Experiment No: 01

To measure the diameter of the given set of pins by using vernier caliper.
Apparatus:
1. Vernier caliper
2. Pins of different diameters
Theory:
Line Standards:
Line standards or line measurements are those standards in which measurements are taken
as a distance between two lines.
Examples:
1. Vernier caliper
2. Rulers
Caliper:
A caliper is a device used to measure the distance between two opposing sides of an object.
Types of Caliper:
Inside Calipers:
Inside calipers are designed to fit into small spaces and then have their legs moved apart to
measure the diameter of the inside of the object. Their legs close together contiguously so
that they can be inserted into small areas.

Outside Calipers:
Outside calipers measure the distance of the outside of an object. These calipers have
outwardly curved jaws which close together leaving a circular space in between the two
legs. They can be particularly useful for measuring outside diameter, as they can easily fit
over tubes and other circular objects.

Divider Calipers:
Divider calipers have sharp tips on the ends of their legs so that they can easily measure
fixed distances on flat surfaces such as paper. The legs of the calipers are moved so that the
distance between them is equivalent to the distance between the two points being
measured. The distance between the legs is then measured using a ruler.

Vernier Caliper:
The vernier calipers give a direct reading of the distance measured to high accuracy
Parts of a vernier caliper:
1. Outside jaws: used to measure external diameter or width of an object.
2. Inside jaws: used to measure internal diameter of an object.
3. Depth probe: used to measure depths of an object or a hole.
4. Main scale: scale marked every mm.
5. Main scale: scale marked in inches and fractions.
6. Vernier gives interpolated measurements to 1/10 mm or better.
7. Vernier gives interpolated measurements in fractions of an inch.
8. Retainer: used to block movable part to allow the easy transferring of a
measurement.

Least Count of Vernier Calipers:

The least count of vernier calipers is the least or the finest measurement that can take with
the help of that vernier calipers. It is measures by dividing the least count of main scale by
the total number of divisions on vernier scale.
Dial Caliper:
Dial caliper reads the final fraction of a millimeter or inch on a simple dial.
In this instrument, a small, precise gear rack drives a pointer on a circular dial, allowing
direct reading without the need to read a vernier scale. Typically, the pointer rotates once
every inch, tenth of an inch, or 1 millimeter. This measurement must be added to the coarse
whole inches or centimeters read from the slide. The dial is usually arranged to be rotatable
beneath the pointer, allowing for "differential" measurements (the measuring of the
difference in size between two objects, or the setting of the dial using a master object and
subsequently being able to read directly the plus-or-minus variance in size of subsequent
objects relative to the master object).
The slide of a dial caliper can usually be locked at a setting using a small lever or screw; this
allows simple go/no-go checks of part sizes

Digital Caliper:
A refinement is the replacement of the analog dial with an electronic digital display on
which the reading is displayed as a single value. Some digital calipers can be switched
between centimeters or millimeters, and inches. All provide for zeroing the display at any
point along the slide, allowing the same sort of differential measurements as with the dial
caliper. Digital calipers may contain some sort of "reading hold" feature, allowing the
reading of dimensions even in awkward locations where the display cannot be seen.
Ordinary 6-in/150-mm digital calipers are made of stainless steel, have a rated accuracy of .
001" (.02mm) and resolution of .0005" (.01mm). The same technology is used to make
longer 8-in and 12-in calipers; the accuracy for bigger measurements declines to .001"
(.03mm) for 100-200mm and .0015" (.04mm) for 200-300mm.

Procedure:
1. First of all check the zero error of the vernier caliper.
2. If zero error is present it may be positive or negative.
3. Multiply the zero error to least count of vernier caliper and the add or subtract it
from the reading.
4. If zero error is not present then we get the reading without error
5. To take the reading open the jaws of vernier caliper and place the pin between jaws
and close them.
6. Check the main scale line which is behind the zero of vernier scale. This is the main
scale reading.
 7. Now check the line of vernier scale which coincides with the main scale. This is the
vernier scale reading.
8. Multiply vernier scale reading to least count of vernier caliper and add it to main
scale reading.
Comments:
1. Due the fact the some student take reading by grapping the pin in the middle some
by in the bottom end and some by in upper end the reading may be affected.
2. The inch vernier scale was not present in our vernier caliper so we could not take the
reading in inches practically.
3. If the vernier caliper is misaligned relative to work piece it will give incorrect value.
4. The wear due to the friction between the jaws of vernier caliper and work piece can
affect the reading.
References:
http://www.tutorvista.com/physics/least-count-of-vernier-caliper
http://www.ehow.com/list_5980961_types-calipers.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliper
Observations and Calculations:
Least count: 0.01mm and 1/128 inch
Total Reading = Main Scale Reading + (Vernier Scale Reading x Least Count)

Sr Dia. (mm) Dia. (in) Sr Dia. (mm) Dia. (in)

. .
1 15+(85*.01)=15.8 10/16+0=10/16 19 15+(75*.01)=15.7 9/16+(7.5*1/128)=0.62
5 5
2 15+(85*.01)=15.8 10/16+0=10/16 20 15+(75*.01)=15.7 9/16+(7.5*1/128)=0.62
5 5
3 15+(85*.01)=15.8 10/16+0=10/16 21 15+(75*.01)=15.7 9/16+(7.5*1/128)=0.62
5 5
4 15+(85*.01)=15.8 10/16+0=10/16 22 15+(75*.01)=15.7 9/16+(7.5*1/128)=0.62
5 5
5 15+(85*.01)=15.8 10/16+0=10/16 23 15+(75*.01)=15.7 9/16+(7.5*1/128)=0.62
5 5
6 15+(85*.01)=15.8 10/16+0=10/16 24 15+(75*.01)=15.7 9/16+(7.5*1/128)=0.62
5 5
7 15+(85*.01)=15.8 10/16+0=10/16 25 15+(75*.01)=15.7 9/16+(7.5*1/128)=0.62
5 5
8 15+(85*.01)=15.8 10/16+0=10/16 26 15+(75*.01)=15.7 9/16+(7.5*1/128)=0.62
5 5
9 15+(85*.01)=15.8 10/16+0=10/16 27 15+(75*.01)=15.7 9/16+(7.5*1/128)=0.62
5 5
10 15+(85*.01)=15.8 10/16+0=10/16 28 15+(95*.01)=15.9 10/16+(.5*1/128)=0.628
5 5
11 15+(85*.01)=15.8 10/16+0=10/16 29 15+(95*.01)=15.9 10/16+(.5*1/128)=0.628
5 5
12 15+(85*.01)=15.8 10/16+0=10/16 30 15+(95*.01)=15.9 10/16+(.5*1/128)=0.628
5 5
13 15+(85*.01)=15.8 10/16+0=10/16 31 15+(95*.01)=15.9 10/16+(.5*1/128)=0.628
5 5
14 15+(85*.01)=15.8 10/16+0=10/16 32 15+(95*.01)=15.9 10/16+(.5*1/128)=0.628
5 5
15 15+(85*.01)=15.8 10/16+0=10/16 33 15+(95*.01)=15.9 10/16+(.5*1/128)=0.628
5 5
16 15+(85*.01)=15.8 10/16+0=10/16 34 15+(95*.01)=15.9 10/16+(.5*1/128)=0.628
5 5
17 15+(85*.01)=15.8 10/16+0=10/16 35 15+(95*.01)=15.9 10/16+(.5*1/128)=0.628
5 5
18 15+(85*.01)=15.8 10/16+0=10/16
5