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Bulletin of the Iranian Mathematical Society Vol. 35 No. 1 (2009), pp 97-109.

GENERALIZED FRAMES IN HILBERT SPACES

A. NAJATI∗ AND A. RAHIMI

Communicated by Heydar Radjavi

Abstract. Here, we develop the generalized frame theory. We in-

troduce two methods for generating g-frames of a Hilbert space H.
The first method uses bounded linear operators between Hilbert
spaces. The second method uses bounded linear operators on `2
to generate g-frames of H. We characterize all the bounded linear
mappings that transform g-frames into other g-frames. We also
characterize similar and unitary equivalent g-frames in term of the
range of their linear analysis operators. Finally, we generalize the
fundamental frame identity to g-frames and derive some new re-
sults.

1. Introduction

Through out this paper, H and K are separable Hilbert spaces and
{ Hi : i ∈ I} is a sequence of separable Hilbert spaces, where I is a subset
of Z. L(H, Hi ) is the collection of all bounded linear operators from H
to Hi , and Λ = { Λi ∈ L(H, Hi ) : i ∈ I }, Θ = { Θi ∈ L(H, Hi ) : i ∈ I }.
Λ is called a generalized frame or simply g-frame of the Hilbert space
H with respect to {Hi : i ∈ I} if for any vector f ∈ H,
X
(1.1) Akf k2 ≤ kΛi f k2 ≤ Bkf k2 ,
i∈I

MSC(2000): Primary: 41A58; Secondary: 42C15

Keywords: Frames, g-frames, g-Riesz bases, g-orthonormal bases.
Received: 11 February 2007, Accepted: 12 June 2008
∗Corresponding author
c 2009 Iranian Mathematical Society.

97

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98 Najati and Rahimi

where the g-frame bounds A and B are positive constants. Λ is called

a Parseval g-frame of H with respect to {Hi : i ∈ I} if A = B = 1 in
(1.1). We say a sequence { Λi ∈ L(H, K) : i ∈ I } is a g-frame of H with
respect to K whenever Hi = K, for each i ∈ I. We also simply say a
g-frame for H whenever the space sequence {Hi : i ∈ I} is clear. This
notation has been introduced by W. Sun in [6]. It is an extension of
frames that conclude all previous extensions of frames. Specially, if Λ is
a g-frame of H, then any vector f ∈ H can be represented as [6]:
X
(1.2) f= Λ∗i Λi S −1 f,
i∈I

where S −1 is the inverse of the positive linear operator S on H, defined

by:
X
(1.3) Sf := Λ∗i Λi f.
i∈I
S is called the g-frame operator for Λ.

Definition 1.1. Let Λ be a g-frame of H. A g-frame Θ of H is called

a dual g-frame of Λ if it satisfies:
X
f= Λ∗i Θi f, ∀f ∈ H.
i∈I

It is easy to show that if Θ is a dual g-frame of Λ, then Λ will be a

dual g-frame of Θ.
Let Λ be a g-frame of H with g-frame operator S. Then, (1.2) shows
that { Λi S −1 ∈ L(H, Hi ) : i ∈ I } is a dual g-frame of Λ. { Λi S −1 ∈
L(H, Hi ) : i ∈ I } is called canonical dual g-frame of Λ. Among all dual
g-frames of Λ, the canonical dual g-frame has the following property [6].

Proposition 1.2. Let Λ be a g-frame of H ◦ −1

P and ∗Λi = Λi S , for all
i ∈ I. Then, for any gi ∈ Hi satisfying f = i∈I Λi gi , we have,
X X X
kgi k2 = kΛ◦i f k2 + kgi − Λ◦i f k2 .
i∈I i∈I i∈I

2. Mapping from H to K for the construction of g-frames

For a given g-frame Λ of H, we will obtain g-frames of K. One

approach is to construct a sequence { Θi = Λi U ∗ ∈ L(K, Hi ) : i ∈ I },

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Generalized frames in Hilbert spaces 99

where U is a bounded linear operator from H to K. The following

theorem gives us a necessary and sufficient condition for { Θi = Λi U ∗ ∈
L(K, Hi ) : i ∈ I } to be a g-frame of K.
The following results generalize the results in Aldroubi [1] in the case
of g-frames with analogous proofs, and we omit the details.

Theorem 2.1. Let Λ be a g-frame of H with g-frame bounds A and B

satisfying 0 < A ≤ B < ∞. If U : H → K is a bounded linear operator,
then { Λi U ∗ ∈ L(K, Hi ) : i ∈ I } is a g-frame of K if and only if there
exists δ > 0 such that for any f ∈ K, kU ∗ f k ≥ δkf k.

Corollary 2.2. Let Λ be a g-frame of H with g-frame operator S. If

K ⊆ H is a closed subspace and if P : H → K is the orthogonal projec-
tion, then { Λi P ∈ L(K, Hi ) : i ∈ I } and { Λi S −1 P ∈ L(K, Hi ) : i ∈ I }
are dual g-frames of K. Moreover, the g-frame bounds A and B of Λ
are also g-frame bounds for { Λi P ∈ L(K, Hi ) : i ∈ I }.

Corollary 2.3. Let Λ be a g-frame for H with g-frame bounds satisfying

0 < A ≤ B < ∞. If U : H → K is co-isometry, then { Λi U ∗ ∈ L(K, Hi ) :
i ∈ I } is a g-frame for K with the same bounds.

3. Mapping on `2 for the construction of g-frames of H

Let { Λi ∈ L(H, K) : i ∈ I } be a g-frame of H. We want to know

which conditions on the numbers (uij )i,j∈I will imply that the linear
operators,
X
(3.1) Θi : H → K, Θi f = uij Λj f, ∀i ∈ I,
j∈I

are well defined and constitute a g-frame for H. Aldroubi in [1] has
answered this question about frames.

Notation 3.1. Let us define,

n X o
L2 (H, I) = {fi }i∈I : fi ∈ H and kfi k2 < ∞ ,
i∈I

 P
with the inner product given by {fi }i∈I , {gi }i∈I = i∈I hfi , gi i. It
2
is clear that L (H, I) is a separable Hilbert space with respect to the
pointwise operations.

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100 Najati and Rahimi

Definition 3.2. Let Λ be a g-frame for H. The synthesis operator for

Λ is the linear operator,
XM  X
TΛ : Hi → H, TΛ ({fi }i∈I ) = Λ∗i (fi ).
`2
i∈I i∈I

We call the adjoint TΛ∗ of the synthesis operator, the analysis operator.
The analysis operator is the linear operator,
XM 
TΛ∗ : H → Hi , TΛ∗ (f ) = {Λi f }i∈I .
`2
i∈I

Throughout this paper, for a given g-frame Λ of H, we denote by TΛ

and TΛ∗ , respectively, the synthesis and analysis operators for Λ.

The following proposition is similar to a result of [1] with an analogous

proof, and we omit the details.

Proposition 3.3. Let { Λi ∈ L(H, K) : i ∈ I } be a g-frame of H and

assume that the bi-infinite matrix U = (uij )i,j∈I defines a bounded linear
operator on L2 (K, I). Then, the linear operators { Θi ∈ L(H, K) : i ∈ I }
in (3.1) are well defined and constitute a g-frame for H if and only if
there exists a constant δ > 0 such that

(3.2) kU xk22 ≥ δkxk22 , ∀x ∈ RTΛ∗ ,

where TΛ is the synthesis operator of { Λi ∈ L(H, K) : i ∈ I }.

The condition (3.2) can also be written as:

X 2
X X
uij Λj f ≥ δ kΛj f k2 , ∀f ∈ H.


i∈I j∈J j∈J

The proof of the next proposition is a modification of the analogous

proof for frames [see 4, Prop. 5.5.8].

Proposition 3.4. Let { Λi ∈ L(H, K) : i ∈ I } be a g-frame of H

with g-frame bounds A and B. If the numbers (uij )i,j∈I satisfy the two

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Generalized frames in Hilbert spaces 101

conditions,
X  X 
b := sup uik uij  < ∞,


k∈I j∈I i∈I
!
X X  X 
2
a := inf |uik | − uik uij  > 0,


k∈I
i∈I j6=k i∈I

then { Θi ∈ L(H, K) : i ∈ I } defined by (3.1) is a g-frame of H with

g-frame bounds aA and bB.

Proof. Let f ∈ H. Then,

X 2 X  X X 
X
u Λ f = u u hΛ f, Λ f i

ij j ij ik j k
i∈I j∈I i∈I k∈I j∈I
XX XXX
= |uik |2 kΛk f k2 + uij uik hΛj f, Λk f i.
i∈I k∈I i∈I k∈I j6=k

Let
XXX
(∗) := uij uik hΛj f, Λk f i.
i∈I k∈I j6=k

Then, by Cauchy-Schwarz’s inequality we get,

XX X 
|(∗)| ≤ kΛk f k2  uij uik .
 
k∈I j6=k i∈I

Therefore,

X 2 X X
X
uij Λj f ≥ |uik |2 kΛk f k2 − |(∗)|


i∈I j∈I i∈I k∈I
!
X X X  X 
2 2
≥ kΛk f k |uik | − uik uij  .


k∈I i∈I j6=k i∈I
2
≥ aAkf k .

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102 Najati and Rahimi

For the upper g-frame bound we have,

X 2 X X
X
uij Λj f ≤ |uik |2 kΛk f k2 + |(∗)|


i∈I j∈I i∈I k∈I
!
X X X  X 
≤ kΛk f k2 |uik |2 + uik uij 


k∈I i∈I j6=k i∈I
X X  X 
= kΛk f k2 uik uij 


k∈I j∈I i∈I
2
≤ bBkf k .

The converse of Proposition 3.3 is also 

true; i.e., anytwo g frames of
P L
H are related by a linear operator U on i∈I Hi that satisfies
`2
condition (3.2).

Proposition 3.5. Let Λ and Θ be two g-frames for H. Then, there is

a bounded linear operator,
XM  XM 
U: Hi → Hi ,
`2 `2
i∈I i∈I

such that for any f ∈ H,

∗
TΘ f = U TΛ∗ f.

Proof.
 P Since Λ is a g-frame, then X = TΛ∗ (H) is a closed subspace
L 
of i∈I Hi . Therefore, TΛ∗ : H → X is bijective and so it is
`2
invertible. By the 
open mapping ∗ −1
 Theorem, (TΛ ) is bounded. Let U0 =
∗ (T ∗ )−1 : X →
P L
TΘ Λ i∈I Hi . It is obvious that U0 is bounded on
 P `2 L 
X and we can extend it on i∈I Hi by:
`2
(
U0 (x) if x ∈ X
U (x) :=
0 if x ∈ X ⊥
Then, for each f ∈ H we have,
U TΛ∗ f = TΘ
∗
(TΛ∗ )−1 TΛ∗ f = TΘ
∗
f.

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Generalized frames in Hilbert spaces 103

4. Similar and unitary equivalence g-frames

The definitions of similar and unitary equivalent frames give rise to

definitions of similar and unitary equivalent g-frames.

Definition 4.1. Let Λ and Θ be two g-frames of H.

(1) We say that Λ and Θ are similar if there is a bounded linear
invertible operator T : H → H such that Θi = Λi T , for all i ∈ I.
(2) We say that Λ and Θ are unitary equivalent if there is a unitary
linear operator T : H → H such that Θi = Λi T , for all i ∈ I.
(3) We say that Λ is isometrically equivalent to Θ if there is an
isometric linear operator T : H → H such that Θi = Λi T , for all
i ∈ I.

The following proposition characterizes unitary equivalence Parseval

g-frames. It generalizes a result of Balan[2] in the case of Parseval g-
frames

Proposition 4.2. Let Λ and Θ be two Parseval g-frames of H. Then,

(i) RTΘ∗ ⊆ RTΛ∗ if and only if Λ is isometrically equivalent to Θ. Fur-
thermore, if U : H → H is an isometry such that Θi = Λi U , for i ∈ I,
then,
(4.1) ker U ∗ = TΛ (RTΛ∗ ∩ (RTΘ∗ )⊥ ).
(ii) RTΘ∗ = RTΛ∗ if and only if Λ and Θ are unitary equivalent.

Proof. (i) (Necessity). Suppose that RTΘ∗ ⊆ RTΛ∗ . It is clear that

P L 
RTΘ∗ and RTΛ∗ are closed subspaces of i∈I Hi . Let P = TΛ∗ TΛ
`2
and Q = TΘ ∗ T . So, R = R ∗ and R = R ∗ . Since Λ and Θ are
Θ P TΛ Q TΘ
Parseval
P L  g-frames of H, then P and Q are orthogonal projections from
Hi onto RTΛ and RTΘ , respectively. Let U := TΛ TΘ
∗ ∗ ∗ :
i∈I
`2
H → H and let f ∈ H. Then,
U ∗ U f = TΘ TΛ∗ TΛ TΘ
∗
f = TΘ TΘ ∗
f = f.
∗
P
Hence, U is an isometry. Also, f = i∈I Θi Θi f and
X
U ∗ f = TΘ TΛ∗ f = TΘ ({Λi f }i∈I ) = Θ∗i Λi f.
i∈I

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104 Najati and Rahimi

∗
P
So, f = i Θi Λi U f . By Proposition 1.2,
X X X
kΛi U f k2 = kΘi f k2 + kΛi U f − Θi f k2 .
i∈I i∈I i∈I

Since i∈I kΛi U f k2 = kU f k2 = kf k2 and i∈I kΘi f k2 = kf k2 , then

P P
Λi U f = Θi f , for any i ∈ I. Therefore, Λi U = Θi and consequently
TΛ∗ U = TΘ∗.

(Sufficiency). Suppose that there exists an isometry U : H → H such

that Θi = Λi U , for i ∈ I. Then, for any f ∈ H,
∗
TΘ f = {Θi f }i∈I = {Λi U f }i∈I = TΛ∗ U f,
∗ = T ∗ U . Therefore, R ∗ ⊆ R ∗ .
and so TΘ Λ TΘ TΛ
For the second part of (i), since TΛ∗ is isometric, then we have,
RTΛ∗ = TΛ∗ (ker U ∗ ⊕ RU ) = TΛ∗ (ker U ∗ ) ⊕ RTΛ∗ U .
So, we have,
(4.2) ker U ∗ = TΛ (RTΛ∗ ∩ (RTΘ∗ )⊥ ).
(ii) If RTΘ∗ = RTΛ∗ , then by (4.2) we obtain that U is invertible. Since U
is isometric, then U is unitary. Conversely, let U : H → H be a unitary
linear operator such that Θi = Λi U , for i ∈ I. Since TΛ∗ U = TΘ ∗ , then

RTΘ = RTΛ .
∗ ∗

For the general case, we have the following proposition.

Proposition 4.3. Let Λ and Θ be two g-frames of H. Then,

(i) RTΘ∗ ⊆ RTΛ∗ if and only if there exists a bounded linear operator
U : H → H such that Θi = Λi U for i ∈ I. Furthermore (4.1) holds.
(ii) RTΘ∗ = RTΛ∗ if and only if Λ and Θ are similar.

Proof. Let us denote by SΛ and SΘ the g-frame operators of Λ and Θ,

respectively.
(i) (Necessity). Suppose that RTΘ∗ ⊆ RTΛ∗ . Since RTΛ∗ and RTΘ∗ are
P L 
closed subspaces of i∈I Hi , then RTΛ∗ = [ker TΛ ]⊥ and RTΘ∗ =
`2
[ker TΘ ]⊥ . Therefore, ker TΛ ⊆ ker TΘ . Denote by TΛ0 and TΘ0 , the
−1
synthesis operators for Parseval g-frames Λ0 := {Λ0i = Λi SΛ 2 }i∈I and
−1 −1
Θ0 := {Θ0i = Θi SΘ 2 }i∈I , respectively. Then, TΘ0 = SΘ 2 TΘ and TΛ0 =
−1
SΛ 2 TΛ . So, ker TΘ0 = ker TΘ and ker TΛ0 = ker TΛ . By Proposition

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Generalized frames in Hilbert spaces 105

4.2, there exists an isometry V : H → H such that Θ0i = Λ0i V , for all
−1 1
i ∈ I. Hence Θi = Λi SΛ 2 V SΘ
2
. Therefore, the result follows by letting
−1 1
U = SΛ 2 V SΘ 2
.
(Sufficiency.) It is straightforward.
For the second part of (i), by Proposition 4.2, we have,
1 1
ker U ∗ = SΛ2 ker V ∗ = SΛ2 TΛ0 (RT ∗ 0 ∩ (RT ∗ 0 )⊥ ) = TΛ (RTΛ∗ ∩ (RTΘ∗ )⊥ ).
Λ Θ

(ii) (Necessity). If RTΘ∗ = RTΛ∗ , then RT ∗ 0 = RT ∗ 0 . Therefore, by part

Θ Λ
(ii) of Proposition 4.2, V is unitary and consequently U ∗ is onto. Hence,
ker U = [RU ∗ ]⊥ = {0}. Also, by part (i), U is onto. Therefore, U is
invertible.
(Sufficiency ). It is straightforward.

Proposition 4.4. Let Λ be a g-frame of H and let Θ be a sequence of

bounded linear operators. Suppose that there exist constants λ, µ ∈ [0, 1)
such that
X X X
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
(4.3) Θ f − Λ f ≤ λ Λ f + µ Θ i i ,
f

i i i i i i
i∈I i∈I i∈I
P L 
for any {fi }i∈I ∈ i∈I Hi . Then,
`2
(i) Θ is a g-frame of H.
(ii) Λ and Θ are similar.

Proof. (i) See [5].

(ii) It is clear that ker TΘ = ker TΛ . Therefore, (ii) follows from Propo-
sition 4.3.

5. g-frame identity

Here, we generalize the frame identity to the situation of g-frames.

We also give some results related to g-frame identity. The following
identity has been introduced in [3].

Theorem 5.1. Let {fi }i∈I be a Parseval frame of H. For any J ⊆ I

and all f ∈ H, we have:
X X 2 X X 2
|hf, fi i|2 − hf, fi ifi = |hf, fi i|2 − hf, fi ifi .

i∈J i∈J i∈J c i∈J c

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106 Najati and Rahimi

Let Λ be a g-frame of H. For any J ⊆ I, let SJ : H → H be a linear

operator defined by:
X
SJ (f ) = Λ∗i Λi f, ∀f ∈ H.
i∈J

We begin with the following key lemma.

Lemma 5.2. Suppose that T : H → H is a bounded and self-adjoint

linear operator. Let a, b, c ∈ R and U = aT 2 + bT + cI.
(i) If a > 0, then
4ac − b2
inf hU f, f i ≥ .
kf k=1 4a
(ii) If a < 0, then
4ac − b2
sup hU f, f i ≤ .
kf k=1 4a

Proof. (i) By elementary computations, we have,

 b 2 4ac − b2
U =a T + I + I.
2a 4a
b 2
Since (T + 2a I) ≥ 0, then

4ac − b2
U≥ I.
4a
Then, for all f ∈ H,

4ac − b2
hU f, f i ≥ kf k2 .
4a
So,
4ac − b2
inf hU f, f i ≥ .
kf k=1 4a
(ii) It follows from (i).

The following theorem generalizes Theorem 5.1 for Parseval g-frames.

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Generalized frames in Hilbert spaces 107

Theorem 5.3. Let Λ be a Parseval g-frame of H. Then, for any J ⊆ I

and all f ∈ H, we have:

X X
(5.1) kΛi f k2 + kSJ c f k2 = kΛi f k2 + kSJ f k2 ,
i∈J i∈J c
X 3
(5.2) kΛi f k2 + kSJ c f k2 ≥ kf k2 ,
4
i∈J
1
(5.3) 0 ≤ SJ − SJ2 ≤ I,
4
1 3
(5.4) I ≤ SJ2 + SJ2 c ≤ I.
2 2

Proof. Let S : H → H be the g-frame operator of Λ. Then, S = I and

f = SJ f + SJ c f , for all f ∈ H. Let f ∈ H. Then,

X
kΛi f k2 + kSJ c f k2 = hSJ f, f i + hSJ c f, SJ c f i
i∈J
D E
= (SJ + SJ2 c )f, f
D E
= (I − SJ + SJ2 )f, f
= h(SJ c + SJ2 )f, f i
X
= kΛi f k2 + kSJ f k2 .
i∈J c

This proves (5.1). Since i∈J kΛi f k2 + kSJ c f k2 = h(SJ2 − SJ + I)f, f i,

P
then the inequality (5.2) follows by Lemma 5.2. To prove (5.3), we have
SJ SJ c = SJ c SJ , for all J ⊆ I. So 0 ≤ SJ SJ c = SJ −SJ2 . Also, by Lemma
5.2 we have SJ − SJ2 ≤ 14 I.
To prove (5.4), we have SJ2 + SJ2 c = I − 2SJ SJ c = 2SJ2 − 2SJ + I, for
all J ⊆ I. By Lemma 5.2, we get that SJ2 + SJ2 c ≥ 12 I. Since SJ − SJ2 ≥ 0
(by (5.3)), then we have SJ2 + SJ2 c ≤ I + 2SJ − 2SJ2 . So, the result follows
from Lemma 5.2.

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108 Najati and Rahimi

Corollary 5.4. Let Λ be a g-frame of H with g-frame operator S. Then,

for any J ⊆ I and for all f ∈ H, we have,
(5.5)
X X X X
kΛi f k2 + kΛi S −1 SJ c f k2 = kΛi f k2 + kΛi S −1 SJ f k2 ,
i∈J i∈I i∈J c i∈I
(5.6)
X X 3 3
kΛi f k2 + kΛi S −1 SJ c f k2 ≥ hSf, f i ≥ kS −1 k−1 kf k2 ,
4 4
i∈J i∈I
1
(5.7) 0 ≤ SJ − SJ S −1 SJ ≤ S,
4
1 −1 −1 3
(5.8) S ≤ SJ S SJ − SJ c S SJ c ≤ S.
2 2

1
Proof. Let Θi = Λi S − 2 , for each i ∈ I. Then, Θ is a Parseval g-frame
of H. For any J ⊆ I, let S̃J : H → H be a linear operator defined by:
X
S̃J f = Θ∗i Θi f, ∀f ∈ H.
i∈J
1 1
So, S̃J = S − 2 SJ S − 2 . Hence, it follows from (5.1) of Theorem 5.3 that
X X X X
(5.9) kΘi f k2 + kΘi S̃J c f k2 = kΘi f k2 + kΘi S̃J f k2 ,
i∈J i∈I i∈J c i∈I
1
for all f ∈ H. Replacing f by S 2 f in (5.9), we get (5.5). Applying (5.2)
for the Parseval g-frame Θ, we get,
X 3
kΘi f k2 + kS̃Jc f k2 ≥ kf k2 , ∀f ∈ H.
4
i∈J
1
Since hSf, f i ≥ kS −1 k−1 kf k2 , then replacing f by S 2 f in the last
inequality, we get (5.6). To prove (5.7), it follows from (5.3) that
0 ≤ S̃J − S̃J2 ≤ 14 I. Hence,
1 1 1
0 ≤ S − 2 (SJ − SJ S −1 SJ )S − 2 ≤ I,
4
which is equivalent to (5.7). Finally, we have from (5.4),
1 3
(5.10) I ≤ S̃J2 + S̃J2 c ≤ I.
2 2

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Generalized frames in Hilbert spaces 109

1 1 1 1
Since S̃J = S − 2 SJ S − 2 and S̃J c = S − 2 SJ c S − 2 , then we get (5.8) from
(5.10). 

Corollary 5.5. Let {fi }i∈I be a Parseval frame of H. Then, for any
J ⊆ I and all f ∈ H, we have:
X X 2 1
0≤ |hf, fi i|2 − hf, fi ifi ≤ kf k2 ,

4
i∈J i∈J
1 X 2 X 2 3
kf k2 ≤ hf, fi ifi + hf, fi ifi ≤ kf k2 .

2 c
2
i∈J i∈J

Acknowledgments
The authors thank the referee(s) for a number of valuable suggestions
on a previous version of this paper.

References
[1] A. Aldroubi, Portraits of frames, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 123 (1995) 1661–1668.
[2] R. Balan, Equivalence relations and distances between Hilbert frames, Proc.
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[3] R. Balan, P. G. Casazza, D. Edidin and G. Kutyniok, A new identity for Parseval
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Abbas Najati
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili,
P. O. Box 179, Ardabil, Iran.
Email: a.nejati@yahoo.com, abbasnajati@yahoo.com

Asghar Rahimi
Faculty of Basic Sciences, Department of Mathematics, University of Maragheh,
Maragheh, Iran.
Email: asgharrahimi@yahoo.com

www.SID.ir