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Test Study Guide – Muscles

Major Muscles in Each Area of the Body:

Neck: sternocleidomastoid

Shoulder: trapezius (extends from occipital protuberance to thoracic vertebrae 12 [T12])

Back: sacrospinalis 3 Types of Muscles:

Chest: pectoralis major - Smooth  dealing with intestines and

diaphragm; controlled by autonomic
Upper arm: biceps brachii
nervous system; non-striated, involuntary
Lower arm: brachioradialis
- Cardiac  heart muscles; involuntary,
Stomach: rectus abdominis striated
-
Quads: rectus femoris
- Skeletal  responsible for body movement
Hamstring: biceps femoris & facial expression. Elongated, striated, &
under voluntary control. Can adjust
Shin: tibialis anterior themselves to stabilize joints and generate
Calf: gastrocnemis heat
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Quadriceps Muscles

Quad Muscles:

Rectus femoris

Vastus intermedius

Vastus lateralis

Vastus medialis

7 Criteria for naming muscles

- Location
- Shape
- Direction of fibers
- Relative size
- Action
- Origin & insertion
- # of origins
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Abductor Muscles: Adductor Muscles:

Myosclerosis: The hardening of muscle

Muscles of the Leg Chart

Thigh  Origin Insertion Action  Notes

Posterior thigh       See also: Stretches
(Hamstrings)       Hamstring
Stretches
Biceps Femoris Long head -Ischial Head of the fibula Flex knee, extend hip, 
tuberosity tilt pelvis posteriorly,
laterally rotates femur
Short head- lateral lip of
linea aspera
Semitendinosus Ischial tuberosity Proximal, medial Flex knee, extend hip, 
superficial,
condyle of the tibia tilt pelvis posteriorly, 
stringy, tendonus
medially rotate of flexed
attachment
knee
Semimembranosus Ischial tuberosity Posterior medial Flex knee, extend hip, tilt 
deeper, broader,
condyle of the tibia pelvis posteriorly, medially
most medial
rotate flexed knee
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Anterior Thigh
Sartorius Anterior superior iliac spine Upper medial shaft of assists flexion, abduction,
cross-legged
tibia lateral rotation of hip,
flexion: the tailors
assists flexion, medial
muscle
rotation of knee
Quadriceps
Rectus femoris anterior inferior iliac spine, patella, patellar extension of knee, assists
only hip flexor of
ilium on upper margin of ligament to tibial flexion of hip
quad group
acetabulum tuberosity
Vastus medialis linea aspera on posterior patella, patellar extension of knee
femur ligament to tibial
tuberosity
Vastus lateralis linea aspera on posterior patella, patellar extension of knee
femur ligament to tibial
tuberosity
Vastus intermedius anterior and lateral femoral patella, patellar extension of knee
shaft ligament to tibial
tuberosity
 Medial thigh Groin Stretches
Pectineus superior ramus of pubis pectineal line of femur
flexes hip, adducts thigh,
medially rotates the thigh
Adductor longus anterior pubis just inferior to linea aspera on adduction of hip, assists in
pubic tubercle posterior femur flexion and medial rotation
of hip
Adductor brevis anterior pubis linea aspera on adduction of the hip,
posterior femur assists in flexion and
medial rotation of hip
Adductor magnus inferior pubic ramus, ischial proximal 1/3 of linea adduction of hip, assists in
ramus,  ischial tuberosity aspera of posterior flexion of hip, posterior
assist hamstrings
femur, adductor fiber assists in extension
tubercle of hip
Gracilis anterior pubis medial proximal tibia adduction of hip, assists in
crosses knee and
flexion and medial rotation
hip
of flexed knee
 Leg, ankle, foot,
posterior thigh
Gastrocnemius medial epicondyle of femur, calcaneus via achilles plantarflexion of  foot at  crosses knee and
lateral epicondyle of femur tendon ankle, flexion of knee ankle
Soleus upper fibula, soleal line of calcaneus via achilles plantarflexes foot deep to
tibia tendon gastrocnemius,
but wider than
gastroc; strong
contractions
pump blood from
leg to heart
Plantaris above the lateral head of calcaneus via achilles weak plantarflexion of the may be absent in
gastrocnemius on femur tendon foot at ankle approx. 10% of
people
Popliteus lateral femoral condyle posterior tibial surface laterally rotates femur, deepest muscle
above soleal line flexes the knee, unlocks of posterior knee
knee from and extended
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position
Tibialis posterior proximal posterior tibia, navicular, cuneiform, inverts the foot, plantar
interosseous membrane, cuboid bones and flexes the ankle tendons under
medial fibula bases of 2nd -4th flexor retinaculum
metatarsals
Flexor digitorum lower 2/3 of tibia 4 outer phalanges plantarflexes and inverts
longus plantar surface, along foot, flexes toes 2-5
side ankle
Flexor hallicus longus inferior 2/3 of posterior plantar surface of big flexes big toe, weak
fibula toe plantarflexion of the ankle,
inversion of foot
Anterior leg Stretches for shin
splints
Tibialis anterior lateral tibia, proximal lateral medial cuneiform, first inversion of foot,
surface of tibia, metatarsal dorsiflexion of ankle
interosseous membrane
Extensor digitorum lateral tibial condyle, fibula dorsal surface of extension of toes 2-5,
longus phalanges 2-5 dorsiflexion of the ankle,
eversion of the foot
Extensor hallicus medial aspect of the fibula, diatal phalanx of big extends the big toe,
longus interosseous membrane toe dorsiflexion of the ankle,
inversion of the foot
 Lateral leg
Peroneus longus upper lateral fibula medial cuneiform, eversion and abduction of
plantar surface of foot, weak plantarflexion
cuboid, base of 1st of foot
metatarsal
Peroneus brevis lower, lateral 2/3 of fibula fifth metatarsal eversion and abduction of
foot, weak plantarflexion
of foot

The Knee —

Ligaments:

*ACL — Anterior Cruciate Ligament (involved in extension)

*PCL — Posterior Cruciate Ligament (involved in flexion)

*MCL — Medial Collateral Ligament (located on the inside, attaches tibia femur)

TCL — Tibial Collateral Ligament

*LCL — Lateral Collateral Ligament (located on the outside, attaches fibula to femur)

FCL — Fibular Collateral Ligament

MM — Medial Meniscus (located between the medial condyle [on the femur] & tibia)

LM — Lateral Meniscus (located between the lateral condyle [on the femur] & tibia)
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Bony Insertion at the knee: Tibial tuberosity via the patella tendon

Characteristics:

1) Excitability

2) Contractility

3) Extensibility
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4) Elasticity
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Test Study Guide – Bones

206 bones in the human body

80 in the axial skeleton / 126 in the appendicular skeleton

Hands: (27 bones in each hand)

Phalanges: total of 28 — 14 in each hand

Distal: 5

Intermediate: 4

Proximal: 5

Metacarpals: total of 10 — 5 in each hand

Carpals: total of 16 — 8 in each hand

Feet: (26 bones in each foot)

Phalanges: total of 28 — 14 in each foot

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Distal: 5 — includes hallux (big toe)

Intermediate: 4

Proximal: 5

Metatarsals: total of 10 — 5 in each foot

Tarsals: total 14 — 7 in each foot

1. talus
2. calcaneus
3. cuboid
4. navicular
5. 1st cuneiform
6. 2nd cuneiform
7. 3rd cuneiform

The Human Skeleton:

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Vertebrae:

Cervical — 7

Thoracic — 12
26 vertebrae
Lumbar — 5

+ sacrum & coccyx

Bone Diseases:

Osteoporosis & osteophytes (bone spurs)

Types of Bones:

 Long bones are characterized by a diaphysis that is much greater in length than width. They
are comprised mostly of compact bone and lesser amounts of marrow, which is located within
the medullary cavity, and spongy bone. Most bones of the limbs, including those of the fingers
and toes, are long bones. The exceptions are those of the wrist, ankle and kneecap.

 Short bones are roughly cube-shaped, and have only a thin layer of compact bone
surrounding a spongy interior. The bones of the wrist and ankle are short bones, as are the
sesamoid bones.

 Flat bones are thin and generally curved, with two parallel layers of compact bones
sandwiching a layer of spongy bone. Most of the bones of the skull are flat bones, as is the
sternum.

 Irregular bones do not fit into the above categories. They consist of thin layers of compact
bone surrounding a spongy interior. As implied by the name, their shapes are irregular and
complicated. The bones of the spine and hips are irregular bones.

 Sesamoid bones are bones embedded in tendons. Since they act to hold the tendon further
away from the joint, the angle of the tendon is increased and thus the leverage of the muscle
is increased. Examples of sesamoid bones are the patella and the pisiform.
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Parts of Bones:

Diaphysis: middle of the bone

Epiphysis: end of bone

Medullary cavity: stores bone marrow

Red marrow — Red blood cells,

platelets and most white blood cells

— consisting mainly of
hematopoietic tissue

Yellow marrow — consisting mainly

of fat cells

Body Shapes and Types:

Endomorph Mesomorph Ectomorph

Parachute Response: a natural response, ex. falling & catching oneself

Bodily Planes:

Function of Bones:
- protection
- movement
- mineral storage
- housing blood-forming tissue
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- storage of energy
- support

Ossification: how bones are formed

Intramembranous: occurs within fibrous

Membranes of the embryo & adult

Endochondral: occurs within cartilage