DAMODARAM SANJIVAYYA NATIONAL LAW

UNIVERSITY
SABBAVARAM, VISAKHAPATNAM, AP, INDIA

Subject
Political Science

Project topic
International security
Faculty
Ms T.Y. Nirmala Devi

Student name
H.Simran
LLB2018034
2nd semester

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am highly indebted to my Hon’ble Political Science professor, Ms T.Y. Nirmala Devi, for
giving me a wonderful opportunity to work on the topic: “INTERNATIONAL SECURITY”,
and it is because of her excellent knowledge, experience and guidance, this project is made
with great interest and effort . I would also like to thank my seniors who have guided my
novice knowledge of doing research on such significant topic. I would also take this as an
opportunity to thank my parents for their support at all times. I have no words to express my
gratitude to each and every person who have guided and suggested me while conducting my
research work.

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 CONTENTS
Page no.

1. Introduction ………………………………………………… 6

2. New forms of security………………………………………. 7

3. The concept of security……………………………………… 8

4. Security after the cold war………………………………….. 10

5. The factors of security………………………………………. 11

I. Military challenges

II. Economic challenges

III. Environmental challenges

IV. Political challenges

6. A comprehensive security policy…………………………… 20

7. Conclusion…………………………………………………… 22

8. Reference…………………………………………………….. 23

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 SYNOPSIS

Topic of the Project: INTERNATIONAL SECURITY

Type of review: In the present context the method followed is both primary review as well as
secondary review. All sorts of information has been collected through them.

Literature review: The Primary Literature that has been reviewed while going through this
research topic is Books and Web sources.

Scope of the project: The scope of this project is limited to the analysis of the effect of pre
and post cold war. Also the various security threats like terrorism, nuclear power, and
international monopoly of the powerful countries will be discussed.

Research Methodology: Doctrinal method of research is followed.

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 ABSTRACT

The global security environment of the 1990s is far more complex than in any previous era.
Before the end of the decade, several additional states will have acquired formidable military
arsenals containing weapons of increasing range, accuracy, and destructiveness for the
conduct of high-intensity conflict, with other actors able to project military power within and
even beyond their immediate region. At the same time, numerous conflict issues within and
between existing states, some based on the revival of historical animosities and others of
more recent origin, will fuel the potential for instability, including the possibility of civil war
fought even with nuclear weapons. Therefore, the United States will face a continuing need to
develop doctrines, technologies, and force structures for an unfolding security environment
characterized by dramatic change and instability as well as multipolarity as we move toward
and into the twenty-first century.

Over the past decade, the nature of world affairs has undergone unprecedented changes since
the end of World War II. The old system of East-West conflict has not been replaced by the
new "world order". There is simply nothing like the new system. Contrary to many of the
predictions expressed immediately after the end of the Cold War, there was no repetition of
the traditional balance of power politics, and there was no widespread chaos and international
barbarism. However, what we have been going through since 1990 is far from the "end of
history." The New World can be described as a world in which we can find a mix of order,
turmoil, structure and disclosure. International structures, peace or (essentially internal war).
Under these circumstances, international security and academic analysis of international
strategic issues must certainly be considered differently. The traditional themes of strategic
studies have been exhausted. There is no point in thinking about the strategic bases of the
nuclear forces of the play, or measuring the impact of specific arms control measures on the
military balance, or evaluating the reliability of certain armed forces in war conditions.
However, it would be very easy to simply say that there were contradictory developments and
that there was no room for traditional strategic analysis. In fact, there are some outstanding
features of global affairs that can be highlighted.

In this project I would like to discuss about the condition of the contemporary world after
world warII. Also various political powers of US, Russia and China will be discussed. The
various problems of the powerful countries will also be discussed.

5
 INTRODUCTION

1
There is no doubt that security is one of the most important concepts in International
Relations, since it is related to the safety of states and their citizens and their very survival.
However, defining security is not an easy matter, since the term has had many
different
meanings to different people in different places and different times over the course of
human
history. The obvious consequence is that there are many different ways to think about
security.
Actually, there has been a never-ending debate on its nature and dimension, since there is not
a broad consensus on its meaning.
the main tenets of realism, liberalism, and constructivism, which are are usually considered
the most important theoretical schools in the modern field of International Relations. Even
though these approaches may present overlaps and points in common, as a rule of thumb they
are perceived and portrayed as distinct perspectives, with different core assumptions.

The security agenda is going global. Key threats such as weapons proliferation, disease,
terrorism and climate change cannot be addressed unilaterally by states, and require a global
perspective to both understand and respond effectively to them. There are therefore powerful
pragmatic reasons for embracing a global security perspective. This project, however,
suggests that a compelling moral case also exists for viewing security in global terms.
National and international security discourses are at odds with the realities of world politics
and orient towards the preservation of a status quo that is failing much of the world's
population, now and into the future. In this context, this article makes a case for cosmopolitan
ethical principles underpinning a global security perspective. Only an ethics that does not
discriminate between groups is defensible as a general set of principles. A global security
perspective should be underpinned by three cosmopolitan ethical principles which dictate,
firstly, that all security actors have responsibility (albeit differentiated) to create security for
all; secondly, they should act with consideration of the future implications of their actions in
mind; and, thirdly, they should proceed as if their actions will become global over time and

6
space. While not without challenges and dilemmas, such a perspective is urgently needed in
contemporary global politics.

NEW FORMS OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY

Until a few years ago, the concept of security was confined to narrow lineages, it was almost
usual to think of a nation's security problems exclusively in terms of Military capabilities.
This kind of idea only helped promote wars and armed conflicts and put the security of large
parts of the world in danger. From the old one the approach has been found deficient in many
aspects, according to Professor Misra, many scholars have asked for more one approach to
the concept of security.1 Safety is an essential precondition for a ordered human existence, it
is natural for men to take precautions against danger. Governments must provide a safe
environment that would allow people to pursue their economic and social objectives without
excessive anxiety and fear. The concept of security covers all facets of life, and governments
must find difficulties to face all contingencies what could arise. The actual process of
providing social and economic security has too often caused a condition of insecurity caused
Interference in private matters by excessive state. 2 The concept of security covers all of the
determination of a nation to ensure its unity and integrity against external and internal threats,
to allow protect their legitimate national interests.

In the 21st century the security at international levels has taken new forms. Now security
between the states is the new concept of international security. Threats are no longer coming
mainly from states. Threats stem from ethnic groups suffering with hypernationalism,
criminal gangs, governance, AIDS, epidemics, poverty, terrorism, dangerous food, economic
mismanagement, overcrowding, failed states, and refugee creates Pollution and the effects of
pollution, irrigation and divarication of nature and hence creates destruction. The victims of
the new threats are primarily the individual (individual or human security), society (social
security) and the world (global security). The economic and physical survival of each human
is endangered. The survival of the society in the state is threatened in terms of identity and

1
K.P. Misra, "The concept of Security" International Centre Quarterly ( NetoJ Delhi) vol. 3, (1976) p.87. ' India
no.9
2
Otto Pick and Julian Critchley, Collective Security (London: Macmillan, 1974), p.15

7
coherence. The survival of the world is threatened in the long run. For the first time in
history, there is a shared global awareness of the need to fight for the sustainability of the
globe.

THE CONCEPT OF SCURITY

As said, "security" as a idea and as a phenomenon at the end of the war. New forms have
been taken. New security manifestation, new security agendas, and new rules of the concept
of security policy. How to understand and explain the security as part of international
relations in the so-called the 21st ?. Security is a highly contested concept.

Security is a commonly used word, used in connection with various of activities and personal
and group conditions. One can differentiate between security in daily activities (work,
economy, sex, transportation, food), safety for positive, desirable conditions (freedom, food,
prosperity, development, democracy a good life), and Security against bad conditions (war,
pollution, crime, all kinds of threats). In a way, we have 3 different ideas for the term
"security."3

First, the widespread use of the word on a day-to-day basis, which refers to a position that
aspires to be: safe, protected and protected. Second, the word used in political scence,
referring to political process, actions or systems that can guarantee the security of a political
unit. In the political sphere the term. "Security" is used as a tool, for example, to provide a
certain phenomenon with a specific priority placing it in the field of high politics. Finally,
"security" can be it is used as an analytical concept to identify, describe, understand, explain
or even predict phenomena in the general social sphere; phenomena such as "security policy",
"security policy interaction" or "security structures and institutions". A significant change in
the political use of the term "security" was, however, the invention of the security policy
concept. The United States, as the most important. Unity in the international system, was the
initiator. In 1947 the American administration. He introduced the National Security Council,
which became a model for several countries. worldwide. This also involved the introduction
of a new concept, "security politics ". Now it is possible for states, in linguistic terms, to
carry out or pursue a security policy. The security policy was more than defense policy,
3
HOLSTI, K. 1996. The State. War Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.

8
rather than military. Politics, more than a policy destined to be prepared for war. The security
policy also pointed to avoid war. The security policy encompassed internal, internal security,
economic development policy and policy to influence the international system in order to
create an peaceful environment, both regionally and globally, including foreign aid to
developing countries. A famous example is Robert McNamara's statement, the former
Secretary of Defense the United States, that "security is development". The security policy
became an important tool for individual national states to promote their national interests by
trying to influence the international system. The search for international security, the task of
the United Nations (UN), was politics, which lost much of its influence due to the east-west
confrontation.

In this way, during the Cold War, the political notion of security was extended, referring
mainly to issues related to defense and the military, such as avoiding military aggression, to
deal with economic, political and social issues, both national and international. The original,
narrow conception of the UN of international security was based on the fact that the UN was
the continuation of the alliance of victors in times of war, who perceived aggression based on
hypernationalism as the main reason for the outbreak of World War II. The UN should be the
tool to avoid any repetition. The cold war, however, completely changed the international
scenario.

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 SECURITY AFTER THE COLD WAR

With the cease of the cold warfare in 1989-91, the standoff disappeared and the affiliation he
took over: unipolarity changed bipolarity. A new security schedule become implied.
Globally, protection existed, but across the world, fundamental wars now fought
asymmetrically, that is, among the simplest final superpower, the United States, supported by
means of its buddies, partially on behalf of worldwide society,in opposition to international
legislators like Iraq and the Taliban regime. For the primary time escalating wars (the Gulf
conflict and the warfare in opposition to terrorism in Afghanistan) have been waged through
forces legal with the aid of what may be known as "global society", this is, the UN the
Security Council appearing on behalf of all the member states of the UN in matters of peace
and safety. "The Kosovo war did now not win the entire support of global society, however it
become tacitly common later. At global and local degree, the "vintage" multiplied the safety
schedule of the golden days of detente has returned; now, but, with the in addition to at least
four critical "new" security areas. First, social protection way to the emergence of latest or
renewed political gadgets based totally on nationalism or the ethnic foundation, that could
motive waves of refugees. With the give up of the cold struggle in 1989-ninety one, the
standoff disappeared and the affiliation he took over: unipolarity changed bipolarity. A new
security agenda become implied. Globally, security existed, however across the world, most
important wars now fought asymmetrically, this is, between the most effective ultimate
superpower, the USA, supported by means of its friends, partly on behalf of international
society,in opposition to worldwide legislators like Iraq and the Taliban regime. For the first
time escalating wars (the Gulf war and the warfare against terrorism in Afghanistan) had been
waged by way of forces legal by using what could be referred to as "worldwide society", this
is, the UN the Security Council acting on behalf of all the member states of the UN in topics
of peace and safety. "The Kosovo conflict did not win the total assist of global society,
however it turned into tacitly typical later. At worldwide and nearby degree, the "antique"
expanded the security agenda of the golden days of detente has back; now, but, with the

10
further to at least 4 essential "new" security regions. First, social safety thanks to the
emergence of recent or renewed political devices primarily based on nationalism or the ethnic
beginning, that may reason waves of refugees.4

Second, individual security, due to renewed emphasis on human rights and international
crime.

Third, security for the the human body, against international epidemics, the contamination of
meals and the lack of food.

Finally, the "new technological safety", due to threats to inclined IT systems, Of route, it's far
most effective important for technologically superior countries. As a effect of at the end of
the cold battle, geopolitics referring to borders and proximity have again; these dimensions
now count extra than in the course of the cold battle, while politics the identification turned
into associated with the huge east-west division. At the identical time a global Cyberspace is
at work.

So, within the new global device, with best one superpower, the security time table has
modified dramatically. The old safety debate of the bloodless war continues among the "It is
reduced" and the "expanders", this is, folks that see security as something harsh, military
safety, and those who claimed that since all of the activities were primarily based on systems
in battle,, the whole thing is security, however is now less relevant. Most scholars admit that
the brand new worldwide device and the brand new organization of worldwide order have
given upward thrust to a broadening of the security schedule, and to new analytical principles
to become aware of, analyze, and provide an explanation for the political impact of this time
table.

FACSTORS RELATING TO INTERNATIONAL SECURITY

MILITARY CHALLENGES

Any use of nuclear weapons, by accident or design, runs the risk of human casualties and
economic dislocations occurring on a catastrophic scale. The proliferation of such weapons
and their potential use, whether by state or non-state agents, must remain an urgent priority
for collective security.

4
KANT I. The Perpetual Peace. New York, Garland.

11
Since the Cold War in the post-war era, "military planners were under pressure to produce a
peace dividend by cutting forces, arms and expenses."5 The concept changed into to reduce
the nuclear and armed threats emanating from the powerful states and reduce the danger of
conflict. Although the cease of the East-West disagreement paved the manner for East-West
cooperation, sure protection assumptions started out to crumble. Within 18 months after the
signing of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), India and Pakistan performed a
series of nuclear tests, which represented a setback for the complete non-proliferation regime.
The protection parameters for nuclear and non-nuclear states have changed dramatically
considering then and plainly nuclear weapons will maintain to maintain the defense discourse
for a long term. The perception that security is about states the use of pressure to manage
threats to their territorial integrity and country wide stability, particularly from other states,
started out to change as new transnational threats derived from demographic movements,
deforestation , global warming and transnational crimes commenced to emerge. One may
have anticipated such threats to provoke a rethinking of protection parameters and
alternatives, however instead, the arena started out rearming to fight "perceived threats" and
uneven war.

Since the terrorist assaults of Sep 11, cellular chemical laboratories, grimy nuclear bombs,
anthrax spores, sarin gasoline and other guns of mass destruction have fueled popular fears
and stimulated innumerable counter-terrorism tasks that come to the leading edge, pushing
the non-navy threats inside the history.

Some pupils believe that access to guns of mass destruction is more now than during the Cold
War. While this fear has advised international locations to take firm measures to include
nuclear, chemical and organic weapons, the class of small arms has been in large part
overlooked. 'Among the seemingly countless listing of articles inside the Disarmament,
demobilization and reintegration time table (DDR) that require pressing interest, trade and the
proliferation of small arms and Light guns (SALW) have a durable location. 6 As one of the
least controlled elements of modern military activity, the category of small Weapons and
their trade attract the attention of the international community. Simply because the correlation
between the proliferation of small arms and the increase in human rights abuses is clear and
unequivocal.

5
Rebecca Johnson, op. cit., p. 7
6
6 Massimo Fusato, 'Disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration of ex- combatants/ in Guy Burgess and
Heidi Burgess (eds.), Beyond Intractabi

12
The problem of arms proliferation and the subsequent conflicts in the the world has not only
led to problems such as alienation and instability, but they have also threatened basic human
rights and the safety of people. There have been numerous crimes against humanity and
innumerable violations of international humanitarian law during the period of conflict. The
evidence shows that there is an alarming increase in urban violence due to the presence of
small arms and there seems to be a shocking pattern of abuse of human rights in regions of
instability. It has been documented that "weapons play a direct and indirect role in the ability
of armed groups and security forces to commit serious violations of human rights." 7 Torture,
amputation and other acts of violence that threaten life. Some of the major armed conflicts in
India, for example, have germinated in the north and north-east of the country, involving the
states of Jammu and Kashmir, Assam, Manipur, Nagaland and Tripura. The country's long
confrontation with Pakistan has led not only to cross-border infiltration over the past 50 years
and more, but has also deepened social and cultural fragmentation on both sides. The
northeast is devastated by internal conflicts and, surprisingly, has led to a similar social
degeneration and disorder in the region. If one has to identify a common denominator in both
cases, it would undoubtedly be the role played by the proliferation of small arms.

The territorial insurgency is the apparent cause of most of the conflicts in the regions of Asia
and Africa, but the perception of the economic and political marginalization of the tribal
population and the increase of the influx of arms and narcotics from neighboring countries
have raised the threats to human security. The culture of arms in these areas has rapidly
weakened the state's security forces and created pockets of criminal bases around cities and
towns. In fact, there is an increase in the number of civilians who acquire weapons to defend
themselves and their families because there is an overwhelming atmosphere of fear and
oppression. Given that 'the goal of human security is to safeguard the vital core of all human
lives from critical dominant threats in a way that is consistent with long-term human
fulfillment', weapons are a category that can be seen as a threat serious for the
aforementioned notion of stability and human development.8

Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America

Brief facts

By an application dated May 17, 1989, the Islamic Republic of Iran initiated a proceeding
before the Court against the United States of America, following the destruction in the air by
7
Uppsala conflict database, www.pcr.uu.se
8
Sabina Alkire, A Conceptual Framework for Human Security

13
the USS Vincennes, a guided missile cruise of the armed forces of the United States operating
in the Persian Gulf, of an Airbus A-300B from Iran, caused the death of its 290 passengers
and crew. According to the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the United States,
for its destruction of that plane that caused fatalities, by refusing to compensate Iran for the
damage caused and for its continued interference in aviation in the Persian Gulf, violated
certain dispositions. of the 1944 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation and the
Montreal Convention of 1971 for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of
Civil Aviation. The Islamic Republic of Iran also stated that the Council of the International
Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) had made an error in a decision of 17 March 1989 on the
incident. Within the time limit set for the submission of its Counter-Memorial, the United
States of America raised preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court.

Subsequently, by means of a letter dated August 8, 1994, the Agents of the two Parties jointly
informed the Tribunal that their governments had "entered into negotiations that could lead to
a complete and final solution of the [case]" and requested the Tribunal "[ for postpone] sine
die the open of the oral "on the preliminary objections, for which he fixed the date of
September 12, 1994. By letter of February 22, 1996 and registered in the Registry on the
same day, the Agents of the Two The parties jointly notified the Court that their governments
had agreed to discontinue the case because they had signed "an agreement on the complete
and final settlement." Accordingly, the President of the Court, also on February 22, 1996,
issued an Order that recorded the interruption of the procedure and ordered the elimination of
the case from the List of the Court.

In New Zealand v. France

Brief facts

On May 9, 1973, Australia and New Zealand initiated proceedings against France on nuclear
weapons tests that France proposed to carry out in the atmosphere in the South Pacific region.
France stated that it manifestly considered that the Tribunal lacked jurisdiction and refrained
from appearing at public hearings or presenting allegations. In two Orders of June 22, 1973,
the Court, at the request of Australia and New Zealand, indicated interim measures to that
effect, among other things, that France's pending judgment should avoid nuclear tests that
cause a radioactive fall in the territory of Australia or New Zealand. By means of two
judgments issued on December 20, 1974, the Court determined that the Australian and New

14
Zealand Requests no longer had any purpose and that, therefore, they were not obliged to
make a decision in this regard. In doing so, the Court relied on the conclusion that the
objective of Australia and New Zealand had been achieved to the extent that France, in
several public statements, had announced its intention not to conduct further atmospheric
nuclear tests at the end of the series of 1974.

ECONOMIC CHALLENGES

The outstanding boom in the impact of the global market, assisted by using the opening of
economies at the stop of the Cold War, has rewarded many. This publish-Cold War market
liberalization changed into equations have been popularly conceived as globalization, and the
idea activities in large part encompassed as' moves of some in a single location. Have giant
effects for "other remote", or activities in one united states of america that immediately
impacts others; the reduction of borders and geographical barriers and an intensification of
worldwide integration interconnection.9

Globalization is also associated with the global expansion of capitalism, where the network of
financial flows and economic regimes involves all states. A useful way of looking at the
world, apart from the system of states, is in terms of a complex set of networks. These
networks constitute the new face of marketing that substantially modifies the operations and
results in the processes of production and capacity building. 10These networks transcend the
spatial limits, questioning the key elements through which the state is understood. One of
these elements is the defense institution manned by the state's own personnel, including the
means of violence and coercion.11 This network has been possible through transnational
private capital links, a trend that characterizes the growing industry of " private military firms
", which is also, clearly, a representative of the change in the business environment at the
beginning of the 21st century and a major challenge for peace and security in countries facing
crisis.12

9
David Held and Anthony McGrew (eds.), The Global Transformations Reader : An Introduction to the
Globalization
10
Robert o. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye Jr. 'Globalization: What is next? What is not? (And so what?)/ in David
Held and Anthony McGrew, ibid.p. 76
11
John A. Hall and G. John Ikenberry, The State (New Delhi)
12
Peter W. Singer, 'Should humanitarians use private miliary , Humantarian Affairs Review (Brussels), Summer
2004.

15
It is often argued that the give up of the Cold War produced a vacuum within the security
marketplace, growing a 'security breach' that the non-public market they rushed to fill. For
instance, a non-public army agency through the call of Airscan become employed to update
the function of the USA military in the Balkans when US air reconnaissance withdrew from
the location to serve greater lively operations in the southwest Asia. The majority of private
navy businesses (MPFs) have encouraged the final results of many conflicts, which includes
the ones in Angola, Sierra Leone and Iraq, however there's no readability approximately the
exact courting among governments and those organizations, mainly because the Governments
and military establishments frequently publicly distance themselves from such ambiguous
private entities. Such ambiguity raises concerns about their identity as combatants and the
problems of enforcing international law in case of abuse of human rights, as was seen in the
Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq. The Taguba Report on abuses at Abu Ghraib stated that
'contractors dressed as civilians roamed freely in the prison does not respond to anyone
because they were effectively outside the chain of command.13 This not only raises questions
about safeguarding internal security, but also puts human security at grave risk.

In analyzing the link between globalization and security, the part that is often misinterpreted
is "economic growth". Globalization is mostly equated with technological advancement, the
integration of global financial markets, the growth of international trade and rapid
modernization. But this so-called economic growth weighs heavily on countries that lack
adequate resources and struggle to survive ethnic conflict, poverty or disease. It is estimated
that in many parts of Africa, cereal harvests in 2005 were a improvement in previous years,
but severe droughts have still left millions on the verge of starvation.

On the one hand are the four African countries of Kenya, Somalia, Ethiopia and Djibouti,
which are some of the most affected, where it is estimated that between eight and nine
million people suffer from severe famines, while, on the other hand, "China's trade surplus in
March 2006 amounted to 11,190 million dollars, up 98.5 percent from the previous month",
which is attributable to the domestic economic situation of the country. While economic
growth encompasses development through trade and infrastructure, there are serious
implications for well-being that involve income inequalities, damage to indigenous industries,
inflation, market interruptions that must be addressed. "As developing countries take steps to

13
Peter W. Singer, 'Outsourcing war/ Foreign Affairs (New York), vol. 84, no. 2, March/April 2005, p. 5

16
open their economies and expand their exports, they face significant trade barriers, leaving
them, in effect, without aid or trade."14

The right to development is important, but a lasting growth without Commitment to human
security that guarantees adequate goods and Services that meet basic human needs are much
more important in the struggle economic insecurity.

ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES

The remaining cause of an environmental regime is to shield the excellent of the

environment, as defined, however no regime can manage the surroundings. All it is able to
do is paintings to alter human conduct in a manner that, it is expected, will bring about extra
first-class environmental conditions.

Konrad von Moltke, 2001 Damage to the environment represents some other crucial venture
for global protection. The question of the way secure the world is if global warming, ozone
depletion, deforestation and acid rain keep to weaken the global surroundings, has all started
to appear as a purpose of subject among those responsible for coverage making throughout
the world. The arena. The challenges for environmental protection have accelerated by using
leaps and limits and Cynthia E. Rosenzweig, NASA's climate and agriculture expert, says:
"As the a long time progress, ‘sooner or later the poor effects of climate alternate will
dominate anywhere’.15 Accidents such as the collapse of the Chernobyl reactor, which
radiated much of Europe, caused billions of dollars in property damage and, ultimately, could
result in thousands of cases of premature cancer '.16 Such events not only serve as warnings,
but also highlight the impact of reckless human activity on the environment.

The Millennium development dreams file 2006 envisioned that, in 2003, the overall number
of people tormented by persistent hunger inside the developing global turned into around 824
million.17 This estimation arrived after five years of the e-book of the worldwide document
2000 which had expected that by the flip of the century, overpopulation could result in good

14
United Nations Economic and Social Council Report, The realization of economic, social and cultural rights:
Globalization and its impact on the full enjoyment of human rights', 2000, p. 10, www.un.org/ecos
15
Andrew C. Revkin, Toor nations to bear the brunt as world warms/ The Times of India (New Delhi), 2 April
2007
16
Michael H. Shuman and Hal Harvey, Security Without War : A Post-Cold War Foreign Policy
17
The Millennium Development Goals Report 2006

17
sized starvation and to the catastrophic over consumption of firewood, forests, grasslands,
croplands, ocean fisheries, and fresh water'.18 now not distinctly, these predictions are now
coming genuine. climate exchange is affecting bodily and organic systems anywhere and
maximum global warming has been resulting from carbon dioxide emissions and different
greenhouse gases. Maximum scientists trust that there can be enough man-made emissions to
heat the Earth three to eight stages Fahrenheit'.

Growing temperatures will no longer only cause polar ice caps to soften, however may also
affect the river deltas of southern Asia and Egypt for instance, rendering small island nations
at high risk. Locally generated disasters,resulting from overuse of natural resources, will
unmistakably affect the international environment and security in some of the approaches
indexed under:

 Useful resource exhaustion will perpetuate or even worsen international poverty,

lowering demand for excessive fee products, similarly frightening the international
exchange stability.
 The terrible charges of this poverty including disorder, starvation, homelessness,
unemployment, illiteracy will go away the under-privileged indignant and keen for
radical, possibly even revolutionary exchange.
 Environmental exhaustion will mean extra interstate coemption for scarce resources.19

Conflicts over river systems, wherein the world's maximum essential 155 river structures are
shared by means of two nations, could pose main security troubles for the world.
Environmental scientist Norman Myers remarked, 'So essential are confident water
substances to Israel that one motive it went to conflict in 1967 turned into that Syria and
Jordan were seeking to divert the flows of the Jordan River.' Similarly, Iraq almost went to
war against Syria in 1975 whilst the latter built the Thawrah Dam on the Euphrates and
endangered the financial survival of three million Iraqi farmers residing.

The most good sized environmental threats facing us are certainly international in nature.
'every year, deforestation within the tropics denudes a place the scale of Austria and wipes
out species of plants and animals at a price one thousand to 10 thousand instances quicker
than herbal extinction other environmental threats to people at the moment are posed via the
development and unfold of 'new chemical substances that may permanently impair the human

18
Michael Shuman and Hal Harvey, op.
19
Norman Myers, 'Environment and security,' Foreign Policy (Washington D.C.).

18
gene pool, the development of ever greater resistant varieties of agricultural pests, and the
ecological deterioration of the world's oceans'.20 All collectively, 'worldwide environmental
screw ups resulting from human mismanagement have created greater than 10 million
refugees - more than those uprooted with the aid of wars or persecution - who themselves are
producing a selection of military, political, and financial instabilities global.

Consequently, an powerful worldwide environment desires to permit, aid and encourage

policymaking main to an effective response to environmental management needs which
require motion at the global degree. Konrad von Moltke opines, 'precise environmental
governance at all stages has been characterized by way of reliance on sciences; the use of the
precautionary technique; the potential to deal with actions at distinct ranges of governance;
the use of monetary incentives and the avoidance of physical coercion as an implementation
approach; and high diploma of transparency and participation.' most effective an interlinked,
holistic approach to governance, which puts the surroundings and people's wishes first, will
suffice for the years yet to come.

POLITICAL CHALANGES

Provision of protection and security to each human lifestyles is one of the most fundamental
duties of a nation or authorities. protection of lives and a pledge to uphold human rights is
critical to right governance, and 'cooperation of the political, administrative, medical and
industrial groups for the system of a imaginative and prescient, incorporated missions,
policies, plans and programmes' can assist obtain a comprehensive protection framework for
a rich destiny for anybody.21 but, sure key factors such as resistance to devolution and
decentralization of power to the human beings, disintegration of political events and
democratic establishments,indifference of the ruling elite to social wishes, corruption, and
absence of responsibility tend to impinge upon governance and result in country failure in a
few instances.

Home governance, consequently, has to strive for extra transparency and regulation because
it has been widely time-honored as a 'welfare want', which encompasses non-conventional
additives of security and improvement alike. instances like Darfur stand out as a sore
example of presidency inaction in the African continent. South Asian states also are now not
unfastened from misgovernance. it's far believed that inefficient and ineffective governance,

20
Michael Shuman and Hal Harvey op. cit. p.18
21
A. P. J. Abul Kalam, The Hindu (Chennai), 15 August 2006.

19
coupled with corruption and absence of adequate investment, have contributed to policy
incoherence, duplication and operational dangers in instances of crises. 22

Human rights and development reviews monitor that the battle in Darfur is inflicting one of
the worst humanitarian screw ups in the international, but little has been performed
approximately a tragedy that impacts extra than 1,000,000 people. The failure to carry out
fast political movement in Darfur has led to huge social, monetary, political and
environmental costs fuelling poverty, deprivation, violence and gross insecurity. The Human
security document 2005 highlights failure on the part of the authorities to behave in a battle-
ridden kingdom as an act amounting to 'democide'23

A ground-based totally survey with the aid of realistic action, formerly Intermediate era
development group (ITDG), Darfur showed systematic destruction of humans's possessions
and food stocks with round a million people getting displaced and kind of greater than half of
of the villages destroyed or deserted. The failure of the Sudanese authorities to keep the
ceasefire to re-establish protection inside the region, and its inefficiency to facilitate get right
of entry to for humanitarian remedy has escalated the struggle from a nearby challenge to a
international hassle.

This brings us to the difficulty of political violence, that's yet another project for international
security and stability. A few scholars trust that 'political violence is a time period that
embraces extra than certainly conflict, genocide and terrorism. It also encompasses state
repression: torture, executions, use of death squads, and incarceration with out trial. All of
those are as much a part of the human safety agenda as they are of the human rights agenda'.
Country-based totally violence outcomes from 'conflicts among states or among a nation and
a non-state actor', which quantities to political violence. One-sided violence, then again,
includes killing of non-opponents as opposed to armed males and females, and isn't like
armed conflicts. In either case, the dying toll and violation of human rights suggest that
authorities state of no activity can probably enhance violence and lack of confidence with
opportunities of a spillover in neighbouring states, giving rise to local lack of confidence.

State-based totally or non-country based totally violence and deaths can pose serious safety
threats and may spiral into political chaos, social and financial disruption, and imbalance
inside the cultural and ecological set-up of a nation or region. given that numbers speak for
themselves, shown below is a table that effectively reflects the degree of political violence
22
P. R. Chari, 'Security and governance in South Asia
23
Human Security Report.2005

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within the international's areas, and the way each country-based totally and non-state based
violence amounts to most deaths.

Traditional safety features have, to a huge volume, didn't deliver meaningful safety to a great
wide variety of Asians. The location has witnessed periodic setbacks where 'magnificence
tensions, ethnic battle and confrontations among the kingdom and residents are
omnipresent'.24In conventional phrases, the state is seen as a provider of security, however
often instances, it additionally poses a chance to human protection. It is miles believed that
developing constituencies for peace by means of focusing on David 1st earl baldwin of
bewdley's additives of human protection, the nation can correctly override political
boundaries to sustainable peace and stability.

A COMPREHENSIVE SECURITY POLICY

The arena's least secure countries are the ones ravaged by way of home violence or terrorism,
and the world bank has anticipated 'the opportunity that a authorities will be destabilized or
overthrown with the aid of unconstitutional and/or violent method', if countries fail to deal
with the difficulty of complete safety.forty among the listing of least relaxed countries,
Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, Afghanistan, Burundi, Cote d'Ivoire, Sudan,
Somalia, Colombia, the Palestinian territory, and Iraq occupy the top ten locations displaying
zero-4.nine on a scale of a hundred in phrases of political stability and peace (0 representing
the 'worst' and a hundred representing the 'satisfactory)

With such an alarming determine representing the country of human conditions, it is critical
that nations deal with the belief of human security more conclusively. David 1st earl baldwin
of bewdley categorically talks about the meaning of security and its guiding concepts: safety
for whom,protection for which values, how a lot safety, security from what threats, security
by using what manner.forty two As mentioned above, an incompetent state which threatens
character rights and security will likely be pressured to dissolve on the way to make way for a
higher nation. for the reason that ^historically,states have turn out to be appeared because the
best manner of making sure the protection and freedoms of people', it's far crucial that they
recall each issue of human safety from bodily safety and freedom to nicely-being and
sustainability. The function of the state is crucial in preventing the demanding situations
posed with the aid of polity, environment and economics. regulation and manipulate of
legislative and government tasks, pertaining to the environment, for instance, must be

24
Perspectives from India's Regions (New Delhi: Delhi Policy Group, 2002), p.

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balanced out with monetary stability and political protection. 'Externally, the state has to
engage in interstate negotiations to hold the surroundings and at the identical time fight
protectionist pressures emanating from developed countries inside the apparel of
'environmental standards', an area in which there is much scope for collaboration a number of
the South Asian international locations.

In facing up to the challenges in their instances, world leaders, 60 years ago created new
multilateral establishments - the United international locations, IMF, and the World bank - in
the conviction that global cooperation become the excellent way to remedy the challenges of
the post-struggle global. it's far approximately time that the present world, unprecedented
within the demanding situations it faces, works toward a higher destiny by way of making
human protection its pinnacle priority. even though monetary issues appear to have amassed
greater attention than topics associated with the global surroundings or human development,
efforts are underway to consciousness at the shared responsibility to protect the surroundings.
huge development has been made in terms of humanitarian motion and peacekeeping
operations, wherein there may be an try to study safety extra comprehensively.

In the end, the real world of interlocked monetary and ecological systems will not change; the
guidelines and establishments involved have to. To consider safety in basic terms in phrases
of army is regarded as an previous and non-functional approach. Barry Buzan pointed out
that the 'sources of chance can be monetary, political, social and military. Therefore, military
preparedness isn't always the most effective want of the hour. Mahathir Mohammad rightly
pointed out that 'country wide security is inseparable from political stability, economic
success and social concord. with out these all the weapons inside the world can't prevent a
rustic from being conquer by means of its enemies, whose ambitions can be fulfilled with out
firing a shot.

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CONCLUSION

To a huge quantity, most security troubles are measured from a 'national hobby' point of view
and people that fail to qualify as threats to country wide protection are pushed into the
history. For example, threats to human life posed via the growth and improvement of
technological know-how and generation are frequently neglected when it comes to assessing
threats from terrorist olitfits. Therefore, as a way to examine threats to safety, generated
either locally or globally, the states need to bring about a stability of their technique. Some
pupils opine that it's miles the attitude of the ruling elite, that's responsible for pursuing a
retrogressive and old security technique. In the case of South Asia, the records of India and
Pakistan is punctuated with many years of suspicion and mistrust. The continuance of
hostility has succeeded in undermining the real protection troubles confronted by their
humans. In such an environment of intolerance and paranoia, those subscribing to the non-
traditional approach of safety find it extremely difficult to claim their position because most
policies are guided by countrywide protection parameters. No you will deny the relevance
and significance of financial, political, non secular, ethnic, and environmental security in
South Asia, the Middle East and Africa - the 3 maximum security challenged areas of the
sector.

These pockets of lack of confidence have end up hostages of a few protection problems,
mostly regarding socio-financial and political threats, which have not been addressed in the
past decades. In view of the intransigent technique of the ruling elite, one does no longer see
the possibilities of the agreement of such troubles in the close to future. As a result, it is easy
to see the prominence of security threats, which might be associated with territorial and
political conflicts, but no longer those emanating from environmental degradation or
immoderate commercialization of products and offerings. Social scientists are of the view

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that a non-traditional security approach is not always in competition to nation sovereignty
and national protection. Oommen suggests that a shift from the triumphing 'governmental
ation of security to governance of protection will result in the much needed change in the
mind-set and method of these assigned to deal with threats.

Given that human protection is viewed as an aggregate of navy, economic, environmental and
political protection problems, an method that encompasses all the above-mentioned factors to
comfortable a sustainable future for all isn't just a way to the troubles of instability, but a
precondition for international peace and security.

REFERENCE

Books:

 J.C. JOHARI, International relations and politics

 B.S. MURTHY, International Relations And Organisation,1991 edition
 SUNIL GANGULY, India’s Foreign Policy.

Websites :

https://programsandcourses.anu.edu.au/course/POLS2132

https://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/maintain-international-peace-and-security/

https://globaljournalnu.com/2016/11/14/21st-century-threats-to-global-security/

https://globaljournalnu.com/2016/11/14/21st-century-threats-to-global-security/

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