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1-M

First Quarter
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Learning Module No. 1

Name: _________________________________ Date: ___________________


Grade level & Academic Strand: __________________ Score:__________________
Name of Subject Teacher:_____________________________ Contact Number: _________

Topic: (Describing the Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of Research)


Duration: Week 2-August 16-20, 2021
Learning Competencies: describes characteristics, processes, and ethics of research (CS_RS11-IIIa-3)
Differentiates quantitative from qualitative research (CS_RS11-IIIa-4)
Learning Objectives: Students were expected to:
1. Identify the characteristics, processes, and ethics of research
2. describe the characteristics of quantitative research
3. summarize the characteristics of quantitative research
References: Cristobal, A. P. & Cristobal, M. C. D. (2017). Practical research for senior high school.Quezon City,
Manila: C & E Publishing, Inc.; Jerusalem, V. L., Garcia, M. D.R., Palencia, J. M. & Palencia, M. M.
(2017).Practical research 1: Basics of qualitative research. Sampaloc, Manila: Fastbooks.Matira, M. D.
(2016).Practical research for the 21st century learners. Sampaloc, Manila: St.Augustine Publications,
Inc.

INTRODUCTION
In this module you will learn the characteristics, processes and ethics of research. At this point, you will
know how research is done. Specifically, at the end of this module, you should be able to describe the
characteristics, processes and ethics of research.

PRE-TEST

Directions: Read the sentences. Put a check (√ ) on the space before the number if you think that the sentence is
correct. Put a cross (X) if you think that it is not. Write your answer on the space provided.
_____1. Research must observe a step-by-step process.
_____2. The steps in conducting research are patterned.
_____3. The student-researcher must read literature related to the problem he or she is studying.
_____4. The researcher must avoid listening to another researcher to have an objective view of his or her study.
_____5. A person’s opinion is acceptable and considered as an answer to the questions asked by the researcher.

Excellent! You did a good job on that task. This time, read “The Content of
the Topic” to know more about the characteristics, processes and ethics of
research.

In the previous lesson you have learned what research is and its importance in our daily life. As a young researcher,
you probably think that research is hard. It’s normal to think that way. Let’s face it--research is not an easy road but it
is one worth taking.

CONTENT
Characteristics of Research

1. Empirical- Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.


2. Logical-Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
3. Cyclical-Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with problem.

4. Analytical-Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical,
descriptive, and experimental and case study.
5. Critical-Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.
6. Methodical- Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method
and procedures.
7. Replicability- The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.

Characteristics of the Researcher

1. Intellectual Curiosity-A researcher undertakes a deep thinking and inquiry of the things and
situations around him.
2. Prudence-The researcher is careful to conduct his research study at the right time and at the right
place wisely, efficiently, and economically.
3. Healthy Criticism-The researcher is always doubtful as to the truthfulness of the results.
4. Intellectual Honesty-An intelligent researcher is honest to collect or gather data or facts in order to
arrive at honest results.
5. Intellectual Creativity-A productive and resourceful investigator always creates new researches.

The Research Process

Research is a process that requires patience and thought. There is no easy way to make certain
that you have exhausted every resource and found the best research. Research is more of an art rather than a
science. Below is a diagrammatic presentation of the steps taken when doing research.
1. Define the Research Problem

The first step in research process is to develop a research question. This can be a problem that
needs to be solved or some piece of information that is missing about a particular topic. Answering
this question will be the focus of the research study.(Offord Centre for Child Studies, 2017)

2. Review the Literature


The researchers must now learn more about the topic they are investigating.
This not only provides important background information about the issue they are researching. But it
also tells them what other studies have already been conducted, how they were designed, and what
those studies found. In research, you often do not want to repeat old studies, but rather add
something new to the field. (Offord Centre for Child Studies, 2017; Cornell University Library, 2016)

3. Formulate the Hypothesis


The hypothesis is a clear statement of what is intended to be investigated. It should be specified
before research is conducted and openly stated in reporting the results.

4. Design Research
The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different
components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address
the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of
data.

5. Collect Data
The collection of data is a critical step in providing the information needed to answer the research
question. Every study includes the collection of some type of data-whether it is from the literature or
from subjects –to answer the research question. (Blankenship, 2010)Depending on the plan of the
research, data can be collected in the form of words on a survey, with a questionnaire, through
observations, or from the literature. (Offord Centre for Child Studies, 2017; Human Kinetics, 2017)

6. Analyze Data
Analysis of data plays an important role in the achievement of research aim and objectives.
(Dudovskiy, 2016) Once the data have been collected, these must be analyzed in order to answer
the original research question.

7. Interpret and Report


In this final part, you will have to justify why you think that research aims and objectives have been
achieved. (Dudovskiy, 2016) Proofread the paper you have created and report the results. There are
different ways to share the results of your research, among them is by publication either in print or
on the internet. Another is by sending or submitting the research report to those persons concerned
or stakeholders such as policy makers, government officials, company or business executives, etc.
Another way to share the results of your research is through a colloquium where the researcher
presents orally the research report to an audience or to the public.
Ethics of Research

Ethics generally is considered to deal with beliefs about what is right or wrong,
proper or improper, good or bad. According to a dictionary definition (Webster‘s 1968), to be
ethical is to conform to accepted professional practice.

Ethics should be applied in all stages of research from planning, to gathering of data,
to the analysis and interpretation and evaluation (oral examination) of the research.

Research ethics provides guidelines for the responsible conduct of research. In


addition, it educates and monitors scientists conducting research to ensure a high ethical
standard. The following is a general summary of some ethical principles:

Honesty:
Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate,
falsify, or misrepresent data.

Objectivity:
Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review,
personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research.

Integrity:
Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and
action.

Carefulness:
Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the
work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities.

Openness:
Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.

Respect for Intellectual Property:


Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished
data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize.

Confidentiality:
Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication,
personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.

Responsible Publication:
Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your own career.
Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.

Responsible Mentoring:
Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare and allow them to
Social Responsibility:
Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public
education, and advocacy.

Non-Discrimination:
Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or
other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity.

Competence:
Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong
education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.

Legality:
Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.
Animal Care:
Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not
conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.

Human Subjects Protection:


When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and
maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy.

Source:
What is Ethics in Research & Why is it Important? U.S. National Institute
of Environmental Health Sciences

Research Misconducts

(a) Fabrication - making up data or results and recording or reporting them.

(b) Falsification - manipulating research materials, or changing or omitting data or


results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record.

(c) Plagiarism - the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or


words without giving appropriate credit.
Research misconduct does not include honest error or differences of
opinion. Source: Definition of Research Misconduct
The Office of Research Integrity, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services

The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines or R.A. 8293 contains


provisions regarding published works and copyright ownership. The term
“published works” means works which, with the consent of the authors, are made
available to the public in such a way that these works can be sourced from a place
and time individually chosen by them.

Enrichment Activity

Directions: Put an “X” on the space before each statement that describes plagiarism. Write your answers on a ½ sheet of
paper.

1. Alex puts his name on a quotation of Dan Brown.


2. The author is Mulroney, Dermot but the reference of JC is Mulroney, Demot.
3. After reading a selection, Ally correctly wrote the contents of the selection and cited the author.
4. In Jenny’s project, she carefully expressed the ideas of the author and wrote the author’s name.
5. Because of lack of time, Pauline omitted some of the important details from a source in her thesis.

Generalization
Directions: On your module, reflect on the learning that you gained in this module by completing the chart below.
I thought…

I learned…

Application
Application

Instruction about your mini-task on your topic.

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