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Introduction

 Android is an operating system for

mobile devices such as cellular phones,
tablet computers and netbooks.
 It was initially developed by Android Inc.
which was later purchased by Google.
 Google further formed the open handset
alliance

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Open Handset Alliance
o The Open Handset Alliance (OHA) is a
business alliance of 78 firms for developing
open standards for mobile devices

o Technically the term “ OPEN

STANDARDS “ refers to a specification
whose description is freely available .

oThis means that developers are free to

create applications which are valid
according to the specification and which will
therefore work with software designed for it.
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Some major names in OHA
 HTC
 SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS
 MOTOROLA
 GOOGLE
 NVIDIA ELECTRONICS
 INTEL CORP
 EBAY
 SONY ERRICSON

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Android is open source.
 The source code of the android os is
freely available to anyone.
 Being an open source it has the
following advantages
○ Support
○ Cost
○ Flexibility

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ANDROID ARCHITECTURE

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LINUX KERNEL
 Android relies on Linux version 2.6 for
core system services such as security,
memory management, process
management, network stack, and driver
model. The kernel also acts as an
abstraction layer between the hardware
and the rest of the software stack.

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ANDROID LIBRARIES
 Android includes a set of core libraries that
provides most of the functionality available
in the core libraries of the Java
programming language.
 Every Android application runs in its own
process, with its own instance of the Dalvik
virtual machine.
 The Dalvik VM relies on the Linux kernel
for underlying functionality such as
threading and low-level memory
management.

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LIBRARIES …1
System • A BSD-derived implementation of the standard C
system library (libc), tuned for embedded Linux-
C library based devices

• It is based on Packet Video’s Open CORE; the

Media libraries support playback and recording of many
popular audio and video formats, as well as static
Libraries image files, including MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AAC,
AMR, JPG, and PNG

Surface • Manages access to the display subsystem and

seamlessly composites 2D and 3D graphic layers
Manager from multiple applications

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LIBRARIES …2
• A modern web browser engine which powers
LibWebCore both the Android browser and an embeddable
web view

SGL • The underlying 2D graphics engine

• An implementation based on OpenGL ES 1.0

3D libraries APIs

Free Type • Bitmap and vector font rendering

• A powerful and lightweight relational database

SQLite engine available to all applications

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APPLICATIONS
 This is where we find the basic functions
of the device such as making phone
calls, accessing the Web browser and
accessing contacts list ,etc Android will
ship with a set of core applications
including an email client, SMS program,
calendar, maps, browser, contacts, and
others. All applications are written using
the Java programming language.

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Dalvik Virtual Machine
 The Dalvik VM takes the generated Java
class files and combines them into one or
more Dalvik Executable (.dex) files.
 It reuses duplicate information from
multiple class files, effectively reducing the
space requirement (uncompressed) by half
from a traditional .jar file.
 For example, the
.dex file of the web browser app in Android
is about 200K, whereas the equivalent
uncompressed .jar version is about 500K.

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 Second, Google has fine-tuned the
garbage collection in the Dalvik VM.
 Finally, the Dalvik VM uses a different kind
of assembly-code generation, in which it
uses registers as the primary units of data
storage instead of the stack.30 % fewer
instructions are accomplished as a result.
 We should point out that the final
executable code in Android, as a result of
the Dalvik VM, is based not on Java byte
code but on .dex files instead.

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Android 2.2 FROYO
Released may 2010,
the Froyo was the
most awaited and
rumored edition of
the android till date.
The latest Froyo
home screen

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Data Storage
• SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for
data storage purposes

• Android provides a standard way for a application to

expose its private data to other applications through
content providers

• Content providers implement a standard syntax for

requesting and modifying data, and a standard
mechanism for reading the returned data.

• All the interfaces, classes required for database

operations are available in the package
android.database.sqlite

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Security:

Multiprocess • Android is a multi-process system, in which each

application runs in its own process
system

Linux • Most security is enforced at the process level through

standard Linux facilities, such as user and group IDs that
security are assigned to application

• Additional finer-grained security features are provided

Finer through a "permission" mechanism that enforces
restrictions on the specific operations that a particular
security process can perform (by default no application can
perform tasks that impact other applications)

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Connectivity • GSM,EDGE,IDEN,CDMA,UMTS,Bluetooth,Wi-Fi,WiMAX

• SMS and MMS are available forms of messaging, including

threaded text messaging and now Android Cloud to Device
Messaging Messaging Framework (C2DM) is also a part of Android
Push Messaging service.

• Android can use video/still cameras, touchscreens, GPS,

Hardware accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, proximity and
pressure sensors, thermometers, accelerated 2D bit blits
support (with hardware orientation, scaling, pixel format conversion)
and accelerated 3D graphics.

Voice Based
• Google search through Voice is available as Search Input
Features • Voice actions supported on Android 2.2 onwards.

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Upgradations :
 Adobe Flash:
Android 2.2 comes bundled with Adobe
Flash 10.1, the latest and greatest
version of Flash. Handsets running
Android 2.2 will have full access to the
web’s flash content, including websites
like PopCap games and Farmville.

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Just In Time compiler:

 Android 2.2 comes packaged with a little

piece of code called the just in time (JIT)
compiler. A JIT compiler will increase the
speed of Android and its applications by
translating their code into a form that’s
much faster for your phone to run.

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BROWSER BOOST UP !!
 Froyo’s browser supports latest adobe
flash.
 A new javascript engine dubbed as V8
renders executions of javascript upto
two to three times faster

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New Developer Services

 CLOUD TO DEVICE COMPUTING :

Android Cloud to Device Messaging
(C2DM) makes it easier for mobile
applications to sync data with servers.
Many of the Google applications on
Android already use push to keep their
data fresh, for example Gmail, Contacts,
and Calendar. Starting with Android 2.2,
C2DM allows third-party developers to
use the same service.

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•To enable C2DM, an application on the
device registers with Google and get a
registration ID, and sends the ID to its
server.
•When the server needs to push a
message to the app on the device, it posts
the message via HTTP to Google’s C2DM
servers.
•The C2DM servers route the message to
the device, and an Intent broadcast is sent
to the app.
•The app is woken up to process the
message in its Intent Receiver.

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Future Aspects
 Google android operating system can
be used in netbooks :
Netbooks are now the fastest growing
segment of the PC market, they are
portable, functional and comparatively
inexpensive. It would make easier for
users of Android powered phones to
share information between pc.

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SONY
 Sony Ericsson to
introduce Android
3.0 gaming platform
and PSP like
smartphone

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SONY … Contd.
 Will have a 1GHz CPU
 It's a landscape slider with game
controls in place of the typical QWERTY
keyboard.
 The device will be running Gingerbread
(Android 3.0) with a phone-specific skin.
 There will be a new area of the Android
Market specifically for the games.

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Some interesting APPS
 LETS TAKE A LOOK AT SOME OF
INNOVATIVE APPLICATIONS THAT
HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR THE
ANDROID

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 Virtual qwerty with SWYPE
technology
 This application produces a virtual
qwerty for the user
 It has an additional feature that you
don’t have to lift your finger from the
screen inorder to type a word
 The word is automatically guessed,
based upon the characters travelled
across

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 WI-FI HOTSPOT

 An application lets you turn your phone

into a wi-fi hotspot.

 It enables sharing of your “high speed

3g “ data network over upto five devices

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 LAYAR REALITY BROWSER
 The Layar Reality Browser shows what is around you by
displaying real time digital information on top of the real
world as seen through the camera of your mobile phone
 Layar works by using a combination of the mobile phone’s
camera, compass and GPS data to identify the user’s
location and field of view, retrieve data based on those
geographical coordinates, and overlay that data over the
camera view.

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Conclusion
Android is a big revolution in the field of
operating system. Its custom virtual
machine optimize memory and hardware
resources in a mobile environment.; it can
be liberally extended to incorporate new
cutting edge technologies as they emerge.
The open source platform will continue to
evolve as the developer community works
together to build innovative mobile
applications

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