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MANUAL
(CSE2433)
ENGG. M.FURQAN
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1. Experiment 1 P-N JUNCTION DIODE
CHARACTERISTICS
OBJECTIVE:
1. To observe and draw the Forward and Reverse bias V-I Characteristics of a P-N
Junction diode.
2. To calculate static and dynamic resistance in forward and reverse Bias Conditions.
APPARATUS:
1. P-N Diode
3. Resistor 1KΩ.
5. Ammeter (0-200μA)
6. Voltmeter (0-20V)
7. Bread board
8. Connecting wires
THEORY:
characteristics of the diode are curve between voltage across the diode
and current flowing through the diode. When external voltage is zero,
circuit is open and the potential barrier does not allow the current to flow.
bias.
eliminated and current starts flowing through the diode and also in the
and the potential barrier across the junction increases. Therefore, the
junction resistance becomes very high and a very small current (reverse
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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A)Forward bias:
B) Reverse Bias:
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EXPECTED GRAPH:
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OBSERVATIONS:
A) FORWARD BIAS:
B) REVERSE BIAS:
Calculations:
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Calculation of Static and Dynamic Resistance for a given diode.
PROCEDURE:
A) FORWARD BIAS:
2. For forward bias, the RPS +ve is connected to the anode of the diode
3. Switch on the power supply and increase the input voltage (supply
4. Note down the corresponding current flowing through the diode and
voltage across the diode for each and every step of the input voltage.
axis.
B) REVERSE BIAS:
2. For reverse bias, the RPS +ve is connected to the cathode of the diode
3. Switch on the power supply and increase the input voltage (supply
voltage across the diode for each and every step of the input voltage.
axis.
RESULT:
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Answer the Following
Define cut-in voltage of a diode and specify the values for Si and Ge diodes.
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What are the applications of a p-n diode?
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2. Experiment 2 ZENER DIODE
CHARACTERISTICS AND ZENER DIODE AS
AVOLTAGE REGULATOR
Objective:
APPARATUS:
6. Bread Board
7. Connecting wires
THEORY:
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A zener diode is heavily doped p-n junction diode, specially made to
operate in the break down region. A p-n junction diode normally does not
Break down Voltage. High current through the diode can permanently
with zener diode. Once the diode starts conducting it maintains almost
through it, i.e., it has very low dynamic resistance. It is used in voltage
regulators.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
A) STATIC CHARACTERISTICS :
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B) REGULATION CHARACTERISTICS:
EXPECTED GRAPH:
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OBSERVATIONS:
A) Static characteristics:
B) Regulation Characteristics:
S.NO APPLEID V FL V NL RL %
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VOLTAGE REGULATION
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PROCEDURE:
A) Static characteristics:
3. The Forward current (lf), and the forward voltage (Vf.) are observed
forward voltage
(Vf) on Y-axis.
B) Regulation characteristics:
2. The load is placed in full load condition and the zener voltage (Vz),
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Zener current
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percentage regulation.
CALCULATIONS:
PRECAUTIONS:
shorted.
3. Should be ensured that the applied voltages & currents do not exceed
If the impurity concentration is increased, how does the depletion width get
effected?
By what type of charge carriers the current flows in zener and avalanche
breakdown diodes?
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3. Experiment 3: CLIPPER
Theory:
Clipper circuits have the ability to “clip” off a portion of the input signal
of the input signal is “clipped” off. There are two general categories of
where the diode is in series with the load, while the parallel variety has
Questions
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results.
explain the operation of the circuit in that case and draw the
TASK2:
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3 3
TASK3:
Theory:
Sometimes you may want to leave the waveform unchanged, but modify
The beauty of clampers is that they can adjust the DC position of the
In the positive half of the first cycle, the voltage across the capacitor
moves up, the voltage on the top of the diode has to follow this voltage.
This reverse biases the diode causing it to act as an open, thus the output
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voltage follows the input voltage. As the input voltage drops into the
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negative half of the first cycle, the diode is going to be forward biased. In
the positive half of the first cycle, the voltage across the capacitor cannot
the voltage on the top of the diode has to follow this voltage. This reverse
biases the diode causing it to act as an open, thus the output voltage
follows the input voltage. As the input voltage drops into the negative
half of the first cycle, the diode is going to be forward biased. This
causes the diode to behave like a wire, which cannot dissipate any
held steady at 0V. Second, because there are 0V dissipated across the
diode (and resistor) all of the voltage has to be dissipated across the
capacitor. This charges the capacitor to the magnitude of the input signal.
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TASK 1:
Questions
2. Does the input wave shape of the clamper affect the value of DC
Questions
output.
2. Does the input wave shape of the clamper affect the value of DC
Task #3
1. Connect the circuit shown in figure, set the function generator to
Rectifier and also calculate its load regulation and ripple factor.
1. with Filter
2. without Filter
APPARATUS:
Digital multimeter
Transformer (6V-0-6V)
Diode, 1N4001
Capacitor 100μf/470 μf
Breadboard
Connecting wires
THEORY:
Positive Half cycle appears across the load whereas, the negative Half Cycle
bias and conducts through the load resistor RL. Hence the current produces
an output voltage across the load resistor RL, which has the same shape as
During the negative half-cycle of the input voltage, the diode is reverse
biased and there is no current through the circuit. i.e., the voltage across R L
is zero. The net result is that only the +ve half cycle of the input voltage
appears across the load. The average value of the half wave rectified o/p
reasons.
Without Filter:
Vrms=Vm/2
Vm=2Vrms
Vdc=Vm/П
With Filter:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
A) INPUT WAVEFORM
3.By the multimeter, measure the ac input voltage of the rectifier and, ac
Vdc=Vm/П
REGULATION CHARACTERISTICS:
2. By increasing the value of the rheostat, the voltage across the load and
the formula,
RESULT:
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VIVA QUESTIONS:
What is the difference between the half wave rectifier and full wave Rectifier?
Rectifier and also calculate its load regulation and ripple factor.
1. with Filter
2. without Filter
APPARATUS:
Digital Multimeter
Transformer (6V-0-6V)
Diode, 1N4001
Capacitor 100μf/470 μf
Breadboard
Connecting wires
THEORY:
The circuit of a center-tapped full wave rectifier uses two diodes D1&D2.
During positive half cycle of secondary voltage (input voltage), the diode
D1 is forward biased and D2is reverse biased. So the diode D1 conducts and
reverse biased. Now, D2 conducts and current flows through the load
the load resistor RL, during both the half cycles and will get unidirectional
current as show in the model graph. The difference between full wave and
half wave rectification is that a full wave rectifier allows unidirectional (one
way) current to the load during the entire 360 degrees of the input signal
and half-wave rectifier allows this only during one half cycle (180 degree).
THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:
Vrms = Vm/ √2
Vm =Vrms√2
Vdc=2Vm/П
(i)Without filter:
(ii)With filter:
A) INPUT WAVEFORM
2. Connect the ac mains to the primary side of the transformer and the
Vdc=2Vm/П
6. Connect the filter capacitor across the load resistor and measure the
values of
7. The theoretical values of Ripple factors with and without capacitor are
calculated.
8. From the values of Vac and Vdc practical values of Ripple factors are
RESULT:
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VIVA QUESTIONS:
Define peak inverse voltage (PIV)? And write its value for Full-wave rectifier?
If one of the diode is changed in its polarities what wave form would you get?
Theory:
peak of the secondary voltage (Vp) less the diode drop with the polarity
VC2 = Vp + Vp = 2Vp
Under a no-load condition, C2 remains charged to approximately 2Vp. If a
through the load on the next positive half-cycle and is again recharged to
wave, capacitor-filtered voltage. The peak inverse voltage across each diode
is 2Vp. If the diode were reversed, the output voltage across C2 would have
Observation:
charges to approximately Vp, as shown in part (a). During the negative half-
in part (b). The output voltage, 2Vp, is taken across the two capacitors in
series.
Observation:
8. Experiment 8: CHARACTERISTICS OF
COMMON EMITTER TRANSISTOR
CONFIGURATION
OBJECTIVE:
To draw the input and output characteristics of common Emitter configuration for
THEORY:
In this arrangement, input is applied between base and emitter and output is
taken from the collector and emitter. Here emitter is common to both input and
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
It is the curve between collector current (IC) and collector – emitter voltage (VCE)
at constant base current (I B). The collector current I C varies with VCE for VCE
between O and IV only. After this, collector current becomes almost constant
Input characteristics:
PROCEDURE:
I/P Char:
2. Set VCE = 5 V, Vary VBE insteps of 0.1 V & note down the corresponding
IB.
Formula:
ΔVBE
Δ IB
O/P Char:
corresponding IC.
3. Repeat the above procedure for 40 micro Amps, 80 micro amps etc.
Formula:
ΔVCE
Δ IC
Application:
Used as switch
Oscillator circuits
Logic circuits
Modulation circuits
Buffer
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
What is transistor?
Why transistor is called bipolar junction transistors?
reverse bias?
What is gain?
oscilloscope.
II. Theory
connector). By pushing the appropriate buttons on the front panel, the user
functions of time.
• Frequency: inverse of the period of the signal; units are cycles per
second (Hz)
When the function generator is turned on, it outputs a sine wave at 1 kHz
with amplitude of 100 mVPP. You must specify the characteristics of the
with green numbers, or by using the wheel and the left and right
IMPORTANT NOTE:
resistor RL, it will form a voltage divider with RS. The purpose of RS is to
Once again, we have not detailed all the capabilities of your function
generator. Please refer to the function generator User’s Manual for details
3. The Oscilloscope
axis. The user can control the scale of both the time and the voltage axes.
graph the input signal to a circuit and compare it to the output signal.
In this lab, you will use the HP 33120A Function Generator to generate
voltage signals and you will use the HP 54645D oscilloscope to graph those
signals. You will build a circuit that takes an input signal from the function
generator, modifies that signal in some way, and outputs the modified
signal.
You will use two independent channels to graph both the input signal and
1. Build the circuit of Figure 5. RL=200 Ohms. Make sure the signal
2. Turn on the oscilloscope. Hit the Auto scale button. You should see
the signal
on the display.
The Auto scale button automatically scales the time and voltage axes
for the user. It senses the input signal, determines its maximum and
the top of the display you should see something similar to:
A1 500mv/ 500us/
These numbers indicate the scale of the voltage (vertical) and time
case, we have 500mV per vertical division and 500us per horizontal
division. These values represent the scale of the graph and are set
4. You can adjust the voltage manually by turning the Volts/ Div knob
for the A1 signal. Turn this knob clockwise until the display reads
200.0mv/.
5. Now, change the frequency of the signal from 500 Hz to 5000 Hz.
6. You can manually adjust the horizontal (time) scale by turning the
Time/Div.
7. Play with the Position and Delay knobs. They shift the vertical
connectors. This ground is also common to the ground wires of both input
probes. If you put the ground clips of probe A1 and probe A2 on two
oscilloscope.
b. Triggering
The display on the oscilloscope can only graph the voltage for a finite time
(usually one of the input signals A1 or A2) serves as the “trigger source”.
the “trigger source”. For example, the oscilloscope can be set up to “trigger
off the positive edge of A1” which means that a new time interval will be
graphed when the voltage on the A1 input crosses the “trigger level” and is
increasing.
After triggering and drawing the graph of voltage for a single time interval,
the oscilloscope can do one of the following: stop; wait for another trigger
waiting for a new trigger. The action taken is determined by the “trigger
mode”.
MULTISIM TUTORIAL
Design
1. Open/Create Schematic
the toolbar.
2. Place Components
For example to select resistors and the DC source shown in Figure 3 click on
Place/ Components. In Group select Basic scroll down to Resistors and select
the value of the resistor needed to construct the circuit, for this example
select 1k. To place DC source click on Sources in Group and select DC Source.
Click on
circuit.
Figure 4: Virtual
Components
4.Rotate Components
component on 90
(Ctrl+Shift+R).
5. Place Wire/Connect
Components
Components can also be connected by clicking the mouse over the terminal
Reference Figure 6.
Figure 6: Place/ Wire
completed circuit
Figure 7
All circuits must be grounded before the circuit can be simulated. Click on
Ground in the toolbar to ground the circuit. If the circuit is not grounded
Ground
Figure 9: Grounding
8. Simulation:
feature can also be accessed from the toolbar as shown in the Figure 10
below.
RUN STOP
PAUSE
Multisim offers multiple ways to analyze the circuit using virtual instruments.
Some of the basic instruments needed for this lab are described below.
1) Multimeter
and click to place its icon on the workspace. Double-click on the icon to
open the instrument face, which is used to enter settings and view
measurements.
Figure 11:
Multimeter
To measure Voltage place multimeter in Parallel with the component
magnitude of the active power, that is, the product of the voltage
in a circuit.
Load
Figure 14:
Wattmeter
toolbar and click to place its icon on the workspace. The icon is used to wire
the Wattmeter to the circuit. Double-click on the icon to open the instrument
face, which is used to enter settings and view measurements. Reference Figure
3) Agilent Multimeter
simulate circuits with more accuracy. To use the multimeter click on the
Agilent Multimeter tool button, place its icon on the workspace and
igure16: Agilent
Multimeter.
Ammeter:
current in a circuit. It takes up less space in a circuit and you can rotate
its terminals to suit your layout. Always connect the ammeter in series
with the load. To place Ammeter click on View--- Toolbar --- Select
Ammeter
NAME: ID:
5) Voltmeter
voltage in a circuit. Always connect the voltmeter in parallel with the load.
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Figure 18:
Voltmeter