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Properties of the Z-Transform

• Linearity:

a1 x1 [n] + a2 x2 [n] ←→ a1 X1 (z) + a2 X2 (z), RoC = Rx1 ∩ Rx2

• Time Shifting Property:

x[n − n0 ] ←→ z −n0 X(z),

RoC = Rx (except possible addition/deletion
of z = 0 or z = ∞)

• Exponential Weighting:

z0n x[n] ←→ X(z0−1 z), RoC = |z0 |Rx

– The poles of the Z-transform are scaled by |z0 |

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• Linear Weighting
dX(z)
nx(n) ←→ −z ,
dz
RoC = Rx (except possible addition/deletion
of z = 0 or z = ∞)

• Time Reversal
1
x[−n] ←→ X(z −1 ), RoC =
Rx
• Convolution

x[n] ∗ y[n] ←→ X(z)Y (z), RoC = Rx ∩ Ry

• Multiplication
Z
1 z −1
x[n]w[n] ←→ X(v)w( )v dv
2πj v
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Inverse Z-Transform Examples
• Using long division: Causal sequence
1
, RoC = |z| > |a| = 1 + az −1
+ az −2
+ az −3
+ ···
1 − az −1
IZT (1 + az −1 + a2 z −2 + a3 z −3 + · · · ) = an u[n]
• Using long division: Noncausal sequence
1
, RoC = |z| < |a|
1 − az −1

Here the IZT is computed as follows:

1 z
IZT ( ) = IZT ( )
1 − az −1 −a + z
This results in:

IZT (−a−1 z + a−2 z 2 + a−3 z 3 + · · · ) = −an u[−n − 1]

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• Inverse Z-transform - using Power series expansion

X(z) = log(1 + az −1 ), |z| > |a|

Using the Power Series expansion for log(1 + x), |x| < 1, we
have
X∞
(−1)n+1 an z −n
X(z) =
1
n
The IZT is given by
(−1)n+1 an
x[n] = ,n ≥ 1
n
= 0, n ≤ 0

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• Inverse Z-transform - Inspection method

1
an u[n] ←→ , |z| > |a|
1 − az −1

1 1
GivenX(z) = , |z| > | |
1 − 12 z −1 2
1
=⇒ x[n] = ( )n u[n]
2
• Inverse Z-transform - Partial fraction method
– Example 1: All-Pole system
1 1
X(z) = , |z| >
(1 − 13 z −1 )(1 − 16 z −1 ) 3

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Using partial fraction method, we have:

A1 A2
X(z) = 1 −1 + 1 −1 ,
1 − 3z 1 − 6z
1
|z| >
3
1 −1
A1 = (1 − z )X(z)|z= 13
3
1 −1
A2 = (1 − z )X(z)|z= 16
6
A1 = 2
A2 = −1
1 n 1 n
x(n) = 2( ) u[n] − 1( ) u[n]
3 6

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– Example 2: Pole-Zero system

1 + 2z −1 + z −2
X(z) = , |z| > 1
1 − 32 z −1 + 12 z −2
(1 + z −1 )2
−
(1 − 12 z −1 )(1 − z −1 )
−1 + 5z −1
= 2+
(1 − 12 z −1 )(1 − z −1 )
9 8
= 2− +
1 − 12 z −1 1 − z −1
1 n
x[n] = 2δ[n] − 9( ) u[n] + 8u[n]
2

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– Example 3: Finite length sequences

2 1 −1
X(z) = z (1 − z )(1 + z −1 )(1 − z −1 )
2
1
= z 2 − f rac12z − 1 + z −1
2
1 1
= δ[n + 2] − δ[n + 1] − δ[n] + δ[n − 1]
2 2

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Inverse Z-Transform Problem

1. Given X(z) = z−1z
− z
z−2 + z−3 ,
z
determine all the possible
sequences for x[n].
Hint: Remember that the RoC must be a continuous region

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