Professional Documents
Culture Documents
First Quarter
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Learning Module No. 1
INTRODUCTION
In this module you will learn the characteristics, processes and ethics of research. At this point, you will
know how research is done. Specifically, at the end of this module, you should be able to describe the
characteristics, processes and ethics of research.
PRE-TEST
Directions: Read the sentences. Put a check (√ ) on the space before the number if you think that the sentence is
correct. Put a cross (X) if you think that it is not. Write your answer on the space provided.
_____1. Research must observe a step-by-step process.
_____2. The steps in conducting research are patterned.
_____3. The student-researcher must read literature related to the problem he or she is studying.
_____4. The researcher must avoid listening to another researcher to have an objective view of his or her study.
_____5. A person’s opinion is acceptable and considered as an answer to the questions asked by the researcher.
Excellent! You did a good job on that task. This time, read “The Content of
the Topic” to know more about the characteristics, processes and ethics of
research.
In the previous lesson you have learned what research is and its importance in our daily life. As a young researcher,
you probably think that research is hard. It’s normal to think that way. Let’s face it--research is not an easy road but it
is one worth taking.
CONTENT
Characteristics of Research
4. Analytical-Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical,
descriptive, and experimental and case study.
5. Critical-Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.
6. Methodical- Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method
and procedures.
7. Replicability- The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.
1. Intellectual Curiosity-A researcher undertakes a deep thinking and inquiry of the things and
situations around him.
2. Prudence-The researcher is careful to conduct his research study at the right time and at the right
place wisely, efficiently, and economically.
3. Healthy Criticism-The researcher is always doubtful as to the truthfulness of the results.
4. Intellectual Honesty-An intelligent researcher is honest to collect or gather data or facts in order to
arrive at honest results.
5. Intellectual Creativity-A productive and resourceful investigator always creates new researches.
Research is a process that requires patience and thought. There is no easy way to make certain
that you have exhausted every resource and found the best research. Research is more of an art rather than a
science. Below is a diagrammatic presentation of the steps taken when doing research.
1. Define the Research Problem
The first step in research process is to develop a research question. This can be a problem that
needs to be solved or some piece of information that is missing about a particular topic. Answering
this question will be the focus of the research study.(Offord Centre for Child Studies, 2017)
4. Design Research
The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different
components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address
the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of
data.
5. Collect Data
The collection of data is a critical step in providing the information needed to answer the research
question. Every study includes the collection of some type of data-whether it is from the literature or
from subjects –to answer the research question. (Blankenship, 2010)Depending on the plan of the
research, data can be collected in the form of words on a survey, with a questionnaire, through
observations, or from the literature. (Offord Centre for Child Studies, 2017; Human Kinetics, 2017)
6. Analyze Data
Analysis of data plays an important role in the achievement of research aim and objectives.
(Dudovskiy, 2016) Once the data have been collected, these must be analyzed in order to answer
the original research question.
Ethics generally is considered to deal with beliefs about what is right or wrong,
proper or improper, good or bad. According to a dictionary definition (Webster‘s 1968), to be
ethical is to conform to accepted professional practice.
Ethics should be applied in all stages of research from planning, to gathering of data,
to the analysis and interpretation and evaluation (oral examination) of the research.
Honesty:
Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate,
falsify, or misrepresent data.
Objectivity:
Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review,
personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research.
Integrity:
Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and
action.
Carefulness:
Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the
work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities.
Openness:
Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.
Confidentiality:
Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication,
personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.
Responsible Publication:
Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your own career.
Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.
Responsible Mentoring:
Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare and allow them to
Social Responsibility:
Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public
education, and advocacy.
Non-Discrimination:
Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or
other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity.
Competence:
Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong
education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.
Legality:
Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.
Animal Care:
Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not
conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.
Source:
What is Ethics in Research & Why is it Important? U.S. National Institute
of Environmental Health Sciences
Research Misconducts
Enrichment Activity
Directions: Put an “X” on the space before each statement that describes plagiarism. Write your answers on a ½ sheet of
paper.
Generalization
Directions: On your module, reflect on the learning that you gained in this module by completing the chart below.
I thought…
I learned…
Application
Application