=FB
τ At A ∆x = τ b tb ∆y
(by using shear equivalent)
q=τt=constant
shear flow
v τ
(2) Formula for shearing stress and angle of twist
Shearing Stress:
• The torque T is
T = ∫ dM 0 = ∫ q (2da) = 2qA
A----the area bounded by the center
line of wall cross section
FIGURE 9.1.1. (a) Arbitrary plane area A with differential element dA. (b) Area
symmetric about the t axis. (c) Centroidal axes yz and distances dy and dz used in
parallel axis theoremes. (d) Orthogonal axis systems st and ξη. having common origin
but different orientation.
(1) Moment of inertia about s and t axes
Is = ∫ t 2 dA , It = ∫ s 2 dA (Is>0,It>0)
area aera
(2) Polar moment of inertia about point o (Io>0)
Io = ∫ r 2 dA = ∫ (t 2 + s 2 ) dA = I s + I t
aera aera
(3) Product of inertia about t and s axes
I st = ∫ st dA (Ist can be positive, negative or zero. If s
aera
or t is a symmetry axis of area, then Ist=0 )
• Principal Axes
For a given area A and a given origin O, there are two axes
s’,t’ about which the moments of inertia are, respectively,
greater and less than about any other axes through origin O.
There two axes are called principal axes, the corresponding
moments of inertia are principal moments of inertia (where
Is’t’=0).
• How to decide the position of Principal Centroidal
axes
(1) Find the centroid of the cross section and select axes s and
t
(2) Calculate the Is and It, Ist
(3) Calculate the angle between Principal Centroidal axes and
axes t,s by
2 I st
tan 2θm =
It − Is
(4) Calculate the Principal moment of inertia
2
I +I I −I
I max(min) = s t ± s t + I st 2
2 2
If Imax=Imin, then all axes are principal
(as in the case of centroidal axes of circular cross section)
• There are exact analogy between principal stress(Mohr’s
circle) analysis and the principal moment of inertia
Imax , Imin , Ist
My
σx = − --------Elastic flexure formula
I
σm y
•
∫ ∫
zσ x dA = 0 ⇒ z (−
c
) dA = 0 ⇒
M z y M yz
σx = − + =0
Iz Iy
I
⇒ y = ( z tanθ ) z
Iy
M y M sin θ
tanθ = =
M z M cos θ
a straight line of slope m=(Iz/Iy)tanθ
φ>θ when Iz>Iy , φ<θ when Iz<Iy
• Determination of stresses in unsymmetric bending ----
Principal of superposition
M z y M yz
σx = − +
Iz Iy
The stress distribution
in unsymmetric bending
is linear.
4.9 UNSYMMETRIC BENDING (MECH101)
My
σx = −
I
VQ
τave =
It
0 ∫
F = qds =
4I
(3) The distance e from the center
line of web BD to the center O
is
Fh Vthb 2 h th 2b 2
e= = =
V 4I V 4I
where
1 3 1 3 h
2
I = I web + 2 I flange = th + 2 bt + bt
12 12 2
1 2
≈ th ( 6b + h) (neglecting t3)
12
So finally
3b 2 b
e= = , we can see that e does not depend
6bth 2 + h
3b
on t,depends on the ratio h/3b,
e=0~b/2 ,For the given size here, e = 100 mm = 40 mm
2 + 0.5
• Example 5.05