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Christian Europe Emerges 600-1200

The Byzantine Empire 600-1200

Byzantine Emperors
Maintained Roman ruling practice/Traditions
Imperial law
Differs from provincial law of West
Absent in Western European kingdoms
Used imperial role/ political dominance
Role of Christian Monarchs
An empire beguiled
Single supreme rulers of politics and religion
Prevented breakup of East empire into principalities
Losses of Land
Sapped strength of Empire
634-650-Arab armies capture Byzantine Egypt, Syria, and Tunisia
Byzantine fell to Muslim conquest 1453
2/3 of Population in captured areas adopt Islam
Crusaders
Established principalities on east end of Mediterranean Sea in 11th century
Hostile toward Byzantines
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Byzantine opponents
Germanic Migrations
Slavic/Turkic people of North
Poorly understood Population Migration of Eurasian Steppes
Turks in South
Led by Seljuks
Poor relations with Popes and Princes in Western Europe
Constantinople’s challenge of Territorial powers of Roman popes/ Latin Church
Schism between Orthodox and Latin Churches-1054
Slightly resolved today
Society and Urban life
Eastern Europe
Imperial authority/ urban growth
Sheltered Byzantines from recessions and population loss of West
Common Crisis between E &W
Bubonic plague (plague of Justinian 527-565 )-6th century
7th Century Social change
Caused by:
spread of diseases
loss of areas to Muslims
Saints’ Narratives
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Transition from portrayal of Educated saints to saints beginning as peasants

Barter
Replaced currency
Decline of Population and wealth in some cities
Near disappearance of urban upper class
Increase in status of high ranking imperial court Aristocrats/ Rural landowners
Family organized power
Rivaled class based offices
Family based Military aristocracy
Emperor Alexius Comnenus-1081-1118
Change in women’s status
Confined to homes
Covered faces in public
Socialized only with family
1026-58- Women ruled Byzantium with husbands equally
Resembled developments in Islam areas
No established connect
Economics of Byzantine
Emperors
Followed Roman methods
Set prices on goods, organized grains for capital shipments, monopolized luxury
goods (Tyrian purple cloth)
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Slowed economic innovation

Focus on Constantinople
Attracted much business
Fueled aristoctacy’s lifstyle
Neglect of growth of other cities
Use of outdated technology (carts, plows) by Byzantine farmers
Long surpassed in Western Europe
Cultural achievements
Hagia Sophia (sacred Wisdom)- Cathedral in Constantinople
Built during rule of Justinian
Influenced design of other places churches
Byzantine Religious arts
Stiff images of holy figures against gold background
Influenced painting in Western Europe-13th Cent
Byzantine music
Influenced Latin Chanting during Medieval times
Cyril and Methodius
Preached in local language to Slavs in Moravia (Czech Republic)
Beginning of Greek/Roman Christianity’s competition for faith of Slavs
Cyrillic- Russians and Slavs
Roman Alphabet- poles, Czech, Croatians
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Creation of Cyrillic, a writing system

Used by Slavic orthodox christians

Early Medieval Europe 600-1000

Disappearance of W. Roman empire framework
Rise of Kings, nobles and chieftains
Changed politics of W. Europe
Family based traditions replaced emperor jurisdiction
Fear and physical insecurity
Led to the hiring of local strongmen by communities for protection
Idea of weak depending on strong- hallmark of post Roman life in Western
Europe

A time of insecurity
Umayyad attacks
711- defeated Visigoths of Spain
couldn’t be defeated by separate Europeans
pushed Christian chiefs north
attack on france
occupied S. coast, pushed to Tours in North
stopped by Charles Martel-732 (Charlemangne’s grandfather)
Carolingian family
Rose due to military effectiveness
Pepin-751-768
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Protector of Frankish kings

Charlemagne
Emperor
First to claim title in over three hundred years
Carolingian empire controlled all of Gual + parts of Germany/ Italy
Death of Louis the Pious
Germanic splitting of land among sons
Treaty of Verdun 843
Split Empire into three parts
French
West- France
Middle- Burgundy
German
East- Germany
Carolingian economic system
Based on landed wealth
Intellectual revival
Vikings
Sea raiders of Scandinavia
Vessels able to navigate N Atlantic and rivers (attack inland)
Began attacking English monastaries-793
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800-900- settled Iceland, Greenland,

1000- settled Vinland (N. Newfoundland)
Varangians (Swedes)
Pursued
Raids/Trading
Building of kingdoms
Rivers of E. Europe/ Russia

A Self- Sufficient Economy

Germanic Order
Archaeology/ Records
Kept by Christian Monasteries
Economic transformation
Urban civilizations
Not as important
Decrease in population of cities
Became villages
Roads
Fell into disrepair
Buildings
No laborers, funds, civic leadership
Coins
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Replaced with barter

Trade across Mediterranean

Didn’t stop completely after Muslim Conquests
Shipments from Egypt and Syria west
Majority of Western Europe used meager local resources
Underwent redistribution\

Roman centralization
Wealth and production of empire to Capital
Roman cultural styles to provinces

Germanic lords
Replaced Roman Governors
Found own culture more appealing
Increased importance of local self sufficiency

Decline of literacy
Growth of Germanic cultural traditions

Diet
N. Countries
Beer, lard/butter, bread-barley, rye, or wheat, pork, and forest game
S countries
Continued Roman diets
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Wheat, wine, olive oils

Manors-
Self sufficient farming estates
Primary centers of Agricultural production
Given land by farmers in vulnerable regions fearing attack in exchange for
Political/Physical protection

Challenges to landowners
Susceptible to pillaging
Isolated by poor communications
Lack of organized government
Created armed forces for protection

Appointments of manors
Had gardens, fields, grazing lands, fish ponds, a mill, a church, workshops,
and villages for the workers to live in.
Protection
Ranged from ditches and wooden Stockades to stone walls around an keep
Decreased in 12th century, during presence of stronger monarchies

Serfs
Agricultural workers who belonged to a manor, tilled fields
Owed dues and obligations to lord of manor
Permanently bound to manor where born
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Most peasants of
England, France and W.Germany= unfree serfs

Free peasantry
Survived in Bordeaux, Saxony
Egalitarian society of Germanic people

Slavery
Decreased due to increase of Peasant to Serf conversion
Less important in warfare

Early Medieval society in the West

Reversion to self sufficiency in Europe
Limited personal achievement
Share of profit from raids with chieftains during Germanic migrations/ Vikings
Difficulty to perform agriculture and share in raid booty
Benefited the nobles

Status of mounted warrior

Warfare to protect land rights/support claims of a lord
Gradual transformation in mounted warrior status
Landowning closely linked with military service

Invention of stirrups
Ability to absorb recoil from lances
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Required grain fed horses rather than grass fed

Larger, heavier

Knights
Central figure in medieval warfare
Wore open helmet, with long linen shirt (hauberk)
Century later- visored helmet (head+neck), Hauberk of Chainmail
Required more money to afford
Land=wealth
Need of support from land revenues
Given pieces of royal land in exchange for service
Copied by lesser nobles

Fief
Grant of land traded for pledge of military service
Granted to Vassals temporarily
King’s close followers
Could pledge to more than one king/lord
If in a lord’s service, also in the lord’s master’s service
10th century-could be inherited as long as descendant continued military service

Medieval Realm
Lands owned by King/count
Administered by royal officers
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Major Vassals
Administered/held other lands
Traded for military service
Gave own vassals land

Limited finance of king

No local jurisdiction
Lords of manors supplied laws
Church
Clergy, monasteries, and nunneries
Limited reach/ authority of kings

Noblewomen
Played great roles through marriage/heiresses
Treated/guarded as valuables
Issues of power, land and military service took priority to preference
Could own land
Administered estates in absence of male
Worked alongside men in fields
Artisans
Spun, wove and sew clothing
Bayeux tapestry
William the conqueror’s invasion of England 1066
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The Western Church

Pope
similar to role of Patriarchs in Constantinople
Missionary trips to British Isles and Germany
Spread christianity
Similar to eastern trips to convert Slavs
Papacy
Office of the pope
Control lost by W. nobles
Became international office after 10th century
Councils of Bishops
Normally set rules (canons) to regulate priests and laypeople (not part of clergy)
Became responsive to papal rule
Challenges facing church unification of standards and practices
Lack of clergy, disagreements over regulations, difficult communications,
political disorder
Church problems
Polytheism, lack of enforcement of clergy marriage laws, nepotism, simony

Politics and the Church

Charlemagne+ Pepin
Large supporters of papacy
Holy Roman Empire
First crowned in by Pope in 962
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Group of German princes naming one of their own to the highest office
Little influence west of Rhine River
Conflict over ecclesiastical appointments
Hildebrand
Italian monk
Had career reorganized church finances
Selected by Cardinals(groups of senior bishops)
Became Pope Gregory VII-1073
Extreme ideals
Supreme power to the pope
Investiture Controversy
Medieval struggle between church and lay lords to control ecclesiastical
appointments
Conflicts of Popes VS Emperors and Kings
Henry IV
Defied Gregory’s reforms
Excommunicated
Repented
Deposed 1073, forced Gregory to flee to Salerno
Concordat of Worms
Henry V
Refused to choose bishops of abbots to bestow spiritual symbols on
Allowed to invest bishops and abbots with any rights/ duties before religious
consecration
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Reduced tensions between groups

Henry II
Put reforms in place that strengthened the Crown’s power, weakened nobility
King’s peace
Allowed the crown determine criminal punishments
Gave power to juries
Thomas ‘a Becket 1118-1170
Friend to Henry, lived life of Courtier
Became priest archbishop at Henry’s urging 1162
Promised to be loyal to church in event of conflict with the Crown
Disagreement over which court to trial suspect Clerics in Royal/ecclesiastic
1170 Killed by Henry’s Knights
damaging of Henry’s reputation
1173 declared pope

Monasticism
Relating to monks, nuns, or others under religious vows
Prominent in Medieval religion

Benedict of Nursia 480-547

Introduced concept of Egyptian monasticism to Latin west

Benedictine abbey of Cluny

Founded by William the pious 910
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First duke of Aquitaine

Freed it of lay authority