BLDEA'S

V.P.DR.P.G.HALAKATTI. COLLEGE OF ENGG & TECH., BIJAPUR

“MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORK”

Submitted by: Amol Ganganawar (6th sem EC) USN: 2BL08EC002
(amole345@gmail.com)

Pradeep S Gabasavalagi (6th sem EC) USN: 2BL08EC045

(pradeep21sg@gmail.com)
Department of Electronics And Communication, DR.P.G.H.C.E.T, BIJAPUR

Abstract network may operate in a standalone fashion, or may be

connected to the larger Internet. The strength of the
As human being grown up from Stone Age to till now, connection can change rapidly in time or even disappear
communication is an indispensable part of his life in the completely. Nodes can appear, disappear and re-appear as the
society. So he invented many ways of communication like time goes on and all the time the network connections should
Kalidas used clouds to send his message. One of the work between the nodes that are part of it. As one can easily
modern ways of communication is Ad-hoc (MANET). Ad- imagine, the situation in ad hoc networks with respect to
hoc networks are an emerging area of mobile computing. ensuring connectivity and robustness is much more
Ad hoc networking is the basis of the future military demanding than in the wired case.
network-centric warfare architecture. Such networks are Ad hoc networks are the networks which are not
highly dynamic in nature. Strict requirements on security (necessarily) connected to any static (i.e. wired) infrastructure.
and reliability combined with the dynamic nature of the An ad-hoc network is a LAN or other small network,
network provide a strong motivation for self-forming, self- especially one with wireless connections, in which some of
configuring, and self-healing capabilities in the network. the network devices are part of the network only for the
This paper describes a policy-based mobile ad hoc duration of a communications session or, in the case of mobile
network management system that addresses these needs. or portable devices, while in some close proximity to the rest
The system provides the capability to express networking of the network. The ad hoc network is a communication
requirements in the form of policies at a high level and network without a pre-exist network infrastructure. In cellular
have them automatically realized in the network by networks, there is a network infrastructure represented by the
intelligent agents, working and applications of Manet in base-stations, Radio network controllers… etc. In ad hoc
various fields. We tried to cover all possible areas of networks every communication terminal (or radio terminal RT)
Manet. communicates with its partner to perform peer to peer
Communication. If the required RT is not a neighbour to the
Introduction initiated call RT (outside the coverage area of the RT) then the
other intermediate RTs are used to perform the
The word AD HOC is derived from Latin which means "for communication link. This is called multi-hope peer to peer
this and for this purpose only”. - It is a good and emblematic communication. This collaboration between the RTs is very
description of the idea why ad hoc networks are needed. They important in the ad hoc networks. In ad hoc networks all the
can be set up anywhere without any need for external communication network protocols should be distributed
infrastructure (like wires or base stations). They are often throughout the communication terminals (i.e. the
mobile and that's why a term MANET is often used when communication terminals should be independent and highly
talking about Mobile Ad hoc NETworks. MANETs are often cooperative). A MANET can be a standalone network or it can
defined as follows: A "mobile ad hoc network" (MANET) is be connected to external networks (Internet). MANETs are a
an autonomous system of mobile routers (and associated hosts) kind of wireless ad hoc networks that usually has a routable
connected by wireless links - the union of which forms an networking environment on top of a Link Layer ad hoc
arbitrary graph. The routers are free to move randomly and network. Unlike in Wi-Fi, every nodes in MANET acts as
organize themselves arbitrarily; thus, the network's wireless server in disguise.
topology may change rapidly and unpredictably. Such a

Fig (a); A multi-hop wireless network for internet access.
Characteristics
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of
independent mobile nodes that can communicate to each other
via radio waves. The mobile nodes that are in radio range of
each other can directly communicate, whereas others needs
the aid of intermediate nodes to route their packets. These
networks are fully distributed, and can work at any place
without the help of any infrastructure. This property makes
these networks highly exible and robust.
The characteristics of these networks are summarized as
follows:
•Communication via wireless means.
•Nodes can perform the roles of both hosts and routers.
•No centralized controller and infrastructure. Intrinsic mutual
trust.
•Dynamic network topology. Frequent routing updates.
•Autonomous, no infrastructure needed.
•Can be set up anywhere.
•Energy constraints
• Limited security
Generally, the communication terminals have a mobility
nature which makes the topology of the distributed networks
time varying. The dynamical nature of the network topology
increases the challenges of the design of ad hoc networks.
Each radio terminal is usually powered by energy limited
power source (as rechargeable batteries). The power
consumption of each radio terminal could be divided generally
into three parts, power consumption for data processing inside
the RT, power consumption to transmit its own information to
the destination, and finally the power consumption when the
RT is used as a router, i.e. forwarding the information to
another RT in the network. The energy consumption is a
critical issue in the design of the ad hoc networks.
The mobile devices usually have limited storage and low
computational capabilities. They heavily depend on other
hosts and resources for data access and information processing.
A reliable network topology must be assured through efficient
and secure routing protocols for Ad Hoc networks.
Mechanisms required in a MANET
1. Multihop operation requires a routing mechanism
designed for mobile nodes.
2. Internet access mechanisms.
3. Self configuring networks require an address
allocation mechanism.
4. Mechanism to detect and act on, merging of existing
networks.
5. Security mechanisms.
Routing protocol requirements
1. Self starting and self organizing
2. Multi-hop, loop-free paths
3. Dynamic topology maintenance
4. Rapid convergence
5. Minimal network traffic overhead
6. Scalable to large networks
Working of MANET
IP-Layer Mobile Routing
An improved mobile routing capability at the IP layer can
provide a benefit similar to the intention of the original
Internet, viz. "an interoperable internet working capability
over a heterogeneous networking infrastructure". In this case,
the infrastructure is wireless, rather than hardwired, consisting
of multiple wireless technologies, channel access protocols,
etc. Improved IP routing and related networking services
provide the glue to preserve the integrity of the mobile
internetwork segment in this more dynamic environment. In
other words, a real benefit to using IP-level routing in a
MANET is to provide network-level consistency for multihop
networks composed of nodes using a *mixture* of physical-
layer media; i.e. a mixture of what are commonly thought of
as subnet technologies. A
MANET node principally consists of a router, which may be
physically attached to multiple IP hosts (or IP-addressable
devices), which has potentially *multiple* wireless interfaces-
-each interface using a *different* wireless technology. Thus,
a MANET node with interfaces using technologies A and B
can communicate with any other MANET node possessing an
interface with technology A or B. The multihop connectivity
of technology A forms a physical-layer multihop topology,
the multihop connectivity of technology B forms *another*
physical-layer topology (which may differ from that of A's
topology), and the *union* of these topologies forms another
topology (in graph theoretic terms--a multigraph), termed the
"IP routing fabric", of the MANET. MANET nodes making
routing decisions using the IP fabric can intercommunicate
using either or both physical-layer topologies simultaneously.
As new physical-layer technologies are developed, new device
drivers can be written and another physical-layer multihop
topology can be seamlessly added to the IP fabric. Likewise,
older technologies can easily be dropped. Such is the
functionality and architectural flexibility that IP-layer routing
can support, which brings with it hardware economies of scale.
Fig (b); A Wireless Ad Hoc Network. for Mobile Handheld Devices
The concept of a "node identifier" (separate and apart from the
concept of an "interface identifier") is crucial to supporting the
multigraph topology of the routing fabric. It is what *unifies*
a set of wireless interfaces and identifies them as belonging to
the same mobile platform. This approach permits maximum
flexibility in address assignment. Node identifiers are used at
the IP layer for routing computations.
Fig (c): Simple network for MANET systems.
Interaction with Standard IP Routing
In the near term, it is currently envisioned that MANETs
will function as *stub* networks, meaning that all traffic
carried by MANET nodes will either be sourced or slinked
within the MANET.
Because of bandwidth and possibly power constraints,
MANETs are not presently envisioned to function as *transit*
networks carrying traffic which enters and then leaves the
MANET (although this restriction may be removed by
subsequent technology advances). This substantially reduces
the amount of route advertisement required for interoperation
with the existing fixed Internet. For stub operation, routing
interoperability in the near term may be achieved using some
combination of mechanisms such as MANET-based any cast
and mobile IP. Future interoperability may be achieved using
mechanisms other than mobile IP.
Interaction with Standard IP Routing will be greatly
facilitated by usage of a common MANET addressing
approach by all MANET routing protocols. Development of
such an approach is underway which permits routing through
a multi-technology fabric, permits multiple hosts per router
and ensures long-term interoperability through adherence to
the IP addressing architecture. Supporting these features
appears only to require identifying host and router interfaces
with IP addresses, identifying a router with a separate Router
ID, and permitting routers to have multiple wired and wireless
interfaces.
Network Security
Network security extends computer security, thus all the
things in computer security are still valid, but there are other
things to consider as well. Computer security is defined as
follows:
-Broadly speaking, security is keeping anyone from doing
things you do not want them to do to, with, or from your
computers or any peripherals- -William R. Cheswick.
Network securities are then computer security plus secure
communication between the computers or other devices. Not
all nodes are computers in an Ad Hoc network, thus nodes
cannot be assumed to implement the security services
normally existent in computers' operating systems. That is
why network security should be defined as:
-Making sure that the nodes enforce a proper computer
security and then securing the communication between them-.
Different variables have different impact on security
issues and design. Especially environments, origin, range,
quality of service and security criticality are variables that
affect the security in the network.
If the environment is concerned, networks can operate in
hostile or friendly environments. A battlefield has totally
different requirements for security if compared with home
networks. On a battlefield also physical security and durability
might be needed to ensure the functionality of the network.
The ways to implement security vary if the range of the
network varies. If the nodes are very far from each others, the
risk of security attacks increases. On the other hand, if the
nodes are so close to each others that they actually can have a
physical contact, some secret information (e.g. secret keys)
can be transmitted between the nodes without sending them on
air. That would increase the level of security, because the
physical communication lines are more secure than wireless
communication lines.
Quality of service issues deal with questions like -Is it
crucial that all messages reach their destination?- or -Is it
crucial that some information reaches the destination in
certain time?-. QoS is generally demanded in real time
applications where reliable and deterministic communication
is required. These issues refer to security e.g. in process
control applications. We could have an Ad Hoc network in
some process and all the measurements and control signals
could be transmitted through the network. In order to have
secure and reliable control of the process, quality of service
requirements need to be met.
The last variable of Ad Hoc networks described with
respect to security is security criticality. This means that
before we think of the ways to implement security, we must
consider carefully whether security is required at all or
whether it matters or not if someone outside can see what
packets are sent and what they contain. Is the network
threatened if false packets are inserted and old packets are
retransmitted? Security issues are not always critical, but it
might cost a lot to ensure it. Sometimes there is trade-off
between security and costs.
Security Problems in MANETs :
MANETs are much more vulnerable to attack than wired
network. This is because of the following reasons:
• Open Medium - Eavesdropping is easier than in wired
network.
• Dynamically Changing Network Topology - Mobile Nodes
comes and goes from the network, thereby allowing any
malicious node to join the network without being detected.
• Cooperative Algorithms - The routing algorithm of
MANETs requires mutual trust between nodes which violates
the principles of Network Security.
• Lack of Centralized Monitoring - Absence of any centralized
infrastructure prohibits any monitoring agent in the system.
• Lack of Clear Line of Defence - The only use of I line of
defence - attack prevention may not sure. Experience of
security research in wired world has taught us that we need to
deploy layered security mechanisms because security is a Conclusion
process that is as secure as its weakest link. In addition to
prevention, we need II line of defence - detection and response.
Advantages
The following are the advantages of MANETs:
• They provide access to information and services regardless can be any devices. The computer security in the nodes
of geographic position.
• These networks can be set up at any place and time.
• These networks work without any pre-existing infrastructure.
Limitations
Some of the limitations of MANETs are:
• Limited resources, limited physical security.
• Intrinsic mutual trust vulnerable to attacks.
• Lack of authorization facilities.
• Volatile network topology makes it hard to detect malicious
nodes.
• Security protocols for wired networks cannot work for ad
hoc networks.
Application Areas
Some of the applications of MANETs are
• Military or police exercises.
• Disaster relief operations.
• Mine site operations.
• Urgent Business meetings
• Robot data acquisition
It is easy to imagine a number of applications where this
type of properties would bring benefits. One interesting
research area is inter-vehicle communications. It is one area
where the ad hoc networks could really change the way we
communicate covering personal vehicles as well as
professional mobile communication needs. Also, it is area
where no conventional (i.e. wired) solutions would do because
of the high level of mobility. When considering demanding
surroundings, say mines for example, then neither would the
base station approach work but we must be able to accomplish
routing via nodes that are part of the network i.e. we have to
use ad hoc network.
Such networks can be used to enable next generation of
battlefield applications envisioned by the military including
situation awareness systems for manoeuvring war fighters,
and remotely deployed unmanned micro-sensor networks. Ad
Hoc networks can provide communication for civilian
applications, such as disaster recovery and message exchanges
among medical and security personnel involved in rescue
missions.
Ad hoc networks can be implemented using various
techniques like Bluetooth or WLAN for example. The
definition itself does not imply any restrictions to the
implementing devices.
Ad Hoc networks need very specialized security methods.
There is no approach fitting all networks, because the nodes
depends on the type of node, and no assumptions on security
can be made. In this paper the computer security issues have
not been discussed, because the emphasis has been on network
security.
But with the current MAC layer and routing solutions the
true and working ad hoc network is just a dream for now.
However, it can be used with relatively small networks and
potentially some very nice applications can be realized.
Although some peer-to-peer type of solutions work nicely
already today, it would be nice to see that some new and
innovative solutions would be seen in the arena of ad hoc
networks since it is not hard for one to imagine a countless
number of nice ad hoc based applications that would make the
world at least a bit better place.

References:
1) http://user.it.uu.se/~henrikl/aodv/
2) http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/manet-charter.html
3) http://pf.itd.nrl.navy.mil/projects/olsr/
4) http://wikipedia.com
5) Routing Security in Ad Hoc Networks, Janne Lundberg,
Helsinki University of Technology
6) Security-Aware Ad-Hoc Routing for Wireless Networks,
Seung Yi, Prasad Naldurg, Robin Kravets, Department of
Computer Science.
7) Mitigating Routing Misbehaviour in Ad Hoc Networks,
8) Key Establishment in Ad Hoc Networks, Maarit Hietalahti,
Helsinki University of Technology.
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Gene Tsudik, Michael Waidner, IEE Computer Society.
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